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THE MECHANISM OF
DIALYSIS IN THE
CASE OF KIDNEY
FAILURE 


         DONE BY : CINDY AND
         ATIQAH =D
1. KIDNEY
                     FAILURE 
 Why are kidneys important?
• They are excretory organs, removing
  mainly nitrogenous waste products,
  excess water and mineral salts in the
  form of urine
• Kidneys are osmoregulators. They
  regulate the salt and water balance of
  the body fluid.
What happens when the kidneys
            fail?
   High blood pressure and diabetes are
   causes of kidney failure
   Constant heavy drinking of alcohol may
   cause kidneys to lose their function
   May also occur suddenly or after major
   surgery
   One kidney failed to function, a person
   still can lead a normal life with the other
   kidney. If both kidneys fail to work, the
   person will die unless prompt medical
   treatment is given.
2. KIDNEY DIALYSIS
 Patient with kidney failure
 can be treated with a dialysis
 or kidney machine.
 Blood drawn from patient’s
 artery  flow through tubing
 (bathed in a dialysis fluid) in
 the machine)  walls of
 tubing partially permeable 
 big molecules like protein and
 blood cells remain in tubing
3. How Is Blood Cleaned
        in a Dialysis Machine?
                artery   1

1. Blood is
drawn from an
artery in the
patient’s arm
3. How Is Blood Cleaned
        in a Dialysis Machine?
                artery   1
                                 2. Blood is
1. Blood is
drawn from an                    pumped through
artery in the                    a tubing to the
patient’s arm                2   dialysis machine
3. How Is Blood Cleaned
        in a Dialysis Machine?
                artery   1
                                     2. Blood is
1. Blood is
drawn from an                        pumped through
artery in the                        a tubing to the
patient’s arm                2       dialysis machine

                                      3. The tubing is
                                      bathed in a
                                      special dialysis
                                      fluid and the
                                      tubing is semi-
                                      permeable




                                 3
3. How Is Blood Cleaned
        in a Dialysis Machine?
                artery   1
                                     2. Blood is
1. Blood is
drawn from an                        pumped through
artery in the                        a tubing to the
patient’s arm                2       dialysis machine

                                      3. The tubing is
                                      bathed in a
                                      special dialysis
                                      fluid and the
                                      tubing is semi-
                                      permeable




                                 3
3. How Is Blood Cleaned
        in a Dialysis Machine?
                artery   1
                                         2. Blood is
1. Blood is
drawn from an                            pumped through
artery in the                            a tubing to the
patient’s arm                2           dialysis machine

                                          3. The tubing is
                                          bathed in a
                                     4    special dialysis
                                          fluid and the
                                          tubing is semi-
                                          permeable


                                         4. Small
                                         molecules (e.g.
                                 3       urea) and
                                         metabolic waste
                                         products diffuse
                                         out of the tubing
3. How Is Blood Cleaned
         in a Dialysis Machine?
                   artery       1
                                                    2. Blood is
1. Blood is
drawn from an                                       pumped through
artery in the                                       a tubing to the
patient’s arm               6       2               dialysis machine

                                                                                                            3. The tubing is bathed in a
                                                                special dialy sis f luid and the tubing is semi-permeable




6. The filtered
blood is returned
                                                4
to a vein in the
patient’s arm

                                            5
5. Larger
molecules                                           4. Small
(e.g. plates                                        molecules (e.g.
and blood                               3           urea) and
cells) remain in                                    metabolic waste
the tubing                                          products diffuse
                                                    out of the tubing
3. How Is Blood Cleaned
                    in a Dialysis Machine?
                             artery       1                                            2. Blood is
1. Blood is                                                                            pumped through
drawn from an                                                                          a tubing to the
artery in the                                                                          dialysis machine
patient’s arm
                            vein      6                  2

