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Facebook and psychology
1. Dr Ciarán McMahon,
Dublin BusinessSchool
Departmentof LearningSciences Seminar Series,
DúnLaoghaireInstitueof Art,Desgin & Technology,
October 28th, 2010.
2. Statistics (Facebook.com,2010)
• More than 500 million active users
• 50%of active users log on daily
• over 700 billion minutes spent per month
• over 900million objects (pages, groups, events etc.)
• Average user
• has 130 friends
• is connected to 80 community pages, groups andevents
• creates 90 pieces of contenteach month
• More than 70 translations available
• 70%of Facebook users are outside the United States
3. Academic study
• 66 peer-reviewed papers thus far have dealt with Facebook as their
main topic
• In 2007, 3 papers
• In 2008, 16 papers
• In 2009, 26 papers
• Thus far in 2010, 18 papers
– Analysis excludes book chapters, conference papers etc.
4. Academic study
• unsurprisingly, Facebookhas been discussedmostin
cyberpsychological/computer-mediatedcommunicationoriented
journals
– 8papersintheJournalofComputer-MediatedCommunication
– 7papersinComputersinHumanBehavior
– and7papersinCyberpsychology,Behavior&SocialNetworking
5. Academic study
• but also papers in:
– JournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology
– JournalofMediaPsychology
– JournalofMedicalEthics
– PsychologicalScience
– JournalofCommunity Psychology
– JournalofApplied Developmental Psychology
6. Academic study
– wide variety of topics
– several different methodological approaches
– a number of research programmes have been developed
• average2.8 authors perpaper
– no major debates, yet
8. Notable programmes
• Michigan State, Dept. of Communication,
– Joseph Walther, Brandon Van Der Heide, Nicole
Ellison
• Harvard, Dept. of Sociology
– Kevin Lewis, Jason Kaufman
• University of Windsor, Dept. of Psychology,
– Jaime Arseneault, Emily Orr, R. Robert Orr,
9. Notable omissions
• no danah boyd
• no BJ Fogg
• no peer-reviewed papers on Facebook in either case
14. Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe (2007)
• one of the earliest published articles (earlier presentations)
• “Facebook Usage Intensity Questionnaire” later used by many others
• 268 undergrads (66% female, 44% male)
• overwhelmingly used Facebook
– tokeep in touchwithold friends
– tomaintainor intensifyrelationshipscharacterizedbysomeformof offlineconnection
Ellison, N.B.,Steinfield,C.,&Lampe,C.(2007).Thebenefitsoffacebook"friends:"socialcapitalandcollegestudents'useofonlinesocial
networksites.JournalofComputer-MediatedCommunication,12(4),1143-1168.
15. Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe (2007)
• strong association between use of Facebook and bridging, not
Facebook and bridging, not bonding, social capital
Ellison, N.B.,Steinfield,C.,&Lampe,C.(2007).Thebenefitsoffacebook"friends:"socialcapitalandcollegestudents'useofonlinesocial
networksites.JournalofComputer-MediatedCommunication,12(4),1143-1168.
16. Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe (2007)
• usage was foundtointeract with self-esteem
Ellison, N.B.,Steinfield,C.,&Lampe,C.(2007).Thebenefitsoffacebook"friends:"socialcapitalandcollegestudents'useofonlinesocial
networksites.JournalofComputer-MediatedCommunication,12(4),1143-1168.
17. Hargittai (2007)
• Are there differences between people who:
– use social network sites and those who stay away, despite a
familiarity with them?
– use different social network sites?
– Facebook, MySpace, Xanga, and Friendster
• 1060 first year undergrads, 18/19 y.o. (56% f, 44%f)
Hargittai, E. (2007). Whose space? differences among users and non-users of social network
sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 276-297.
18. Hargittai (2007)
• 1060 first year undergrads, 18/19 y.o. (56% f, 44%f)
– Hispanic s more likely to use MySpace than are Whites
– Asian and Asian Americans less likely to use MySpace
– Asian Americans more likely to use Xanga and Friendster than
Whites
– students whose parents have lower levels of schooling more
likely to use MySpace
– whereas students whose parents have higher levels of education
are more likely to be Facebook users.
Hargittai, E. (2007). Whose space? differences among users and non-users of social network
sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 276-297.
