SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  11
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
1

Name:

University:

Course:

Tutor:

Date:

                                  Role of NATO post-Cold War.

                                                  Introduction

         Cold war is a conflict that existed between the communist nations (Russia, china and

North Korea) basically led by the Soviet Union and the western democratic nations that were led

by the United States. Cold presumably begun as early as in 1947 when president of United Sates

Truman decaled an anti-communist policy leading to the onset of a cold with between Soviet

Union and United States. Cold war is fought in all places using all means available like using

economic war, propaganda, occasional military clashes and diplomatic haggling. In addition to

that fighting of cold war is done in all places i.e. in newly independent nations in Asia, Africa, in

neutral states and even in outer space (Paquette, 2001).

                                             Cold War

         Cold war was caused by the intensification of deep rooted ideological, political and

economic differences that existed between the society union and United States before the Second

World War. Such intensification is often attributed to increasing mutual suspicion especially

after the Second World War. Some of these undying ideological causes include the fact that the

two countries has opposing systems of government where United states government involves

election of government by free elections with its people being free to form political parties to use

to voice their opinions with rights to assembly, of speech as well as of the press whereas the
2

government system of the soviet union was formed by communist party where people don’t have

any right to form political parties and that they do not enjoy rights to assembly, of speech and

press thus the two systems of government were in no way possible able to compromise between

each other (Rozoff, 2010).

        The underlying economic issues between the opposing countries is that united states

preferred a free trade through out the world but soviet union wanted to guard her sphere from

what it believed to be increased exposure to international commerce would influence the

county’s system of government thus eroding the totalitarian regime hence the much ill felling

between the countries. In addition to that the underlying political cause of cold war is the power

rivalry especially after the Second World War which led to decline of the Europe facilitating the

two countries to share the power which each party wanted to dominate thus the inevitable

conflicts.

        Immediate case of cold war started at peace time conferences and intensified after the

United States president declared the Truman doctrine and launched the Marshal plan of 1947.

Prior to the end of world war Russia gradually extended it’s influence to eastern Europe

including Poland and eastern Germany and by the end of war Soviet Union had consolidated her

control in the region and started influencing post war elections through intimidation of voters

leading to formation of coalition governments mostly consisting of communists.

        Initially United States was optimistic that the there could be cooperation with Soviet

Union but from 1945 onwards that perception changed as the united sates government started

favoring a policy of strong resistance against Russian and its communist policy and this was

triggered when the president Roosevelt died in 1945 and succeeded by Truman a man who

advocated for a strong resistance against the Russian expansion because he believed that Russia
3

will extend its influence to western Europe and that it was not going to form democratic

governments in areas under its influence. Finally Truman was disgusted at the way Russia was

not cooperative especially at Potsdam conference regarding the way Germany was supporting

Greece and Italy and hence blocked Truman’s internalization bid for principal waterways.

       Such circumstances deteriorated relations between the Soviet union and united states and

land lease was abruptly interrupted but united states also ignored the Russian request for

economic aid intended for post wars reconstruction and the increasing conflict between the east

and west countries was evident in 1946 Churchill’s ‘iron wall’ speech when he said that ‘"From

Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent

.... Behind that line lie all the capitals of the central and eastern Europe - all are subject in one

form or another not only to Soviet influence but also to a very high and increasing control from

Moscow." The speech highlighted the increasing suspicion of soviets aggressive design in

Eastern Europe and the continuing conflict between the western democratic and the eastern

communist countries (Schultz, 2010).

       In 1947 president Truman enunciated the Truman doctrine which its essence was that the

United sates was to support free people wiling to resist attempted subjugation by outside pressure

or armed minorities which was an anticommunist doctrine. The enunciation amounted to

America declaring war against communistic Russia consequently followed by massive military

and economic assistance to both Greece and turkey where the influence by communism was

high. Another offer by United States to aid was financial aid to European countries for support

and reconstruction after the war an offer which Russia declined. The applicants for Marshal Aid

was required to disclose its economic records to the American government an action which

Russia saw as an interference of internal affairs of other states and that could expose Russia to
4

American influence. By 1949 Russia forbade its satellite countries from accepting the Marshall

aid and offered a counter –Marshall Plan which offered financial aid to her satellites under

Molotov plan. Proclamation of the Truman doctrine and launching of Marshall Plan meant that

United States was an official leader of western countries against the Russian communist

expansions in Europe and that signaled the beginning of cold war. The cold war resulted to

several events like the return of parliamentary democracy in the west, the increased soviet

control of Western Europe, and Berlin crisis which was considered as the climax of conflict that

existed between the east and west Europe (Kaplan, 1999).

       The Berlin crisis led to Western Europe to face with humanitarian problems which saw

the western countries unite and airlift supplies to the starving East Germany civilians and that

showed a combined effort and greater determination to resist the Russian communism from

spreading further. In the mean time the United states formed what was anticommunist military

alliance with the allied western nations forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

in 1949 which made Stalin to admit that he couldn’t force a withdrawal of western nations thus

forced to admit to defeat and lifted the Berlin blockade. The alliance involved twelve nations

which believed that the Russian communism with its anti-democratic ideologies threatened the

democratic and thus stated that an attack on the alliance meant an attack on the entire alliance

which was to be responded with anything possible including armed retaliation. Such alliance was

to offer security for the other Atlantic states and was to be valid for twenty years. The alliance

pulled western countries into American leadership and its head quarters was known as Supreme

Headquarters of Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) and was based in Paris. Another important

organization of NATO was permanent Council established in 1952 (Kaplan, (2004).
5

       North Atlantic treaty Organization was essentially a defensive organization to prevent the

spread of communist aggression as well as a successful strategy directed towards European and

transatlantic cooperation. Formation of NATO led to lifting of the Berlin blockade by Soviet

Union resulting to halted advancement of the communism in Europe. The formation of the

alliance led to many other efforts in cooperation amongst the western European countries. The

permanent council of the organization was composed of representatives from all member states

and it was the decision making organ which was done unanimously on agreement. The council

was tasked with many functions including military, cultural and economic cooperation among

the member states. To promote its efficiency several committees such as the economic and

financial committee as well as the defense and military committees and planning boards were set

up. The most important role of the council was that of military affairs consisting of the chief of

staff from France, Britain and the United States. Occurrence of the Korean War promoted

western power to anxiety to strengthening own defenses through an alliance and unity resulting

to an attempt by western nations to form integrated forces in Europe.