6. The filtered                                        dialysis tubing                  3. The tubing is
blood is returned                                                                       bathed in a
to a vein in the                                                                        special dialysis
                                                                                   4    fluid and the
patient’s arm
                                                    Pump                                tubing is semi-
                                                    dialysis                            permeable
5. Larger                                           fluid
                             filtered                                          5
molecules                    blood                                                     4. Small
(e.g. plates                                                                           molecules (e.g.
and blood                                                                              urea) and
cells) remain in                              fresh dialysis                           metabolic waste
                                                                          3
the tubing                                    fluid                                    products diffuse
                                                                                       out of the tubing
Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
♥ Exchange of substances between
the blood and the dialysis fluid ♥
 Dialysis fluid contains the same concentration
 of essential salts as the blood
 These salts can diffuse into the blood in the
 tubing if the body lacks such salts
 Dialysis does not contain metabolic waste
 products
 Tubing is long, narrow to increase surface area
 to volume ratio to speed up rate of exchange of
 substances between the blood and dialysis fluid
 Treatment is about 2 to 3 times a week,
 each time lasting several hours
Exchange of Substances between the blood and the dialysis
                                Fluid
      1. Patient’s blood
      enters dialysis
      machine
                                                         dialysis machine      dialysis
                                                                               fluid
              partially
              permeable
              membrane

patient’s blood




                                                                essential
                                                                mineral salt




Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
1. Patient’s blood
     enters dialysis
     machine


                                     dialysis machine                      dialysis
           partially                                                       fluid
           permeable
           membrane


    patient’s blood
1

                                                                                      dialysis fluid
                                                                                                       2


                          protein          essential      red blood cell
                          molecule         mineral salt

                           2. Blood flows in the opposite
                           direction to flow of dialysis fluid
1. Patient’s blood   3. Dialysis fluid contains the same
     enters dialysis      concentration of essential substances as
     machine              blood. No metabolic wastes present


                                     dialysis machine                      dialysis
           partially                                                       fluid
           permeable
           membrane


    patient’s blood
1

                                                                                      dialysis fluid
                                             3                                                         2


                          protein          essential      red blood cell
                          molecule         mineral salt

                             2. Blood flows in the opposite                  4. Concentration
                             direction to flow of dialysis fluid             gradient set up
                                                                             between dialysis
                                                                             fluid and blood
1. Patient’s blood         3. Dialysis fluid contains the same                         6. Filtered
      enters dialysis            concentration of essential substances as                    blood is
      machine                    blood. No metabolic wastes present                          returned to
                                                                                             the patient

                                            dialysis machine                      dialysis
             partially                                                            fluid
             permeable
             membrane


    patient’s blood                                                                             filtered blood
1                                                                                                           5

                                                                                              dialysis fluid
4                                                   3                                                          2
    dialysis fluid with
    waste products
                      urea       protein          essential      red blood cell
                      molecule   molecule         mineral salt

     5. Removal of                  2. Blood flows in the opposite                  4. Concentration
     metabolic                      direction to flow of dialysis fluid             gradient set up
     waste products                                                                 between dialysis
     from the blood                                                                 fluid and blood
ENOUGH OF W  ORDS, TIME FOR
  SOME VIDEOS TO FIND OUT
  ABOUT THE DIFFERENT
  TYPES OF DIALYSIS :D
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
5.What are the different types of dialysis ?

 There are two types of dialysis - hemodialysis and peritoneal
  dialysis

 In hemodialysis, an artificial kidney (hemodialyzer) is used to
  remove waste and extra chemicals and fluid from your blood. To
  get your blood into it , the doctor needs to make an access into
  your blood vessels. This is done by minor surgery to your arm or
  leg.
 An access is made by joining an artery to a vein under your skin
  to make a bigger blood vessel called a fistula.
 However, if your blood vessels are not adequate for a fistula,
  the doctor may use a soft plastic tube to join an artery and a
  vein under your skin. This is called a graft.

 In peritoneal dialysis, your blood is cleaned inside your body.
  The doctor will do surgery to place a plastic tube called a
  catheter into your abdomen to make an access. Extra fluid and
  waste products are drawn out of your blood and into the
  dialysate.