19. Gangadharbatla (2009) ‘Facebook me’
• reasons for joining and participation
• 237 undergrads (44% male, 56% female)
• positive influences on attitudes toward SNS from
– Internetself-efficacy,
– need tobelong,
– andcollective self-esteem
• no rolefor need forcognition
Gangadharbatla,H.(2008). Facebookme:Collectiveself-esteem,needtobelong,and internetself-efficacyaspredictorsofthe
iGeneration'sattitudestowardsocialnetworkingsites.JournalofInteractiveAdvertising,8(2), 5-15.
20. Fogel & Nehmad (2009) ‘risk taking, trust,and privacy’
• Myspace and Facebook
• face-to-face survey (collected 2007)
• 205 undergrads (103 male, 102 female!)
• SNS users hadsignificantly greaterrisk taking
– men hadsignificantlygreaterrisktakingscores thanwomen.
– women hadsignificantlygreater scoresthanmen forprivacyconcerns
• but there wereno genderdifferences for privacy behavior or privacy attitudes.
Fogel,J.,&Nehmad,E.(2009).Internetsocialnetworkcommunities:Risktaking,trust,and privacyconcerns.ComputersinHuman
Behavior,25(1),153-160.
25. Judd & Kennedy(2010) Five-year study of campusinternet use
• Australian five-year study (2005–2009) of biomedical students’ on-campus use of
the Internet
• Internet usage logs
• Email primary method of electronic communication
– steepdropin useduring2006and2007
• Corresponds with rise in Facebook usage
– onlyminimal useofothersocial networkingsites
Judd, T.,&Kennedy,G. (2010).A five-yearstudyofon-campusinternetuse byundergraduatebiomedicalstudents.Computers&
Education,55(4),1564-1571.
31. Mehdizadeh(2010)‘narcissism andself-esteem’
• Number of times Facebook checkedand time spent onFacebook
– positively correlatedwith NPI-16
– negatively correlatedwithself-esteem
– Males displayedmoreself-promotionalinformationin theAboutMeandNotes
– women displayedmoreself-promotionalMain Photos.
Mehdizadeh,S. (2010).Self-presentation2.0:Narcissismand self-esteemonFacebook.CyberPsychology,BehaviorandSocial
Networking,13(4),357-364.
32. Back etal. (2010) ‘Facebook profiles reflect actual personality’
• 236 (ages 17–22 years) from the United States (Facebook;N = 133, 52 male, 81
female) and Germany (StudiVZ, SchuelerVZ;N = 103, 17 male, 86 female).
• self-reports & reports from 4 well-acquainted friends & ideal self-reports, and
profile observer reports
Back,M. D.,Stopfer,J. M.,Vazire,S.,Gaddis,S.,Schmukle,S.C.,Egloff,B.,&Gosling,S.D.(2010).Facebookprofilesreflectactual
personality,notself-idealization.PsychologicalScience,21(3),372-374.
33. Back etal. (2010) ‘Facebook profiles reflect actual personality’
• results were consistent with the extended real-life hypothesis
– observers should be ableto accuratelyinfer thepersonality characteristics of profile
owners.
• neuroticism least accurate (difficult to ascertain in zero-acquaintance contexts)
Back,M. D.,Stopfer,J. M.,Vazire,S.,Gaddis,S.,Schmukle,S.C.,Egloff,B.,&Gosling,S.D.(2010).Facebookprofilesreflectactual
personality,notself-idealization.PsychologicalScience,21(3),372-374.
34. Zhao, Grasmuck & Martin (2008) ‘Identity construction’
• 63 Facebook accounts (students)
• coding scheme developed for content analysis
• identities on Facebook compared to those in the
nonymous offline environments or the anonymous online
environments
• claim their identities implicitly rather than explicitly
• stress group and consumer identities over personally
narrated ones
Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on facebook: Digital
empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), 1816-1836.
35. Facebook is a nonymous online setting, where users are
required to reveal their real names in a fixed institutional
context, which explains why users tend not to treat it
as a venue for expressing their ‘‘hidden selves” or
marginalized or contested identities.
Zhao, Grasmuck & Martin (2008, p. 1831)
Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on facebook: Digital
empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), 1816-1836.