       Formation of NATO meant that United states was therefore committed to a military

alliance in peace time and that was the first incidence in her enter history thus from the formation

of the alliance in 1949 ,United states for the following twenty year could witness a large

number of American troops being stationed in western Europe and that her allies would at any

point time call for assistance from the American military and such commitment marked an end to

the isolationistic policy which united sates had always upheld.

       In addition to that effect formation of NATO alliance resulted to formation of Warsaw

Pact by Russia incorporating its communist allies or satellites. After the confrontation at the

Berlin wall in 1948-49 coupled with the formation of NATO signaled that cold war was to
6

continue and Russia therefore following the successful communist victory in Indo-China formed

the War saw Pact with its satellites and the Pact spoke of defense and peaceful intentions

precluding its members to participate in any other alliance or coalition but assured them of

immediate assistance that included armed force incase of an event of armed aggression against

them is done. The alliance therefore provided military assistance with Russian supreme

commander appointed as a leader of the combined forces of its member states. Further more a

political understanding of its members was fostered by the formation of the consultative

committee. The war saw pact served to allow Russia to station its troops in parts of eastern

European countries meaning that an attack on Western Europe was imminent at any moment thus

was able to suppress signs of rebellion in her satellite countries. Another significant role of the

Pact was that it prompted the two conflicting super powers to organize their satellites into

alliances that opposed each other leading to a continued political tension between the west and

east countries.

       Since its establishment NATO’s fundamental roles bestowed upon the allied forces was

to guarantee security as well as territorial integrity of its member states and this was attained

through deterrence and collective defense. That role still remain fundamental but resulting from

an end to the cold war between United states and Russia due to the fall of Berlin wall in 1989

and the dissolution of soviet union on 1991, the roles and the organization of NATO’s force have

gone through some major changes that has made it adapt to evolving security environments

while at same time promoting military cooperation in the partner countries. Euro-Atlantic

security has since then become complex coupled with emerging challenges especially from states

that are outside Europe and such countries include failed states which has led to proliferation of

weapons of mass destruction including its delivery and spread of terrorism. This changing
7

security environment and changing roles by NATO is evident in 1990’s when ethnic conflict

erupted in Balkans leading to deployment of NATO forces to play peace support and crisis

management roles in the affected region.

       More recently NATO forces have been contributing to the defense against acts of

terrorism and wider participation in the peace support missions which takes NATO beyond the

Euro-Atlantic area an act never done in the past. This is clear considering the aftermath of

September 2001 terrorist attacks on United States an act that has led to subsequent operations in

Afghanistan as a means of rooting out of Al-Qaeda a terror group responsible for the attacks.

Such security threats has growth concerns regarding threats from terrorism ,failed states as well

as the continued spread of weapons of mass destruction.

       NATO’s role in crisis management is and peace support increased in mid 1990’s when its

forces were called upon and became involved in the Bosnian war which took place between 1992

and 1995. NATO’s forces supported the United Nations by helping in monitoring and

enforcement of the United Nations sanctions in the Adriatic together with the no –fly zone over

the sate of Bosnia and Herzegovina thus providing close air support to the ISAF Protection

forces stationed on the ground. NATO’s forces played an important role when they launched air

strikes in1995 to lift the siege over Sarajevo thus helping to shift the balance of powers securing

peaceful agreements ending the war. Consequently NATO forces has subsequently deployed a

United Nations mandated, multination force responsible for implementing the military aspects of

peace agreement which was done in 1995 (Powaski,1994).

       Another role that NATO ha played post the cold war era is the roles of crisis management

conducted in the spring of 1999 when the allies launched air operation against the regime in

Yugoslav forcing it to complying with the international demands to ending the ethnic and
8

political repression in the province of Kosovo. Large number of NATO-led multination forces

was then sent to help in restoration of stability. In 2001, in cooperation with new democratic

government of Yugoslav NATO allied forces engaged in crisis prevention roles in southern

Serbia consisting of a large population of Albanian ethic population. Moreover towards the end

of same year NATO was also involved in collaboration with the European Union in some

preventive diplomacy that were significant in preventing an outbreak of a civil war in republic of

Macedonia a former state of Yugoslav through negotiations on peace plan which was coupled

with a peaceful disarming of the rebels and provision of security for the international observes

efforts that consequently restoring stability to the troubled state (Beer, 1969).

       Following the end of the cold war era NATO forces got involved in the Balkan

operations which gave them a lot of experience allowing them to building a great deal of

essential techniques regarding peace support and management of crises operations. This has

made NATO force to be an invaluable asset when it concerns today’s security environment and

after the September 11 attacks the allied forces has played an increasing roles in contributing to

the building of security in zones marred with instability and are found beyond its traditional

euro-Atlantic area.

       NATO allied forces has played a vital role in Afghanistan where the alliance in 2003

agreed to take the command of the International security assistance force(ISAF) to try and help

the failed sates often plagued by both civil war and as a haven for terrorist groups. NATO prior

to the take over had played significant roles in planning in support of sate allies which previously

took leading roles in ISAF and therefore enhanced NATO to continue to be dynamic ensuring a

continuous operations while not having to find new nations after every six months to be

responsible in leading the mission. therefore NATO personnel operates under the banner of
9

ISAF as they continue to work with in the United nations mandate which underwent some

expansion to allow operations to be conducted even in areas beyond Kabul (Sandler, & Hartley,

1999).