 There are two major kinds of peritoneal dialysis :
_ Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) is the only type
   of peritoneal dialysis that is done without machines.
_ Continuous Cycling Peritoneal Dialysis (CCPD) usually is done at
   home using a special machine called a cycler.
Hemodialysis




  Peritoneal
  dialysis
6. WHY MUST THE DIRECTION OF BLOOD
 FLOW BE OPPOSITE TO THE DIRECTION OF
    FLOW OF THE DIALYSIS FLUID ?
• The direction of blood flow must be opposite to
  the direction of flow of the dialysis fluid to
  ensure a diffusion gradient remains to allow urea
  to flow out.
• This also ensures all the urea in the blood will be
  removed. Imagine if they flow in the same
  direction, when blood reaches the end, the
  dialysis solution is high in urea and so is the blood
  and urea will not be removed.
6. After a transplant, will a patient
be able to live a normal life again ?
                     
 ♥ If the grafted kidney is well-looked after, the
   patient can go back to a near normal life that is
   productive and of better quality with fewer
   restrictions compared to when placed on dialysis
   and restrained from eating a normal diet.
Bio project!!!
   BECAUSE OF TIME
       CONSUMING, LET’S START
       WITH $1,000 QUESTION !




QUESTION 1 : WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT
            THE REASON WHY THE
          KIDNEYS IS IMPORTANT ?


                           B. Regulate the salt
A. Remove waste products
                            And water balance


   C. Regulate water       D. Absorb water and
  potential of the blood       mineral salts
♥♥♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE
 D, YOU’RE CORRECT! 
♥ LET’S RECAP -> Kidneys are excretory
  organs, removing mainly nitrogenous
  waste products, excess water and
  mineral salts in the form of urine
♥ Kidneys are osmoregulators. They
  regulate the salt and water balance of
  the body fluid.
♥ UH OH! IT’S INCORRECT,
 LET’S TRY AGAIN 
 LET’S  CONTINUE WITH
     THE $2,000 QUESTION !




QUESTION 2 : WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT
       THE CAUSE OF KIDNEY FAILURE?




 A. Exercise vigorously   B. High blood pressure


   C. Constant heavy
                          D. After a major surgery
        drinking
♥♥♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE
 A, YOU’RE CORRECT! 

♥ LET’S RECAP :
 High blood pressure and diabetes
 are causes of kidney failure
 Constant heavy drinking of alcohol
 may cause kidneys to lose their
 function
 May also occur suddenly or after
 major surgery
 LET’S
      CONTINUE WITH
 THE $4,000 QUESTION !




   QUESTION 3 : WHAT CAN A PATIENT WITH KIDNEY
           FAILURE BE TREATED WITH ?



                          B. Blood pressure
   A. Kidney machine
                               machine

   C. Blood circulation    D. Excretion care
        machine                machine
♥♥♥  FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE
 B, YOU’RE CORRECT! 

♥ LET’S SEE :
 When kidney function gets to about
 15% or less, a person must start
 dialysis.
   LET’S CONTINUE WITH THE $8,000
    QUESTION !
   WOW, IT’S A KILLER ONE! AFTER THIS WE
    WILL PROCESS TO THE $32,000 QUESTION!



        QUESTION 4 : A PERSON USUALLY BEGIN
      DIALYSIS WHEN THEIR KIDNEY FUNCTION GOES
          DOWN TO ABOUT HOW MANY PERCENT ?




        A. 50%                   B. 15%



         C. 20%                 D. 25%
♥♥♥FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE C,
 YOU’RE CORRECT! 

♥ LET’S RECAP
- There are two types of dialysis :
  hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
 LET’S
      CONTINUE WITH
 THE $32,000 QUESTION !



      QUESTION 5 : WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF
                   DIALYSIS ?



  A. Graft dialysis and   B. Catherer dialysis and
   Peritoneal dialysis         Graft dialysis

  C. Hemodialysis and      D. Hemodialysis and
   Peritoneal dialysis        Fistula dialysis
♥♥♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE
 D, YOU’RE CORRECT! 