36. Ross, Orr,Sisic, Arseneault,Simmering, & Orr(2009)
• university’s psychology participation pool
• 97 Ss (15 men 82 women)
• NEO-IP vs self-reports of Facebookuse
– high Extraversiongroupreportedmembership in significantlymoregroups
– high on thetraitof NeuroticismreportedthattheWall wastheirfavouriteFacebook
component,
– low onNeuroticismpreferredphotos
– higher levels ofOpennesstoExperiencewereassociatedwithagreatertendencytobe
sociable throughFacebook.
• “relatively few significant findings in relation to the personality variables” (p. 582)
Ross,C.,Orr,E.S.,Sisic,M.,Arseneault,J.M.,Simmering,M. G.,&Orr,R.R.(2009).Personalityandmotivationsassociatedwithfacebook
use.ComputersinHumanBehavior,25(2),578-586
37. Amichai-Hamburger & Vinitzky (2010)
• based on Ross etal. (2009); similar hypotheses
• method from Zhao etal. (2008)
• coding ofuser profiles & NEO-PI-R
• 237 students (101 male, 136 female)
• stronger support of Ross et al’s (2009) hypotheses
Amichai-Hamburger,Y., &Vinitzky,G.(2010).Socialnetworkuse andpersonality.ComputersinHumanBehavior,26(6),1289-1295.
38. Amichai-Hamburger & Vinitzky (2010)
• extroversion and conscientiousness
– relatedtonumberoffriends
• introverts
– morepersonalinformationontheir profiles
• high neurotic
– morelikely topostpicturesofthemselves
– less likelyto postotherpictures
• openness linked to more expressiveness on profile
Amichai-Hamburger,Y., &Vinitzky,G.(2010).Socialnetworkuse andpersonality.ComputersinHumanBehavior,26(6),1289-1295.
39. Kluemper & Rosen(2009) ‘employment selection methods’
• 63 students in an employment selection course (49% m, 51%f)
• After a 1 hour training session
• raters accurately distinguished between individuals on
– fourofthebig-five personalitytraits,
– intelligence,
– andperformance.
• Hence,itisveryeasytoseeifsomeoneisemployablefromtheirprofile
Kluemper,D.H.,&Rosen,P.A.(2009).Futureemploymentselectionmethods:Evaluatingsocialnetworkingwebsites.Journalof
ManagerialPsychology,24(6),567-580..
43. Lewis & West (2009) ‘friending’
• qualitative 16 Ss (7m,9f)
– semi-structuredinterviews
– Londonundergrads
– whyandhowtheyjoinedandusedFacebook
• all joined through peergroup
• all mentioned initial excitement
– lookingatprofiles,
– andaddingfriends
– being addedas afriend,
• none admitted to competing to ‘collect’ friends
Lewis,J., &West,A. (2009).‘Friending’:London-basedundergraduates’experienceoffacebook.NewMedia&Society,11(7),1209-1229
44. Lewis & West (2009) ‘friending’
• all the respondents reported checking profiles, also known as ‘stalking’...
Stalking has little to do with building social relationships, but two respondents
called it ‘addictive’. For example, three female respondents reported that either
they or their friends followed what ex-boyfriends were doing by checking their
profiles. For five respondents this appeared to account for a majority of the
time spent on Facebook. (Lewis & West, 2009, p. 1215)
Lewis,J., &West,A. (2009).‘Friending’:London-basedundergraduates’experienceoffacebook.NewMedia&Society,11(7),1209-1229
45. Lewis & West (2009) ‘friending’
A male respondent told the story of a female student he had been ‘fond of’, but
had not seen for many months after she left the university, even though she
continued to live in London and they continued to communicate via Facebook.
When he bumped into her one day on the street, he found that they had little to
say – there was nocatching up to do.
Lewis & West (2009, p.1216-1217)
Lewis,J., &West,A. (2009).‘Friending’:London-basedundergraduates’experienceoffacebook.NewMedia&Society,11(7),1209-1229
46. Lewis & West (2009) ‘friending’
Two female respondents reported that initially they had tried to fill in all the
personal information boxes on their profiles, but had decided to opt for a more
minimalist approach because they disliked the impression that it conveyed: ‘I
tried once, re-read it and thought, “Fuck no!”’ (Hannah); this respondent added
that heraim was to contact friends rather than to publicize herself.
