1. GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE Distributed Energy Colin Beattie Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP) Institute “Decarbonising Cities and Regions”

2. What is Green Infrastructure? “the substructure or underlying foundation especially the basic installations and facilities on which the continuance and growth of a community depends.” Ref: Webster’s New World Dictionary In Australia GI means precinct scale closed loop renewable systems The following could be considered “green” or sustainable urban infrastructure :- Public transport networks Energy efficient buildings Distributed generation and integrated energy demand management initiatives and programs Localised water and waste management systems Connected green spaces and wildlife corridors Water sensitive urban design Decarbonising Cities and Regions

3. What is Green Infrastructure? “the substructure or underlying foundation especially the basic installations and facilities on which the continuance and growth of a community depends.” Ref: Webster’s New World Dictionary In Australia GI means precinct scale closed loop renewable systems The following could be considered “green” or sustainable urban infrastructure :- Public transport networks Energy efficient buildings Distributed generation and integrated energy demand management initiatives and programs Localised water and waste management systems Connected green spaces and wildlife corridors Water sensitive urban design Decarbonising Cities and Regions

4. Distributed Energy Distributed energy systems are small-scale power generation technologies (typically in the range of 3 kW to 10,000 kW) used to provide an alternative to or an enhancement of the traditional electric power system. Cogeneration; an obvious choice... or combined heat and power (CHP) is a plant that simultaneously generates both electricity and useful heat. Embedded renewables; have a role to play Electrical Energy Eg. Photovoltaic's, wind turbines Thermal Energy Eg. Solar thermal, Geothermal Decarbonising Cities and Regions

5. Decarbonising Cities and Regions

6. Power to 1800 Buildings in Manhatten 50% of steam from cogeneration plants provides heating & cooling Offsets 350MWe of power from grid Decarbonising Cities and Regions

7. Decarbonising Cities and Regions Battersea Power Station

8. Cogeneration scheme introduced benefitted some 10,000 people. hot water and central heating to Pimlico on the North side of the river Decarbonising Cities and Regions

9. What Happened? Decarbonising Cities and Regions

10. Climate Change Contribution to total net CO2-e emissions by sector Stationary Energy is the big ticket item... Decarbonising Cities and Regions

11. Improve System Efficiencies GHG/Energy Relationship Emissions depend on:- The amount of energy used The source of the energy Fossil fuel fired power stations Thermal efficiency around 33% Further 10 to 15% lost to transmission and distribution inefficiencies Water Combined cycle gas fired plants Thermal efficiency close to 50% Cogeneration/Trigeneration Heat recovery can push efficiency up to about 80% Locate where the recovered energy can be put to good use.... Decarbonising Cities and Regions

13. Cogeneration 2 Reciprocating Engines industrial cogeneration applications: To produce hot water To produce low temperature steam To produce heat at higher temperatures, e.g. for drying processes Decarbonising Cities and Regions

14. Cogeneration 3 1.2 MWe 47% Elec. Energy Efficiency High Grade Heat Stirling Engines Limited power generation (max 25kW) Fuel Cells A fuel cell converts the chemical energy from a fuel directly into electricity and heat. When operated on hydrogen, the fuel cell produces energy with the only by-product being H2O. Internal fuel reforming allows the extraction of hydrogen from alternative fuels such as natural gas or any other hydrogen containing fuel. When utilising a hydrogen powered fuel cell, no carbon is emitted at site Decarbonising Cities and Regions

15. Can we afford it? Understanding the economics of electricity...... Decarbonising Cities and Regions

16. The Grid in WA South West Integrated System (SWIS) Largest islanded network in the world 6,000km TX; 85,000km DX; serving 5,047MW installed generation capacity and 860,000 customers 10% of system capacity is used for less than 48 hours / year 20% of system capacity is used for less than 10 days / year Decarbonising Cities and Regions

17. SWIS Energy Profile Decarbonising Cities and Regions Government of Western Australia; Office of Energy

18. Efficient Generation Decarbonising Cities and Regions Government of Western Australia; Office of Energy

19. Demand Management Smart Grids and Meters User behaviour Thermal Energy Storage Decarbonising Cities and Regions

20. - Reducing Peak Demand Moving high peak costs to night time low loads Decarbonising Cities and Regions Summer Peak Load. Source: W. A. utility Western Power Corporation (WPC)

21. Wind... Outputs from 2 – 15kW Inconsistent wind patterns Decarbonising Cities and Regions

22. Solar... Photovoltaic Crystalline, thin film From 1.5 kW... Thermal Hot Water Service Space Heating Decarbonising Cities and Regions

23. Geothermal... Ground Source Direct Geoexhange Heat Pumps (DGHPs) can provide chilling, heating and hot water via refrigerant-carrying copper loops buried in the ground. These act as a condenser to achieve higher efficiency than equivalent air source heat pumps because of the ground’s constant heat capacity Decarbonising Cities and Regions

24. What do you need? More efficient buildings Pixel Building CH2 Combination of cogen, solar, wind to meet demand in various combinations Smart grids and metering Demand-side Management Thermal Energy Storage User behaviour ...provides an assortment of tools that can make a development “net zero” or “carbon +ve” Decarbonising Cities and Regions

25. Summary Holistic solution required; Potential to make a significant impact in the short term... requires new governance; ...provides a foundation for rolling out secure, small and large scale, clean energy into the future Decarbonising Cities and Regions