♥ LET’S RECAP :
 The catherer that is used for peritoneal
  dialysis is place at the abdominal area in
  the body
 LET’S
      CONTINUE WITH
 THE $64,000 QUESTION !



    QUESTION 6 : WHERE IN THE BODY IS THE
            CATHETER THAT IS USED
          FOR PERITONEAL DIALYSIS ?



     A. Arm                   B. Leg



     C. Neck             D. Abdominal area
♥♥♥  FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE
 C, YOU’RE CORRECT! 

♥ LET’S RECAP :
 An access is made by joining an
  artery to a vein under your skin to
  make a bigger blood vessel called a
  fistula
 LET’S
      CONTINUE WITH
 THE $125,000 QUESTION !



   QUESTION 7 : WHAT IS USED IN HEMOLDIALYSIS
      CREATED BY SURGICALLY CONNECTING AN
          ARTERY AND VEIN TOGETHER ?



     A. Catherer             B. Dialysate



     C. Fistula           D. Artificial kidney
♥♥♥  FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE
 B, YOU’RE CORRECT! 

♥ LET’S RECAP :
 Excess wastes and water pass from
  the blood into a the dialysis fluid for
  removal from the body by diffusion.
 LET’S
      CONTINUE WITH
 THE $250,000 QUESTION !



     QUESTION 8 : WHICH TWO SUBSTANCES WILL
     PASS FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE DIALYSIS
                    FLUID ?



 A. Plasma and mineral
                         B. Water and mineral salts
         salts

                         D. Metabolic wastes and
 C. Membrane and water
                              mineral salts
♥♥♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE
 A, YOU’RE CORRECT! 

♥ LET’S RECAP :
 The dialysis tubing is bathed in a
  special dialysis fluid and the tubing is
  semi-permeable
 LET’S
      CONTINUE WITH
 THE $500,000 QUESTION !



      QUESTION 9 : WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS
        ONE CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTY OF THE
                 DIALYSIS TUBING ?



  A. Partially permeable     B. Thin cell wall



   C. Fully permeable      D. Lignified cell wall
♥♥♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE C,
  YOU’RE CORRECT! 

♥ LET’S RECAP :
 The direction of blood flow must be
  opposite to the direction of flow of the
  dialysis fluid to ensure a diffusion gradient
  remains to allow wastes to flow out.
 WOW! WE’RE ALREADY AT
 THE $1,000,000 QUESTION !



   QUESTION 10 : WHAT IS THE DIRECTION OF
   BLOOD FLOW TO THE FLOW OF THE DIALYSIS
                  FLUID ?



    A. Toward             B. To the left



   C. Opposite            D. To the right
CONGRATULATION TO THE
   WINNER !!!
THANK YOU ! HOPE YOU ENJOYED IT ;)
CREDITS :
http://medicalpicturesinfo.com/dialysis/
http://sciencephoto.com
http://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/dialysisinfo.cfm
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_does_the_fluid_in_dialysis
_have_to_flow_in_opposite_directions#ixzz22fDjfLc8
http://www.fmc-ag.com/files/Diffusion.gif
Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International
(Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

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Bio project!!!