Lewis & West (2009, p.1222)
Lewis,J., &West,A. (2009).‘Friending’:London-basedundergraduates’experienceoffacebook.NewMedia&Society,11(7),1209-1229
49. Cohen(2008, p.10) –‘political economy of Facebook’
On Facebook, almost all member activity can be conceived of as immaterial
labour that benefits the company. A major task upon which Facebook is based is
“adding” friends, which is the act of linking to other people’s profiles and forms
the basic design of the site. The work of adding friends is also Facebook’s main
growth strategy.
Cohen,N.(2008).Thevalorizationofsurveillance:Towardsa politicaleconomyofFacebook.DemocraticCommuniqué,22(1), 5-22.
50. Walther, van der Heide, Hamel, & Shulman (2009) –‘warranting theory’
• Which is more important – what you say about yourself, or what others say
about you?
– warrantingprinciple predictsthatusersattachgreatercredencetoinformationthatisimmune
toinformationthatis immunetoa target’smanipulationcomparedtotargets’self-descriptions
comparedtotargets’self-descriptions
• mocked upprofiles to manipulate extraversion (study 1) andattractiveness (study
2)
Walther,J.B., Van DerHeide,B., Hamel,L.M.,& Shulman,H.C.(2009).Self-generatedversusother-generatedstatementsandimpressionsin
computer-mediatedcommunication:A testofwarrantingtheoryusingfacebook. CommunicationResearch,36(2), 229-253.
51. Walther, van der Heide, Hamel, & Shulman (2009) –‘warranting theory’
• Attractivestatementsincluded
– “Haven’t seen yousince thatgreatpartylastweekend...myfriends fromhome thought
friends fromhome thoughtyouwere hottt!,”
– “Hey gorgeous(or“Hey mister”), youlookedgr8lastnight,yourebringingsexy back”
yourebringingsexy back”[sic].
Walther,J.B., Van DerHeide,B., Hamel,L.M.,& Shulman,H.C.(2009).Self-generatedversusother-generatedstatementsandimpressionsin
computer-mediatedcommunication:A testofwarrantingtheoryusingfacebook. CommunicationResearch,36(2), 229-253.
52. Walther, van der Heide, Hamel, & Shulman (2009) –‘warranting theory’
• Unattractive statements included
– “dontpayattentionto thosejerksatthe barlastnight, whatmattersis onthe inside!”
– “Im sosorrythings didntworkoutwiththatblind dateyouwenton, whoknewshe(or“he”)
wouldturnouttobeso shallow”[sic].
Walther,J.B., Van DerHeide,B., Hamel,L.M.,& Shulman,H.C.(2009).Self-generatedversusother-generatedstatementsandimpressionsin
computer-mediatedcommunication:A testofwarrantingtheoryusingfacebook. CommunicationResearch,36(2), 229-253.
53. Walther, van der Heide, Hamel, & Shulman (2009) –‘warranting theory’
• some support in the extraversion condition, much stronger support in the
attractiveness condition
• post-hoc analysis revealedthat the profile was deemedto be
– less honestwhenhe orsheclaimed tobeattractive(with friendsagreeing, ordisagreeing)
– morehonestclaimed tobeunattractive(with friendsagreeing, or friendsdisagreeing)
Walther,J.B., Van DerHeide,B., Hamel,L.M.,& Shulman,H.C.(2009).Self-generatedversusother-generatedstatementsandimpressionsin
computer-mediatedcommunication:A testofwarrantingtheoryusingfacebook. CommunicationResearch,36(2), 229-253.
54. ...itappears that one’s ownclaims of attractiveness aresuspect on Facebook.In
suspect onFacebook. In terms of attractiveness judgments, onthe other hand,
judgments, on the other hand, one’s friends’ comments carry the weight.
Walther,J.B., Van DerHeide,B., Hamel,L.M.,& Shulman,H.C.(2009).Self-generatedversusother-generatedstatementsandimpressionsin
computer-mediatedcommunication:A testofwarrantingtheoryusingfacebook. CommunicationResearch,36(2), 229-253.
55. Walther, Van der Heide, Kim, Westerman and Tong (2008) – ‘the company we
keep’
• Unsurprisingly, physical attractiveness of profile owner’s friends affects the
evaluation of the profile owner.
– also,postingsof friendsaffecttheevaluationof theprofileowners.
– statements had a significant impact on ratings of the social attraction and credibility of the
profileowner.
Walther,J.B.,Van DerHeide,B.,Kim,S.,Westerman,D.,&Tong,S.T.(2008).Theroleoffriends'appearanceandbehavioron evaluationsof
individualson facebook:Areweknownbythecompanywekeep?HumanCommunicationResearch,34(1),28-49.