         The engagement of NATO allied forces in Afghanistan was the first ever allied mission

that was beyond the Euro-Atlantic area and this therefore reflected the decision taken by the

allied foreign minister in 2002 in Reykjavik seminar where it was decide upon that NATO

should be able to field forces able to move quickly to areas they are needed with sustained

operations over distance and time. Following the Unite states led intervention to ousting Saddam

Hussein’s regime NATO supported the polish-led multinational division based in central Iraq in

force generation, communications, logistics and intelligence and the organization is even

prepared to offering similar support to allies that request and this implies the changing roles that

NATO allied forces are playing after the cold war era.

         Finally, after the September 11 security environment has seen use of sea power to curb

the merging threats and since the year 2001 NATO ships under the operation Active Endeavour,

have been engaged in the patrolling of eastern Mediterranean particularly focusing in monitoring

of shipping to help in detecting and deterrence of terrorist’s activities. Their roles have even been

extended to include escorts of nonmilitary shipping upon request. In addition to that the forces

are also tasked to boarding suspect ships. A part from helping deter terrorism NATO naval

operations has improved levels of security and stability in the Mediterranean region thus

benefiting both to trade as well as economic activities (Stephen, & Brinkley, 1997).

                                                  Conclusion

         NATO was initially formed to help the western countries to prevent the spread of

communistic influence of the soviet union and succeed in doing so but after the end of the cold
10

war era the organization has undergone dynamic and complex challenges that has seen it take

other more current engagement in issues of security that has made its operations extend beyond

the Euro-Atlantic region. The organization has involved itself more with crisis management and

peace support roles in failed states, participated in deterrence of spread of weapons of mass

destruction, and more over in countering the acts of terrorism which threatens the current

security of the world. Therefore the roles played by NATO have been made global.
11

                                      List of References

Beer, F. A. (1969). Integration and Disintegration in NATO: Processes of Alliance Cohesion

          and Prospects for Atlantic Community. Columbus: Ohio State University Press

Kaplan, L. S. (2004). NATO Divided, NATO United: The Evolution of an Alliance. New Delhi:

          Praeger

Kaplan, L. S. (1999).The Long Entanglement: NATO's First Fifty Years. New Delhi: Praeger

Matthias, S. (9, April 2010). New Research Sheds Light on Soviet Plans for World War III. New

          York: Spiegel Online

Paquette, L. (2001). NATO and Eastern Europe after 2000. New York: Nova Science

Powaski, R. E. (1994). The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,

          1950–1993. California: Greenwood Publishing Group

Rick, R. (11 February, 2010). NATO’s Role in the Military Encirclement of Iran. Global

          Research

Rick R. (16, March, 16, 2010). US-NATO Strategic Concept: Global Warfare. Global Research

Sandler, T. & Hartley, K. (1999). The Political Economy of NATO: Past, Present, and into the

          21st Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Stephen E. A. & Douglas G. B. (1997). Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since. New

          Delhi: Penguin Books

Contenu connexe

Tendances

CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE MAIN INTERPRETATIONS OF THE COLD WAR AND A LITERATU...
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE MAIN INTERPRETATIONS OF THE COLD WAR AND A LITERATU...CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE MAIN INTERPRETATIONS OF THE COLD WAR AND A LITERATU...
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE MAIN INTERPRETATIONS OF THE COLD WAR AND A LITERATU...George Dumitrache
 
Psh 2012 origins cold war revision pack
Psh 2012 origins cold war revision packPsh 2012 origins cold war revision pack
Psh 2012 origins cold war revision packTom Martin
 
The Cold War Powerpoint Slides
The Cold War Powerpoint SlidesThe Cold War Powerpoint Slides
The Cold War Powerpoint SlidesLeeniOr
 
Outcome 2.1-cold-war-introduction
Outcome 2.1-cold-war-introductionOutcome 2.1-cold-war-introduction
Outcome 2.1-cold-war-introductionNick Jordan
 
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN'S CONTAINMENT POLICY
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN'S CONTAINMENT POLICYCAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN'S CONTAINMENT POLICY
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN'S CONTAINMENT POLICYGeorge Dumitrache
 
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947George Dumitrache
 
Ac18uschapter18 110718134537-phpapp01
Ac18uschapter18 110718134537-phpapp01Ac18uschapter18 110718134537-phpapp01
Ac18uschapter18 110718134537-phpapp01Katy ISD
 
Chapter 19.2: The Cold War Heats Up
Chapter 19.2: The Cold War Heats UpChapter 19.2: The Cold War Heats Up
Chapter 19.2: The Cold War Heats Upkbeacom
 
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POTSDAM CONFERENCE. THE ISSUES AND HOW THEY WERE RESOLV...
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POTSDAM CONFERENCE. THE ISSUES AND HOW THEY WERE RESOLV...CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POTSDAM CONFERENCE. THE ISSUES AND HOW THEY WERE RESOLV...
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POTSDAM CONFERENCE. THE ISSUES AND HOW THEY WERE RESOLV...George Dumitrache
 
Lecture 11: The Cold War at Home
Lecture 11: The Cold War at HomeLecture 11: The Cold War at Home
Lecture 11: The Cold War at Homeracolema
 
Chapter 29 08
Chapter 29 08Chapter 29 08
Chapter 29 08jbeneigh
 
A.p. ch 37 p.p
A.p. ch 37 p.pA.p. ch 37 p.p
A.p. ch 37 p.ptobin15
 

Tendances (16)

CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE MAIN INTERPRETATIONS OF THE COLD WAR AND A LITERATU...
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE MAIN INTERPRETATIONS OF THE COLD WAR AND A LITERATU...CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE MAIN INTERPRETATIONS OF THE COLD WAR AND A LITERATU...
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE MAIN INTERPRETATIONS OF THE COLD WAR AND A LITERATU...
 