  • 1. THE MECHANISM OF DIALYSIS IN THE CASE OF KIDNEY FAILURE  DONE BY : CINDY AND ATIQAH =D
  • 2. 1. KIDNEY FAILURE   Why are kidneys important? • They are excretory organs, removing mainly nitrogenous waste products, excess water and mineral salts in the form of urine • Kidneys are osmoregulators. They regulate the salt and water balance of the body fluid.
  • 3. What happens when the kidneys fail?   High blood pressure and diabetes are causes of kidney failure   Constant heavy drinking of alcohol may cause kidneys to lose their function   May also occur suddenly or after major surgery   One kidney failed to function, a person still can lead a normal life with the other kidney. If both kidneys fail to work, the person will die unless prompt medical treatment is given.
  • 4. 2. KIDNEY DIALYSIS  Patient with kidney failure can be treated with a dialysis or kidney machine.  Blood drawn from patient’s artery  flow through tubing (bathed in a dialysis fluid) in the machine)  walls of tubing partially permeable  big molecules like protein and blood cells remain in tubing
  • 5. 3. How Is Blood Cleaned in a Dialysis Machine? artery 1 1. Blood is drawn from an artery in the patient’s arm
  • 6. 3. How Is Blood Cleaned in a Dialysis Machine? artery 1 2. Blood is 1. Blood is drawn from an pumped through artery in the a tubing to the patient’s arm 2 dialysis machine
  • 7. 3. How Is Blood Cleaned in a Dialysis Machine? artery 1 2. Blood is 1. Blood is drawn from an pumped through artery in the a tubing to the patient’s arm 2 dialysis machine 3. The tubing is bathed in a special dialysis fluid and the tubing is semi- permeable 3
  • 8. 3. How Is Blood Cleaned in a Dialysis Machine? artery 1 2. Blood is 1. Blood is drawn from an pumped through artery in the a tubing to the patient’s arm 2 dialysis machine 3. The tubing is bathed in a special dialysis fluid and the tubing is semi- permeable 3
  • 9. 3. How Is Blood Cleaned in a Dialysis Machine? artery 1 2. Blood is 1. Blood is drawn from an pumped through artery in the a tubing to the patient’s arm 2 dialysis machine 3. The tubing is bathed in a 4 special dialysis fluid and the tubing is semi- permeable 4. Small molecules (e.g. 3 urea) and metabolic waste products diffuse out of the tubing
  • 10. 3. How Is Blood Cleaned in a Dialysis Machine? artery 1 2. Blood is 1. Blood is drawn from an pumped through artery in the a tubing to the patient’s arm 6 2 dialysis machine 3. The tubing is bathed in a special dialy sis f luid and the tubing is semi-permeable 6. The filtered blood is returned 4 to a vein in the patient’s arm 5 5. Larger molecules 4. Small (e.g. plates molecules (e.g. and blood 3 urea) and cells) remain in metabolic waste the tubing products diffuse out of the tubing
  • 11. 3. How Is Blood Cleaned in a Dialysis Machine? artery 1 2. Blood is 1. Blood is pumped through drawn from an a tubing to the artery in the dialysis machine patient’s arm vein 6 2 6. The filtered dialysis tubing 3. The tubing is blood is returned bathed in a to a vein in the special dialysis 4 fluid and the patient’s arm Pump tubing is semi- dialysis permeable 5. Larger fluid filtered 5 molecules blood 4. Small (e.g. plates molecules (e.g. and blood urea) and cells) remain in fresh dialysis metabolic waste 3 the tubing fluid products diffuse out of the tubing Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
  • 12. ♥ Exchange of substances between the blood and the dialysis fluid ♥ Dialysis fluid contains the same concentration of essential salts as the blood These salts can diffuse into the blood in the tubing if the body lacks such salts Dialysis does not contain metabolic waste products Tubing is long, narrow to increase surface area to volume ratio to speed up rate of exchange of substances between the blood and dialysis fluid Treatment is about 2 to 3 times a week, each time lasting several hours
  • 13. Exchange of Substances between the blood and the dialysis Fluid 1. Patient’s blood enters dialysis machine dialysis machine dialysis fluid partially permeable membrane patient’s blood essential mineral salt Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