56. Walther, Van der Heide, Kim, Westerman and Tong (2008) – ‘the company we
keep’
• however, there was an unexpected gender interaction with regard to negative
statements
– sexualinnuendo,excessive drinking
• increaseddesirability of the male
• decreaseddesirability of the female
– sexual doublestandardsalive andwell ontheinternet!
Walther,J.B.,Van DerHeide,B.,Kim,S.,Westerman,D.,&Tong,S.T.(2008).Theroleoffriends'appearanceandbehavioron evaluations
of individualson facebook:Areweknownbythecompanywekeep?HumanCommunicationResearch,34(1), 28-49.
57. Wang, Moon,Kwon, Evans, & Stefanone (2010) – ‘face off’
• what affects willingness to acceptfriendship?
• comparedattractive, unattractive and no-photo conditions
• both male and females were more willing to initiate friendships with opposite-
friendships with opposite-sex profile owners with attractive photos (surprise!)
attractive photos (surprise!)
• but, relatively more willing to make friends with without a photo than an
aphotothan anunattractive photo
Wang,S.S.,Moon, S.,Kwon, K. H.,Evans, C.A.,&Stefanone,M.A. (2010).Faceoff:Implicationsofvisualcuesoninitiatingfriendshipon
facebook.ComputersinHumanBehavior,26(2), 226-234..
58. Tong, Van der Heide, Langwell & Walther (2008)
– ‘too much of a good thing’
• how many friends is best?
• experimented with 102, 302, 502, 702, and 902
‘friends’
• found a curvilinear relationship between number
of friends and an individual’s social attractiveness
– peaks at about 300 friends
• however, no relationship found between number of
friends and physical attractiveness
.
62. Peluchette & Karl (2010) –‘what were theythinking?’
• reasoning behind posting behaviour
• very much tied to image useris trying to portray
• Males
– weremorelikely tosaytheirprofile portrayedasexuallyappealingimage
appealingimage
– alsomorelikely topost‘problematic’content
Peluchette,J., &Karl,K. (2010).Examining students'intendedimageon facebook:"whatweretheythinking?!". JournalofEducationfor
Business,85(1),30-37..
63. Peluchette & Karl (2010) –‘what were theythinking?’
• those whofelt they portrayed
– a hard-working image wereleast likely to post‘problematic’ content
– a fun orintelligent image not relatedto posting of ‘problematic’ content
– a sexually appealing, wild, or offensive image weremostlikely to post
inappropriate content
Peluchette,J., &Karl,K. (2010).Examining students'intendedimageon facebook:"whatweretheythinking?!". JournalofEducationfor
Business,85(1),30-37..
64. Karl, Peluchette, & Schlaegel(2010) ‘Facebook Faux Pas’
• US and German sample
• those high on
– conscientiousness,
– agreeableness,
– andemotionalstability
– significantlyless likely to post problematiccontent
• high on Compulsive Internet Usewere more likely to post Facebook faux pas
• US students in general weremore inclined to postproblematic content
Karl,K., Peluchette,J., &Schlaegel,C.(2010).Who's postingfacebookfauxpas?A cross-culturalexaminationofpersonalitydifferences.
InternationalJournalofSelectionandAssessment,18(2),174-186.
69. Lewis, Kaufman, & Christakis(2008) ‘taste for privacy’
• large dataset 1709 profiles of university students
• factors that are predictiveof a student having a private versus public profile
– morelikely tohaveaprivateprofileif theirfriendsandroommateshavethem;
– women aremorelikely tohaveprivateprofilesthanaremen;
– privateprofile isassociatedwitha higherlevel ofonline activity
Lewis,K.,Kaufman,J., &Christakis,N.(2008).The tasteforprivacy:Ananalysisofcollegestudentprivacysettingsin anonlinesocial
network.JournalofComputer-MediatedCommunication,14(1),79-100.
70. Lewis, Kaufman, & Christakis(2008) ‘taste for privacy’
- private profiles associated with certain ‘cultural preferences’:
- moretastein ‘popularmusic’
- less frequenttastein classical music
Lewis,K.,Kaufman,J., &Christakis,N.(2008).The tasteforprivacy:Ananalysisofcollegestudentprivacysettingsin anonlinesocial
network.JournalofComputer-MediatedCommunication,14(1),79-100.