Cold war (1945-1990)
Cold war (1945-1990)Cold war (1945-1990)
Cold war (1945-1990)
 
Psh 2012 origins cold war revision pack
Psh 2012 origins cold war revision packPsh 2012 origins cold war revision pack
Psh 2012 origins cold war revision pack
 
The Cold War Powerpoint Slides
The Cold War Powerpoint SlidesThe Cold War Powerpoint Slides
The Cold War Powerpoint Slides
 
Outcome 2.1-cold-war-introduction
Outcome 2.1-cold-war-introductionOutcome 2.1-cold-war-introduction
Outcome 2.1-cold-war-introduction
 
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN'S CONTAINMENT POLICY
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN'S CONTAINMENT POLICYCAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN'S CONTAINMENT POLICY
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN'S CONTAINMENT POLICY
 
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947
 
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dingin
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dinginMakalah bahasa inggris perang dingin
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dingin
 
Cold war ppt from web.
Cold war ppt from web.Cold war ppt from web.
Cold war ppt from web.
 
Ac18uschapter18 110718134537-phpapp01
Ac18uschapter18 110718134537-phpapp01Ac18uschapter18 110718134537-phpapp01
Ac18uschapter18 110718134537-phpapp01
 
Chapter 19.2: The Cold War Heats Up
Chapter 19.2: The Cold War Heats UpChapter 19.2: The Cold War Heats Up
Chapter 19.2: The Cold War Heats Up
 
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POTSDAM CONFERENCE. THE ISSUES AND HOW THEY WERE RESOLV...
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POTSDAM CONFERENCE. THE ISSUES AND HOW THEY WERE RESOLV...CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POTSDAM CONFERENCE. THE ISSUES AND HOW THEY WERE RESOLV...
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POTSDAM CONFERENCE. THE ISSUES AND HOW THEY WERE RESOLV...
 
Lecture 11: The Cold War at Home
Lecture 11: The Cold War at HomeLecture 11: The Cold War at Home
Lecture 11: The Cold War at Home
 
Chapter 29 08
Chapter 29 08Chapter 29 08
Chapter 29 08
 
Cold war-1945-1960
Cold war-1945-1960Cold war-1945-1960
Cold war-1945-1960
 
A.p. ch 37 p.p
A.p. ch 37 p.pA.p. ch 37 p.p
A.p. ch 37 p.p
 

En vedette

Lecture 9 - the cold war
Lecture 9 - the cold warLecture 9 - the cold war
Lecture 9 - the cold warLACCD
 
Racial Segregation
Racial SegregationRacial Segregation
Racial Segregationstephen14
 
Social Impact of WWII
Social Impact of WWIISocial Impact of WWII
Social Impact of WWIIkbeacom
 
Harvard style research paper critical appraissal
Harvard style research paper   critical appraissalHarvard style research paper   critical appraissal
Harvard style research paper critical appraissalCustomEssayOrder
 
Harvard style research paper nursing evidenced based practice
Harvard style research paper   nursing evidenced based practiceHarvard style research paper   nursing evidenced based practice
Harvard style research paper nursing evidenced based practiceCustomEssayOrder
 

En vedette (6)

The Cold War
The Cold  WarThe Cold  War
The Cold War
 
Lecture 9 - the cold war
Lecture 9 - the cold warLecture 9 - the cold war
Lecture 9 - the cold war
 
Racial Segregation
Racial SegregationRacial Segregation
Racial Segregation
 
Social Impact of WWII
Social Impact of WWIISocial Impact of WWII
Social Impact of WWII
 
Harvard style research paper critical appraissal
Harvard style research paper   critical appraissalHarvard style research paper   critical appraissal
Harvard style research paper critical appraissal
 
Harvard style research paper nursing evidenced based practice
Harvard style research paper   nursing evidenced based practiceHarvard style research paper   nursing evidenced based practice
Harvard style research paper nursing evidenced based practice
 

Similaire à Harvard style term paper what is the role of nato post-cold war

10.1 Origins of the Cold WarWorld War II left most of Europe in .docx
10.1 Origins of the Cold WarWorld War II left most of Europe in .docx10.1 Origins of the Cold WarWorld War II left most of Europe in .docx
10.1 Origins of the Cold WarWorld War II left most of Europe in .docxpaynetawnya
 
Required ResourcesTextBarnes, L. & Bowles, M. (2014). The Am.docx
Required ResourcesTextBarnes, L. & Bowles, M. (2014). The Am.docxRequired ResourcesTextBarnes, L. & Bowles, M. (2014). The Am.docx
Required ResourcesTextBarnes, L. & Bowles, M. (2014). The Am.docxsodhi3
 
International history 1945 1990
International history 1945 1990International history 1945 1990
International history 1945 1990tahere qurani
 
2008vus13b containment
2008vus13b containment2008vus13b containment
2008vus13b containmentk0socha
 
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dingin
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dinginMakalah bahasa inggris perang dingin
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dinginSeptian Muna Barakati
 
The Cold War Summarized Essay
The Cold War Summarized EssayThe Cold War Summarized Essay
The Cold War Summarized EssayPaper Writer UK
 
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dingin
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dinginMakalah bahasa inggris perang dingin
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dinginSeptian Muna Barakati
 
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dingin
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dinginMakalah bahasa inggris perang dingin
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dinginWarnet Raha
 
Why Did Stalin Was Responsible For The Cold War
Why Did Stalin Was Responsible For The Cold WarWhy Did Stalin Was Responsible For The Cold War
Why Did Stalin Was Responsible For The Cold WarKrystal Green
 
Origins of the cold war
Origins of the cold warOrigins of the cold war
Origins of the cold warJeff Hayes
 
The Soviet Union And The Cold War
The Soviet Union And The Cold WarThe Soviet Union And The Cold War
The Soviet Union And The Cold WarIsabel Leonor
 

Similaire à Harvard style term paper what is the role of nato post-cold war (20)

cold war 1.ppt
cold war 1.pptcold war 1.ppt
cold war 1.ppt
 
10.1 Origins of the Cold WarWorld War II left most of Europe in .docx
10.1 Origins of the Cold WarWorld War II left most of Europe in .docx10.1 Origins of the Cold WarWorld War II left most of Europe in .docx
10.1 Origins of the Cold WarWorld War II left most of Europe in .docx
 