  • 14. 1. Patient’s blood enters dialysis machine dialysis machine dialysis partially fluid permeable membrane patient’s blood 1 dialysis fluid 2 protein essential red blood cell molecule mineral salt 2. Blood flows in the opposite direction to flow of dialysis fluid
  • 15. 1. Patient’s blood 3. Dialysis fluid contains the same enters dialysis concentration of essential substances as machine blood. No metabolic wastes present dialysis machine dialysis partially fluid permeable membrane patient’s blood 1 dialysis fluid 3 2 protein essential red blood cell molecule mineral salt 2. Blood flows in the opposite 4. Concentration direction to flow of dialysis fluid gradient set up between dialysis fluid and blood
  • 16. 1. Patient’s blood 3. Dialysis fluid contains the same 6. Filtered enters dialysis concentration of essential substances as blood is machine blood. No metabolic wastes present returned to the patient dialysis machine dialysis partially fluid permeable membrane patient’s blood filtered blood 1 5 dialysis fluid 4 3 2 dialysis fluid with waste products urea protein essential red blood cell molecule molecule mineral salt 5. Removal of 2. Blood flows in the opposite 4. Concentration metabolic direction to flow of dialysis fluid gradient set up waste products between dialysis from the blood fluid and blood
  • 17. ENOUGH OF W ORDS, TIME FOR SOME VIDEOS TO FIND OUT ABOUT THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIALYSIS :D http://www.youtube.com/watch?v http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
  • 18. 5.What are the different types of dialysis ?  There are two types of dialysis - hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis  In hemodialysis, an artificial kidney (hemodialyzer) is used to remove waste and extra chemicals and fluid from your blood. To get your blood into it , the doctor needs to make an access into your blood vessels. This is done by minor surgery to your arm or leg.  An access is made by joining an artery to a vein under your skin to make a bigger blood vessel called a fistula.  However, if your blood vessels are not adequate for a fistula, the doctor may use a soft plastic tube to join an artery and a vein under your skin. This is called a graft.  In peritoneal dialysis, your blood is cleaned inside your body. The doctor will do surgery to place a plastic tube called a catheter into your abdomen to make an access. Extra fluid and waste products are drawn out of your blood and into the dialysate.  There are two major kinds of peritoneal dialysis : _ Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) is the only type of peritoneal dialysis that is done without machines. _ Continuous Cycling Peritoneal Dialysis (CCPD) usually is done at home using a special machine called a cycler.
  • 20. 6. WHY MUST THE DIRECTION OF BLOOD FLOW BE OPPOSITE TO THE DIRECTION OF FLOW OF THE DIALYSIS FLUID ? • The direction of blood flow must be opposite to the direction of flow of the dialysis fluid to ensure a diffusion gradient remains to allow urea to flow out. • This also ensures all the urea in the blood will be removed. Imagine if they flow in the same direction, when blood reaches the end, the dialysis solution is high in urea and so is the blood and urea will not be removed.
  • 21. 6. After a transplant, will a patient be able to live a normal life again ?  ♥ If the grafted kidney is well-looked after, the patient can go back to a near normal life that is productive and of better quality with fewer restrictions compared to when placed on dialysis and restrained from eating a normal diet.
  • 23. BECAUSE OF TIME CONSUMING, LET’S START WITH $1,000 QUESTION ! QUESTION 1 : WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT THE REASON WHY THE KIDNEYS IS IMPORTANT ? B. Regulate the salt A. Remove waste products And water balance C. Regulate water D. Absorb water and potential of the blood mineral salts
  • 24. ♥♥♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE D, YOU’RE CORRECT!  ♥ LET’S RECAP -> Kidneys are excretory organs, removing mainly nitrogenous waste products, excess water and mineral salts in the form of urine ♥ Kidneys are osmoregulators. They regulate the salt and water balance of the body fluid.
  • 25. ♥ UH OH! IT’S INCORRECT, LET’S TRY AGAIN 