71. Lewis, Kaufman, & Christakis(2008, p. 94)
While we have documented a number of discrete tastes associated with privacy
associated with privacy and sets of tastes associated with publicity, the particular
with publicity, the particular content of these cultural profiles is not always easy
profiles is not always easy to interpret. What does Tchaikovsky, for instance,
Tchaikovsky, for instance, have in common with Joseph Heller or Bridget Jones
Heller or Bridget Jones with Ray Charles? Moreover, why are the former
why are the former associated with public profiles and the latter with private
the latter with private ones?
Lewis,K.,Kaufman,J., &Christakis,N.(2008).The tasteforprivacy:Ananalysisofcollegestudentprivacysettingsin anonlinesocial
network.JournalofComputer-MediatedCommunication,14(1),79-100.
72. Lewis, Kaufman, & Christakis(2008, p.94)
Consequently, students with these tastes may want them to be especially
visible.... In other words, if the content of what is displayed is entwined with the
propensity to display itself, online privacy is not just about those who keep
Goffman’s stage curtain tightly drawn. It is also about those who throw it wide
open—where a performance tells as much about the performer as about what
she wants the audience to see.
Lewis,K.,Kaufman,J., &Christakis,N.(2008).The tasteforprivacy:Ananalysisofcollegestudentprivacysettingsin anonlinesocial
network.JournalofComputer-MediatedCommunication,14(1),79-100.
73. Debatin, Lovejoy, Horn & Hughes(2009) ‘attitudes and behaviours’
• 119 undergrads (68%female), survey, also interview
• Users claimed to understand privacy issues, yet reported uploading large amounts of
personal information.
• Risks to privacy were ascribed more to others than to the self
• Facebook engrained in daily life, benefits outweigh risks
• One interviewee had account hacked several times, deleted profile twice, and still came
back..
Debatin,B.,Lovejoy,J.P.,Horn,A.,&Hughes,B.N.(2009).Facebookandonline privacy:Attitudes,behaviors,andunintended
consequences.JournalofComputer-MediatedCommunication,15(1),83-108.
74. Debatin, Lovejoy, Horn & Hughes(2009, p. 99)
Yet six months later, his profile was attacked again, this time with a shot at his girlfriend. The
shot at his girlfriend. The hackers used the same manipulated profile picture, but added the
profile picture, but added the character Donkey from the movie Shrek and tagged Donkey as
Shrek and tagged Donkey as Brian’s girlfriend. Brian deleted the profile again, and set up another
profile again, and set up another profile with a nonschool e-mail and strict privacy settings. The
and strict privacy settings. The whole incident left him guessing who did it and why. He also said
who did it and why. He also said that he was very upset about the incident, particularly because
incident, particularly because his girlfriend became the target too. It is remarkable that Brian
isremarkablethatBrianstayedwithFacebookandkeptcoming backtoit againandagain.
Debatin,B.,Lovejoy,J.P.,Horn,A.,&Hughes,B.N.(2009).Facebook andonlineprivacy:Attitudes,behaviors,andunintended
consequences.JournalofComputer-MediatedCommunication,15(1),83-108.
75. Debatin, Lovejoy, Horn & Hughes(2009, p. 103)
Most users do not seem to realize that restricting access to their data does not sufficiently address
data does not sufficiently address the risks resulting from the amount, quality and persistence of
amount, quality and persistence of the data they provide. After all, restricting profile visibility to
restricting profile visibility to ‘‘friends only’’ simply means restricting it within the visible part of
it within the visible part of the iceberg. As long as users feed the invisible part of the iceberg with
invisible part of the iceberg with extensive personal data that they update voluntarily and
update voluntarilyandcontinually,theirprivacyisatrisk.
Debatin,B.,Lovejoy,J.P.,Horn,A.,&Hughes,B.N.(2009).Facebook andonlineprivacy:Attitudes,behaviors,andunintended
consequences.JournalofComputer-MediatedCommunication,15(1),83-108.