The Cold War Essay
The Cold War EssayThe Cold War Essay
The Cold War Essay
 
Required ResourcesTextBarnes, L. & Bowles, M. (2014). The Am.docx
Required ResourcesTextBarnes, L. & Bowles, M. (2014). The Am.docxRequired ResourcesTextBarnes, L. & Bowles, M. (2014). The Am.docx
Required ResourcesTextBarnes, L. & Bowles, M. (2014). The Am.docx
 
International history 1945 1990
International history 1945 1990International history 1945 1990
International history 1945 1990
 
Coldwar
ColdwarColdwar
Coldwar
 
2008vus13b containment
2008vus13b containment2008vus13b containment
2008vus13b containment
 
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dingin
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dinginMakalah bahasa inggris perang dingin
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dingin
 
The Cold War Summarized Essay
The Cold War Summarized EssayThe Cold War Summarized Essay
The Cold War Summarized Essay
 
Cold War Causes
Cold War CausesCold War Causes
Cold War Causes
 
The cold war era
The cold war eraThe cold war era
The cold war era
 
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dingin
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dinginMakalah bahasa inggris perang dingin
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dingin
 
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dingin
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dinginMakalah bahasa inggris perang dingin
Makalah bahasa inggris perang dingin
 
Chapter 38
Chapter 38Chapter 38
Chapter 38
 
Cold War Essay Topics
Cold War Essay TopicsCold War Essay Topics
Cold War Essay Topics
 
Why Did Stalin Was Responsible For The Cold War
Why Did Stalin Was Responsible For The Cold WarWhy Did Stalin Was Responsible For The Cold War
Why Did Stalin Was Responsible For The Cold War
 
Origins of the cold war
Origins of the cold warOrigins of the cold war
Origins of the cold war
 
World after 1945 1
World after 1945 1World after 1945 1
World after 1945 1
 
The Soviet Union And The Cold War
The Soviet Union And The Cold WarThe Soviet Union And The Cold War
The Soviet Union And The Cold War
 
World Wars And The Cold War Essay Examples
World Wars And The Cold War Essay ExamplesWorld Wars And The Cold War Essay Examples
World Wars And The Cold War Essay Examples
 

Plus de CustomEssayOrder

Mla style research paper hiv aids in africa
Mla style research paper   hiv aids in africaMla style research paper   hiv aids in africa
Mla style research paper hiv aids in africaCustomEssayOrder
 
Harvard style term paper what is the role of nato post-cold war
Harvard style term paper   what is the role of nato post-cold warHarvard style term paper   what is the role of nato post-cold war
Harvard style term paper what is the role of nato post-cold warCustomEssayOrder
 
Power point presentation e commerce
Power point presentation e commercePower point presentation e commerce
Power point presentation e commerceCustomEssayOrder
 
Power point presentation criminology
Power point presentation criminologyPower point presentation criminology
Power point presentation criminologyCustomEssayOrder
 
Mla style dissertation brand strategy for the supermarket industry in hong kong
Mla style dissertation brand strategy for the supermarket industry in hong kongMla style dissertation brand strategy for the supermarket industry in hong kong
Mla style dissertation brand strategy for the supermarket industry in hong kongCustomEssayOrder
 
Apa style dissertation why does effective leadership make a difference in hig...
Apa style dissertation why does effective leadership make a difference in hig...Apa style dissertation why does effective leadership make a difference in hig...
Apa style dissertation why does effective leadership make a difference in hig...CustomEssayOrder
 
Apa style dissertation pay for performance sensitivity on executive equity ow...
Apa style dissertation pay for performance sensitivity on executive equity ow...Apa style dissertation pay for performance sensitivity on executive equity ow...
Apa style dissertation pay for performance sensitivity on executive equity ow...CustomEssayOrder
 
Apa style dissertation e marketing the new way to make money-an investigation...
Apa style dissertation e marketing the new way to make money-an investigation...Apa style dissertation e marketing the new way to make money-an investigation...
Apa style dissertation e marketing the new way to make money-an investigation...CustomEssayOrder
 
Apa style dissertation e marketing the new way to make money-an investigation...
Apa style dissertation e marketing the new way to make money-an investigation...Apa style dissertation e marketing the new way to make money-an investigation...
Apa style dissertation e marketing the new way to make money-an investigation...CustomEssayOrder
 
Book report and review a guide to good thinking by d q mc inernery
Book report and review a guide to good thinking by d q mc inerneryBook report and review a guide to good thinking by d q mc inernery
Book report and review a guide to good thinking by d q mc inerneryCustomEssayOrder
 
Mla style course work trends in communication
Mla style course work   trends in communicationMla style course work   trends in communication
Mla style course work trends in communicationCustomEssayOrder
 
Harvard style course work analysis of agamemnon written by aeschylus
Harvard style course work   analysis of agamemnon written by aeschylusHarvard style course work   analysis of agamemnon written by aeschylus
Harvard style course work analysis of agamemnon written by aeschylusCustomEssayOrder
 
Chicago style course work language development hypotheses
Chicago style course work   language development hypothesesChicago style course work   language development hypotheses
Chicago style course work language development hypothesesCustomEssayOrder
 
Apa style course work egyptian art
Apa style course work   egyptian artApa style course work   egyptian art
Apa style course work egyptian artCustomEssayOrder
 
Apa style course work chile earthquake 2010
Apa style course work   chile earthquake 2010Apa style course work   chile earthquake 2010
Apa style course work chile earthquake 2010CustomEssayOrder
 
Mla style term paper excessive use of force by police
Mla style term paper   excessive use of force by policeMla style term paper   excessive use of force by police
Mla style term paper excessive use of force by policeCustomEssayOrder
 
Mla style term paper economics in one lesson hazlitt, henry
Mla style term paper   economics in one lesson hazlitt, henryMla style term paper   economics in one lesson hazlitt, henry
Mla style term paper economics in one lesson hazlitt, henryCustomEssayOrder
 
Mla style term paper central bank independence
Mla style term paper   central bank independenceMla style term paper   central bank independence
Mla style term paper central bank independenceCustomEssayOrder
 