  • 26.  LET’S CONTINUE WITH THE $2,000 QUESTION ! QUESTION 2 : WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT THE CAUSE OF KIDNEY FAILURE? A. Exercise vigorously B. High blood pressure C. Constant heavy D. After a major surgery drinking
  • 27. ♥♥♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE A, YOU’RE CORRECT!  ♥ LET’S RECAP :  High blood pressure and diabetes are causes of kidney failure  Constant heavy drinking of alcohol may cause kidneys to lose their function  May also occur suddenly or after major surgery
  • 28.  LET’S CONTINUE WITH THE $4,000 QUESTION ! QUESTION 3 : WHAT CAN A PATIENT WITH KIDNEY FAILURE BE TREATED WITH ? B. Blood pressure A. Kidney machine machine C. Blood circulation D. Excretion care machine machine
  • 29. ♥♥♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE B, YOU’RE CORRECT!  ♥ LET’S SEE :  When kidney function gets to about 15% or less, a person must start dialysis.
  • 30. LET’S CONTINUE WITH THE $8,000 QUESTION !  WOW, IT’S A KILLER ONE! AFTER THIS WE WILL PROCESS TO THE $32,000 QUESTION! QUESTION 4 : A PERSON USUALLY BEGIN DIALYSIS WHEN THEIR KIDNEY FUNCTION GOES DOWN TO ABOUT HOW MANY PERCENT ? A. 50% B. 15% C. 20% D. 25%
  • 31. ♥♥♥FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE C, YOU’RE CORRECT!  ♥ LET’S RECAP - There are two types of dialysis : hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
  • 32.  LET’S CONTINUE WITH THE $32,000 QUESTION ! QUESTION 5 : WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF DIALYSIS ? A. Graft dialysis and B. Catherer dialysis and Peritoneal dialysis Graft dialysis C. Hemodialysis and D. Hemodialysis and Peritoneal dialysis Fistula dialysis
  • 33. ♥♥♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE D, YOU’RE CORRECT!  ♥ LET’S RECAP :  The catherer that is used for peritoneal dialysis is place at the abdominal area in the body
  • 34.  LET’S CONTINUE WITH THE $64,000 QUESTION ! QUESTION 6 : WHERE IN THE BODY IS THE CATHETER THAT IS USED FOR PERITONEAL DIALYSIS ? A. Arm B. Leg C. Neck D. Abdominal area
  • 35. ♥♥♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE C, YOU’RE CORRECT!  ♥ LET’S RECAP :  An access is made by joining an artery to a vein under your skin to make a bigger blood vessel called a fistula
  • 36.  LET’S CONTINUE WITH THE $125,000 QUESTION ! QUESTION 7 : WHAT IS USED IN HEMOLDIALYSIS CREATED BY SURGICALLY CONNECTING AN ARTERY AND VEIN TOGETHER ? A. Catherer B. Dialysate C. Fistula D. Artificial kidney
  • 37. ♥♥♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE B, YOU’RE CORRECT!  ♥ LET’S RECAP :  Excess wastes and water pass from the blood into a the dialysis fluid for removal from the body by diffusion.
  • 38.  LET’S CONTINUE WITH THE $250,000 QUESTION ! QUESTION 8 : WHICH TWO SUBSTANCES WILL PASS FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE DIALYSIS FLUID ? A. Plasma and mineral B. Water and mineral salts salts D. Metabolic wastes and C. Membrane and water mineral salts
  • 39. ♥♥♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE A, YOU’RE CORRECT!  ♥ LET’S RECAP :  The dialysis tubing is bathed in a special dialysis fluid and the tubing is semi-permeable
  • 40.  LET’S CONTINUE WITH THE $500,000 QUESTION ! QUESTION 9 : WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS ONE CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTY OF THE DIALYSIS TUBING ? A. Partially permeable B. Thin cell wall C. Fully permeable D. Lignified cell wall
  • 41. ♥♥♥ FOR THOSE WHO CHOOSE C, YOU’RE CORRECT!  ♥ LET’S RECAP :  The direction of blood flow must be opposite to the direction of flow of the dialysis fluid to ensure a diffusion gradient remains to allow wastes to flow out.
  • 42.  WOW! WE’RE ALREADY AT THE $1,000,000 QUESTION ! QUESTION 10 : WHAT IS THE DIRECTION OF BLOOD FLOW TO THE FLOW OF THE DIALYSIS FLUID ? A. Toward B. To the left C. Opposite D. To the right
  • 43. CONGRATULATION TO THE WINNER !!! THANK YOU ! HOPE YOU ENJOYED IT ;) CREDITS : http://medicalpicturesinfo.com/dialysis/ http://sciencephoto.com http://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/dialysisinfo.cfm http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_does_the_fluid_in_dialysis _have_to_flow_in_opposite_directions#ixzz22fDjfLc8 http://www.fmc-ag.com/files/Diffusion.gif Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.