77. Christofides, Muise, & Desmarais (2009) ‘disclosure and control’
• 343(81 men, 261females) undergraduates
• privacy,disclosure,control
• participantsperceived thattheydisclosedmoreinformationaboutthemselves on Facebookthanin
general,
– butalsothatinformationcontrolandprivacywereimportanttothem
• informationdisclosure andinformationcontrol were not significantlynegativelycorrelated,
• disclosure wassignificantlypredictedbytheneed forpopularity
• levels oftrustandself-esteem predicted informationcontrol
Christofides,E., Muise, A.,&Desmarais,S.(2009).Informationdisclosureandcontrolon Facebook:Aretheytwosidesofthe samecoin or
twodifferentprocesses? CyberPsychology&Behavior,12(3),341-345.
78. Christofides, Muise, & Desmarais (2009, p. 343)
...these findings suggestthat there is something different about the ways in which
different about the ways in which people act when interacting in the Facebook
environment as compared to othermeans of communication. Perhaps it is because
Facebook creates norms regarding what specific information information to
disclose based on what others have disclosed. It is an environment where
information is shared proactively and in response toothers.
Christofides,E., Muise, A.,&Desmarais,S.(2009).Informationdisclosureandcontrolon Facebook:Aretheytwosidesofthe samecoin or
twodifferentprocesses? CyberPsychology&Behavior,12(3),341-345.
81. Hoadley, Xu,Lee & Rosson(2010) –News Feed
...no new information is revealed; people areable to seechanges if they choose
seechanges if they choose to visit their friends’ Facebook pages. News Feed did
not changerestrictions on accessto information.
Hoadley, Xu, Lee & Rosson (2010, p. 52)
Hoadley,C.M.,Xu, H.,Lee, J.J.&Rosson,M. B.(2010). Privacyasinformationaccessandillusorycontrol:ThecaseoftheFacebookNews
Feedprivacyoutcry.ElectronicCommerceResearchandApplications,9(1),50-60.
82. Hoadley, Xu,Lee & Rosson(2010) –News Feed
• majority (68%) had at least some degreeof negativity
• 29% of respondents felt ‘‘very negative”
• though the newinterface provides easier information access,it was widely
access,it was widely perceivedto provideless privacy.
• even though this was not the case –why?
Hoadley,C.M.,Xu, H.,Lee, J.J.&Rosson,M. B.(2010). Privacyasinformationaccessandillusorycontrol:ThecaseoftheFacebookNews
Feedprivacyoutcry.ElectronicCommerceResearchandApplications,9(1),50-60.
83. Hoadley, Xu,Lee & Rosson(2010) –News Feed
• found that those whochanged their privacy settings afterwards wereactually
those who found the changemost negative
• these users were also more likely to have morefriends
Hoadley,C.M.,Xu, H.,Lee, J.J.&Rosson,M. B.(2010). Privacyasinformationaccessandillusorycontrol:ThecaseoftheFacebookNews
Feedprivacyoutcry.ElectronicCommerceResearchandApplications,9(1),50-60.
84. It seems reasonable to argue that Facebook users’ privacy-related behaviors ...
are more likely to be influenced by their concerns over the amount of
information being accessed ..., instead of concerns over being released... This
point bears repeating: users seem to be much more concerned about what
personal information is likely to be accessedthan what personal information it is
possibleto access.
Hoadley,Xu, Lee&Rosson(2010,p.58)
Hoadley,C.M.,Xu, H.,Lee, J.J.&Rosson,M. B.(2010). Privacyasinformationaccessandillusorycontrol:ThecaseoftheFacebookNews
Feedprivacyoutcry.ElectronicCommerceResearchandApplications,9(1),50-60.
85. Rather than blocking dissent, Facebook transforms
resistance into productivity... The site incorporates
users’ knowledge into its development, which retains
members (perhaps instilling them with a sense of
ownership in the site, or at least a sense of the
importance of one’s voice) and affirms the critical
importance of an active membership.
Cohen (2008, pp. 12-13)
Cohen, N. (2008). The valorization of surveillance: Towards a political economy of Facebook.
Democratic Communiqué, 22(1), 5-22.
86. Grimmelman (2009, p. 120)
Users want and need to socialize, and they act in privacy-risking ways because of
privacy-risking ways because of it. We cannot and should not beat these social
should not beat these social urges out of people; we cannot and should not stop
cannot and should not stop people from acting on them. We can and should help
We can and should help them understand the consequences of their socializing,
consequences of their socializing, make available safer ways to do it, and protect
ways to do it, and protect them from sociality hijackers.
Grimmelman,J. (2009).SavingFacebook.IowaLawReview,94,1139-1205.