Plus de CustomEssayOrder (20)

aaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaa
 
aaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaa
 
Mla style research paper hiv aids in africa
Mla style research paper   hiv aids in africaMla style research paper   hiv aids in africa
Mla style research paper hiv aids in africa
 
Harvard style term paper what is the role of nato post-cold war
Harvard style term paper   what is the role of nato post-cold warHarvard style term paper   what is the role of nato post-cold war
Harvard style term paper what is the role of nato post-cold war
 
Power point presentation e commerce
Power point presentation e commercePower point presentation e commerce
Power point presentation e commerce
 
Power point presentation criminology
Power point presentation criminologyPower point presentation criminology
Power point presentation criminology
 
Mla style dissertation brand strategy for the supermarket industry in hong kong
Mla style dissertation brand strategy for the supermarket industry in hong kongMla style dissertation brand strategy for the supermarket industry in hong kong
Mla style dissertation brand strategy for the supermarket industry in hong kong
 
Apa style dissertation why does effective leadership make a difference in hig...
Apa style dissertation why does effective leadership make a difference in hig...Apa style dissertation why does effective leadership make a difference in hig...
Apa style dissertation why does effective leadership make a difference in hig...
 
Apa style dissertation pay for performance sensitivity on executive equity ow...
Apa style dissertation pay for performance sensitivity on executive equity ow...Apa style dissertation pay for performance sensitivity on executive equity ow...
Apa style dissertation pay for performance sensitivity on executive equity ow...
 
Apa style dissertation e marketing the new way to make money-an investigation...
Apa style dissertation e marketing the new way to make money-an investigation...Apa style dissertation e marketing the new way to make money-an investigation...
Apa style dissertation e marketing the new way to make money-an investigation...
 
Apa style dissertation e marketing the new way to make money-an investigation...
Apa style dissertation e marketing the new way to make money-an investigation...Apa style dissertation e marketing the new way to make money-an investigation...
Apa style dissertation e marketing the new way to make money-an investigation...
 
Book report and review a guide to good thinking by d q mc inernery
Book report and review a guide to good thinking by d q mc inerneryBook report and review a guide to good thinking by d q mc inernery
Book report and review a guide to good thinking by d q mc inernery
 
Mla style course work trends in communication
Mla style course work   trends in communicationMla style course work   trends in communication
Mla style course work trends in communication
 
Harvard style course work analysis of agamemnon written by aeschylus
Harvard style course work   analysis of agamemnon written by aeschylusHarvard style course work   analysis of agamemnon written by aeschylus
Harvard style course work analysis of agamemnon written by aeschylus
 
Chicago style course work language development hypotheses
Chicago style course work   language development hypothesesChicago style course work   language development hypotheses
Chicago style course work language development hypotheses
 
Apa style course work egyptian art
Apa style course work   egyptian artApa style course work   egyptian art
Apa style course work egyptian art
 
Apa style course work chile earthquake 2010
Apa style course work   chile earthquake 2010Apa style course work   chile earthquake 2010
Apa style course work chile earthquake 2010
 
Mla style term paper excessive use of force by police
Mla style term paper   excessive use of force by policeMla style term paper   excessive use of force by police
Mla style term paper excessive use of force by police
 
Mla style term paper economics in one lesson hazlitt, henry
Mla style term paper   economics in one lesson hazlitt, henryMla style term paper   economics in one lesson hazlitt, henry
Mla style term paper economics in one lesson hazlitt, henry
 
Mla style term paper central bank independence
Mla style term paper   central bank independenceMla style term paper   central bank independence
Mla style term paper central bank independence
 

Dernier

Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfTechSoup
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 

Dernier (20)

Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdfDiploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
Diploma in Nursing Admission Test Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 

Harvard style term paper what is the role of nato post-cold war

  • 1. 1 Name: University: Course: Tutor: Date: Role of NATO post-Cold War. Introduction Cold war is a conflict that existed between the communist nations (Russia, china and North Korea) basically led by the Soviet Union and the western democratic nations that were led by the United States. Cold presumably begun as early as in 1947 when president of United Sates Truman decaled an anti-communist policy leading to the onset of a cold with between Soviet Union and United States. Cold war is fought in all places using all means available like using economic war, propaganda, occasional military clashes and diplomatic haggling. In addition to that fighting of cold war is done in all places i.e. in newly independent nations in Asia, Africa, in neutral states and even in outer space (Paquette, 2001). Cold War Cold war was caused by the intensification of deep rooted ideological, political and economic differences that existed between the society union and United States before the Second World War. Such intensification is often attributed to increasing mutual suspicion especially after the Second World War. Some of these undying ideological causes include the fact that the two countries has opposing systems of government where United states government involves election of government by free elections with its people being free to form political parties to use to voice their opinions with rights to assembly, of speech as well as of the press whereas the
  • 2. 2 government system of the soviet union was formed by communist party where people don’t have any right to form political parties and that they do not enjoy rights to assembly, of speech and press thus the two systems of government were in no way possible able to compromise between each other (Rozoff, 2010). The underlying economic issues between the opposing countries is that united states preferred a free trade through out the world but soviet union wanted to guard her sphere from what it believed to be increased exposure to international commerce would influence the county’s system of government thus eroding the totalitarian regime hence the much ill felling between the countries. In addition to that the underlying political cause of cold war is the power rivalry especially after the Second World War which led to decline of the Europe facilitating the two countries to share the power which each party wanted to dominate thus the inevitable conflicts. Immediate case of cold war started at peace time conferences and intensified after the United States president declared the Truman doctrine and launched the Marshal plan of 1947. Prior to the end of world war Russia gradually extended it’s influence to eastern Europe including Poland and eastern Germany and by the end of war Soviet Union had consolidated her control in the region and started influencing post war elections through intimidation of voters leading to formation of coalition governments mostly consisting of communists. Initially United States was optimistic that the there could be cooperation with Soviet Union but from 1945 onwards that perception changed as the united sates government started favoring a policy of strong resistance against Russian and its communist policy and this was triggered when the president Roosevelt died in 1945 and succeeded by Truman a man who advocated for a strong resistance against the Russian expansion because he believed that Russia
  • 3. 3 will extend its influence to western Europe and that it was not going to form democratic governments in areas under its influence. Finally Truman was disgusted at the way Russia was not cooperative especially at Potsdam conference regarding the way Germany was supporting Greece and Italy and hence blocked Truman’s internalization bid for principal waterways. Such circumstances deteriorated relations between the Soviet union and united states and land lease was abruptly interrupted but united states also ignored the Russian request for economic aid intended for post wars reconstruction and the increasing conflict between the east and west countries was evident in 1946 Churchill’s ‘iron wall’ speech when he said that ‘"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent .... Behind that line lie all the capitals of the central and eastern Europe - all are subject in one form or another not only to Soviet influence but also to a very high and increasing control from Moscow." The speech highlighted the increasing suspicion of soviets aggressive design in Eastern Europe and the continuing conflict between the western democratic and the eastern communist countries (Schultz, 2010). In 1947 president Truman enunciated the Truman doctrine which its essence was that the United sates was to support free people wiling to resist attempted subjugation by outside pressure or armed minorities which was an anticommunist doctrine. The enunciation amounted to America declaring war against communistic Russia consequently followed by massive military and economic assistance to both Greece and turkey where the influence by communism was high. Another offer by United States to aid was financial aid to European countries for support and reconstruction after the war an offer which Russia declined. The applicants for Marshal Aid was required to disclose its economic records to the American government an action which Russia saw as an interference of internal affairs of other states and that could expose Russia to
  • 4. 4 American influence. By 1949 Russia forbade its satellite countries from accepting the Marshall aid and offered a counter –Marshall Plan which offered financial aid to her satellites under Molotov plan. Proclamation of the Truman doctrine and launching of Marshall Plan meant that United States was an official leader of western countries against the Russian communist expansions in Europe and that signaled the beginning of cold war. The cold war resulted to several events like the return of parliamentary democracy in the west, the increased soviet control of Western Europe, and Berlin crisis which was considered as the climax of conflict that existed between the east and west Europe (Kaplan, 1999). The Berlin crisis led to Western Europe to face with humanitarian problems which saw the western countries unite and airlift supplies to the starving East Germany civilians and that showed a combined effort and greater determination to resist the Russian communism from spreading further. In the mean time the United states formed what was anticommunist military alliance with the allied western nations forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949 which made Stalin to admit that he couldn’t force a withdrawal of western nations thus forced to admit to defeat and lifted the Berlin blockade. The alliance involved twelve nations which believed that the Russian communism with its anti-democratic ideologies threatened the democratic and thus stated that an attack on the alliance meant an attack on the entire alliance which was to be responded with anything possible including armed retaliation. Such alliance was to offer security for the other Atlantic states and was to be valid for twenty years. The alliance pulled western countries into American leadership and its head quarters was known as Supreme Headquarters of Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) and was based in Paris. Another important organization of NATO was permanent Council established in 1952 (Kaplan, (2004).
  • 5. 5 North Atlantic treaty Organization was essentially a defensive organization to prevent the spread of communist aggression as well as a successful strategy directed towards European and transatlantic cooperation. Formation of NATO led to lifting of the Berlin blockade by Soviet Union resulting to halted advancement of the communism in Europe. The formation of the alliance led to many other efforts in cooperation amongst the western European countries. The permanent council of the organization was composed of representatives from all member states and it was the decision making organ which was done unanimously on agreement. The council was tasked with many functions including military, cultural and economic cooperation among the member states. To promote its efficiency several committees such as the economic and financial committee as well as the defense and military committees and planning boards were set up. The most important role of the council was that of military affairs consisting of the chief of staff from France, Britain and the United States. Occurrence of the Korean War promoted western power to anxiety to strengthening own defenses through an alliance and unity resulting to an attempt by western nations to form integrated forces in Europe. Formation of NATO meant that United states was therefore committed to a military alliance in peace time and that was the first incidence in her enter history thus from the formation of the alliance in 1949 ,United states for the following twenty year could witness a large number of American troops being stationed in western Europe and that her allies would at any point time call for assistance from the American military and such commitment marked an end to the isolationistic policy which united sates had always upheld. In addition to that effect formation of NATO alliance resulted to formation of Warsaw Pact by Russia incorporating its communist allies or satellites. After the confrontation at the Berlin wall in 1948-49 coupled with the formation of NATO signaled that cold war was to