91. Concernsfrom medicine
Even with cautious privacy settings, physicians should not assume they can use
online forums for social purposes only, as unforeseen breaches of privacy
barriers may have a significant impact on their professional roles and
relationships.
Guseh, Brendel & Brendel (2009, p. 585)
Guseh,J.S.,Brendel,R.W.,&Brendel,D.H.(2009).Medicalprofessionalismin theageofonline socialnetworking.JournalofMedical
Ethics:JournaloftheInsituteofMedicalEthics,35(9),584-586.
92. Concernsfrom medicine
By creating a new environment for individual and group interaction, social-
interaction, social-networking sites also create new challenges for those who work
challenges for those who work in clinical settings. Take, for example, ... the
for example, ... the dermatology resident who is asked on a date by a clinic patient
on a date by a clinic patient after he learns from her online profile that she is single
online profile that she is single — information that he would have hesitated to
would havehesitated to draw out of herin person.
Jain (2009, p.650)
Jain, S.H.(2009).Becomingaphysician:Practicingmedicine in theageoffacebook.TheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine,
361(7),649-651.
93. Concernsfrom medicine
• MacDonald, Sohn, & Ellis (2010)
– 338 recentmedical graduates in NewZealand
– 65% had Facebook accounts
– 24% were publicly accessible
• groupofinterest
• 66%still activeonlinein thepreceding week
• high proportionofusersrevealed location
MacDonald,J., Sohn,S.,&Ellis, P. (2010).Privacy,professionalismandfacebook:A dilemmaforyoungdoctors.Medical
Education,44(8),805-813.
94. Concernsfrom medicine
... a notable minority belonged to ... groups that we defined as potentially
defined as potentially unprofessional (e.g. ‘F*** medicine – I want to be a ninja’,
– I want to be a ninja’, which was ‘dedicated to medics who are sick and tired of
who are sick and tired of the prospect of a hideously long training time, lack of
training time, lack of respect, poor hours and rectal exams on elderly gentlemen’.
MacDonald,J., Sohn,S.,&Ellis, P. (2010).Privacy,professionalismandfacebook:A dilemmaforyoungdoctors.Medical
Education,44(8),805-813.
95. Concernsfrom psychiatry
For psychotherapy, one of the reasons to avoid self-disclosure to patients is to
disclosure to patients is to minimize interference with transference, which may be
transference, which may be an essential component of the therapeutic process. If
the therapeutic process. If patients connected to psychotherapists on a social
psychotherapists on a social networking site are able to see pictures, videos,
see pictures, videos, comments, and browse through the different relationships of
different relationships of their therapist, the transference process will be more
process will bemore challenging if not impossible.
Lou (2009, p. 20)
Lou, J.S.(2009).TheFacebook phenomenon:Boundariesand controversies.PrimaryPsychiatry,16(11), 19-21
97. Concernsfrom clinical psychology
Some respondents noted that they occasionally found pictures of clients on the
pictures of clients on the Web sites of their friends or family members, and that
family members, and that they had no prior knowledge of these relationships. A
these relationships. A few participants even reported that they had been matched
they had been matched to current or former clients through anonymous dating
through anonymous dating Web sites.
Taylor, McMinn, Bufford &Chang (2010, p. 158)
Taylor,L.,McMinn, M. R.,Bufford,R. K.,&Chang,K. B.T.(2010). Psychologists’attitudesand ethicalconcernsregardingtheuse
ofsocialnetworkingwebsites.ProfessionalPsychology:ResearchandPractice,41(2),153-159.
98. Concerns fromclinical psychology
... psychologists with the least amount of professional experience will be facing some of
experience will be facing some of the most complex situations regarding the distinction
regarding the distinction between professional and private information. Normally, early
information. Normally, early career psychologists could look to more experienced
more experienced psychologists in situations such as this, but if the more experienced
if the more experienced psychologists do not understand the nuances of SNWs, they are
nuances of SNWs, they are not likely to be able to provide helpful consultation on this
helpful consultation on this matter.
Taylor,McMinn, Bufford& Chang(2010,p.157)
Taylor,L.,McMinn, M. R.,Bufford,R. K.,&Chang,K. B.T.(2010). Psychologists’attitudesand ethicalconcernsregardingtheuse
of socialnetworkingwebsites.ProfessionalPsychology:ResearchandPractice,41(2),153-159.