  • 6. 6 continue and Russia therefore following the successful communist victory in Indo-China formed the War saw Pact with its satellites and the Pact spoke of defense and peaceful intentions precluding its members to participate in any other alliance or coalition but assured them of immediate assistance that included armed force incase of an event of armed aggression against them is done. The alliance therefore provided military assistance with Russian supreme commander appointed as a leader of the combined forces of its member states. Further more a political understanding of its members was fostered by the formation of the consultative committee. The war saw pact served to allow Russia to station its troops in parts of eastern European countries meaning that an attack on Western Europe was imminent at any moment thus was able to suppress signs of rebellion in her satellite countries. Another significant role of the Pact was that it prompted the two conflicting super powers to organize their satellites into alliances that opposed each other leading to a continued political tension between the west and east countries. Since its establishment NATO’s fundamental roles bestowed upon the allied forces was to guarantee security as well as territorial integrity of its member states and this was attained through deterrence and collective defense. That role still remain fundamental but resulting from an end to the cold war between United states and Russia due to the fall of Berlin wall in 1989 and the dissolution of soviet union on 1991, the roles and the organization of NATO’s force have gone through some major changes that has made it adapt to evolving security environments while at same time promoting military cooperation in the partner countries. Euro-Atlantic security has since then become complex coupled with emerging challenges especially from states that are outside Europe and such countries include failed states which has led to proliferation of weapons of mass destruction including its delivery and spread of terrorism. This changing
  • 7. 7 security environment and changing roles by NATO is evident in 1990’s when ethnic conflict erupted in Balkans leading to deployment of NATO forces to play peace support and crisis management roles in the affected region. More recently NATO forces have been contributing to the defense against acts of terrorism and wider participation in the peace support missions which takes NATO beyond the Euro-Atlantic area an act never done in the past. This is clear considering the aftermath of September 2001 terrorist attacks on United States an act that has led to subsequent operations in Afghanistan as a means of rooting out of Al-Qaeda a terror group responsible for the attacks. Such security threats has growth concerns regarding threats from terrorism ,failed states as well as the continued spread of weapons of mass destruction. NATO’s role in crisis management is and peace support increased in mid 1990’s when its forces were called upon and became involved in the Bosnian war which took place between 1992 and 1995. NATO’s forces supported the United Nations by helping in monitoring and enforcement of the United Nations sanctions in the Adriatic together with the no –fly zone over the sate of Bosnia and Herzegovina thus providing close air support to the ISAF Protection forces stationed on the ground. NATO’s forces played an important role when they launched air strikes in1995 to lift the siege over Sarajevo thus helping to shift the balance of powers securing peaceful agreements ending the war. Consequently NATO forces has subsequently deployed a United Nations mandated, multination force responsible for implementing the military aspects of peace agreement which was done in 1995 (Powaski,1994). Another role that NATO ha played post the cold war era is the roles of crisis management conducted in the spring of 1999 when the allies launched air operation against the regime in Yugoslav forcing it to complying with the international demands to ending the ethnic and
  • 8. 8 political repression in the province of Kosovo. Large number of NATO-led multination forces was then sent to help in restoration of stability. In 2001, in cooperation with new democratic government of Yugoslav NATO allied forces engaged in crisis prevention roles in southern Serbia consisting of a large population of Albanian ethic population. Moreover towards the end of same year NATO was also involved in collaboration with the European Union in some preventive diplomacy that were significant in preventing an outbreak of a civil war in republic of Macedonia a former state of Yugoslav through negotiations on peace plan which was coupled with a peaceful disarming of the rebels and provision of security for the international observes efforts that consequently restoring stability to the troubled state (Beer, 1969). Following the end of the cold war era NATO forces got involved in the Balkan operations which gave them a lot of experience allowing them to building a great deal of essential techniques regarding peace support and management of crises operations. This has made NATO force to be an invaluable asset when it concerns today’s security environment and after the September 11 attacks the allied forces has played an increasing roles in contributing to the building of security in zones marred with instability and are found beyond its traditional euro-Atlantic area. NATO allied forces has played a vital role in Afghanistan where the alliance in 2003 agreed to take the command of the International security assistance force(ISAF) to try and help the failed sates often plagued by both civil war and as a haven for terrorist groups. NATO prior to the take over had played significant roles in planning in support of sate allies which previously took leading roles in ISAF and therefore enhanced NATO to continue to be dynamic ensuring a continuous operations while not having to find new nations after every six months to be responsible in leading the mission. therefore NATO personnel operates under the banner of
  • 9. 9 ISAF as they continue to work with in the United nations mandate which underwent some expansion to allow operations to be conducted even in areas beyond Kabul (Sandler, & Hartley, 1999). The engagement of NATO allied forces in Afghanistan was the first ever allied mission that was beyond the Euro-Atlantic area and this therefore reflected the decision taken by the allied foreign minister in 2002 in Reykjavik seminar where it was decide upon that NATO should be able to field forces able to move quickly to areas they are needed with sustained operations over distance and time. Following the Unite states led intervention to ousting Saddam Hussein’s regime NATO supported the polish-led multinational division based in central Iraq in force generation, communications, logistics and intelligence and the organization is even prepared to offering similar support to allies that request and this implies the changing roles that NATO allied forces are playing after the cold war era. Finally, after the September 11 security environment has seen use of sea power to curb the merging threats and since the year 2001 NATO ships under the operation Active Endeavour, have been engaged in the patrolling of eastern Mediterranean particularly focusing in monitoring of shipping to help in detecting and deterrence of terrorist’s activities. Their roles have even been extended to include escorts of nonmilitary shipping upon request. In addition to that the forces are also tasked to boarding suspect ships. A part from helping deter terrorism NATO naval operations has improved levels of security and stability in the Mediterranean region thus benefiting both to trade as well as economic activities (Stephen, & Brinkley, 1997). Conclusion NATO was initially formed to help the western countries to prevent the spread of communistic influence of the soviet union and succeed in doing so but after the end of the cold
  • 10. 10 war era the organization has undergone dynamic and complex challenges that has seen it take other more current engagement in issues of security that has made its operations extend beyond the Euro-Atlantic region. The organization has involved itself more with crisis management and peace support roles in failed states, participated in deterrence of spread of weapons of mass destruction, and more over in countering the acts of terrorism which threatens the current security of the world. Therefore the roles played by NATO have been made global.
  • 11. 11 List of References Beer, F. A. (1969). Integration and Disintegration in NATO: Processes of Alliance Cohesion and Prospects for Atlantic Community. Columbus: Ohio State University Press Kaplan, L. S. (2004). NATO Divided, NATO United: The Evolution of an Alliance. New Delhi: Praeger Kaplan, L. S. (1999).The Long Entanglement: NATO's First Fifty Years. New Delhi: Praeger Matthias, S. (9, April 2010). New Research Sheds Light on Soviet Plans for World War III. New York: Spiegel Online Paquette, L. (2001). NATO and Eastern Europe after 2000. New York: Nova Science Powaski, R. E. (1994). The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security, 1950–1993. California: Greenwood Publishing Group Rick, R. (11 February, 2010). NATO’s Role in the Military Encirclement of Iran. Global Research Rick R. (16, March, 16, 2010). US-NATO Strategic Concept: Global Warfare. Global Research Sandler, T. & Hartley, K. (1999). The Political Economy of NATO: Past, Present, and into the 21st Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Stephen E. A. & Douglas G. B. (1997). Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since. New Delhi: Penguin Books