Recommandé
Recommandé
Contenu connexe
Tendances
Tendances (20)
Similaire à Improving N Efficiency through Managing Soil Nitrate
Similaire à Improving N Efficiency through Managing Soil Nitrate (20)
Improving N Efficiency through Managing Soil Nitrate
- 1. Improving N efficiency through managing soil nitrate Michael Russelle USDA-ARS, St. Paul, Minnesota USA Within the context of maintaining an adequate supply for plant growth, • Reduce sources • Reduce accumulation • Reduce movement • Reduce the hotspots • Reduce to N2
- 2. Many N sources, many not measured N dynamics in western Iowa watersheds Burkart et al. 2005
- 3. Large losses of NH3 from surface-applied urea fertilizer and manure livestock buildings feed and stand-off pads manure storage facilities Burkart et al. 2005
- 4. Manure mis-management 29 farms in Victoria, and Wisconsin, USA Non-productive areas 25 to 50% loss Engineered sand lot C = Confinement to separate urine and dung, C, EY = Confinement with exercise yard C, SG = Confinement with seasonal grazing provide storage, and YG = Year-round grazing facilitate collection YG, FP = Year-round grazing with feeding area Hristov et al. 2011, Can. J. Anim.Sci. 91:1 Gourley et al. 2012. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 147:73
- 5. Dairy cattle Poultry Beef cattle Pigs Sheep Ammonia loss from pastures 60 kg/ha Animal population density varies widely Ammonia emissions and redeposition will vary accordingly Eckard et al., 2003, Aust. J. Agric. Res. 54:561 Stephanie Muir, 2011, Greenhouse gas emissions from Australian beef feedlots. PhD Dissertation, Univ. Melbourne http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/agriculture/about-agriculture/publications-resources/animal-health-report
- 6. Ammonia emissions are re-deposited downwind Cumulative deposition (%) Forests Agriculture Distance from a point source (m) 0.25 1 6 20 100 miles Grünhage et al. 2002. Landbauforschung Völkenrode 4(52):219
- 7. Redeposition of atmospheric ammonia Wet deposition, dry deposition Precip., turbulence, LAI, NH3 compensation point ….. Corn and Soybean Digest, 2011
- 8. Ammonia redeposition North Carolina Cajke et al. 2004. 24th Annual ESRI Int. User Conf. Model results kg N/ha/yr < 0.8 16-23 2.2-4 33-46 6.5-10 >61
- 9. The Netherlands, Asman et al. 2004 Loubet et al.2009, in Sutton et al. Atmospheric Ammonia
- 10. Deposition affected by crop species Airborne N input (μg N/pot/d) Total deposition Deposition to pot AdPN (μg/d/g DM) DM (g) Canola Barley Sunflower Corn Sugarbeet Cabbage Russow and Böhme. 2005. Geoderma 127:62
- 11. Rotations of perennials and annuals conserve and build resources Tim McCabe, NRCS Don Reicosky, USDA-ARS • Deep roots recover • Fertilizer N credit leached N • Less pesticide use • Utilizes shallow GW • Spread labor needs • Improves soil tilth • Improves aesthetics • Erosion control • Wildlife habitat
- 12. N mineralization is earlier, faster, and longer after alfalfa 40 35 Net N mineralized (kg N/ha) 15-cm Soil Temperature (C) C,S,W/A, A C,C 30 30 Soil temp 25 20 20 10 15 0 10 0 50 100 150 200 Day of Incubation Follow the legume (or grass pasture) with the right crops Often sufficient for a high yielding maize crop DOC also released – need to reduce rate of nitrate production low Carpenter-Boggs et al. 2000. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 66:2038 Lawrence et al., 2008, Agron. J. 100:73
- 13. Protease inhibitors reduce N mineralization from soil OM and plant residue Purified proteases applied to soil or soil + alfalfa; 50-day incubation 40 (a) CS+Complete PI (D0+D25) Soil only 30 CS+Aprotinin CS+Complete PI CS+EDTA CS+Leupeptin Control soil (CS) Net N Mineralized (mg/kg soil) 20 Complete ‘cocktail’ best 10 0 120 (b) Soil + alfalfa CSA+Complete PI (D0+D25) 100 Control soil + alfalfa (CSA) 80 Complete ‘cocktail’ best CSA+Complete PI 60 with 2X dose CSA+Leupeptin CSA+Aprotinin (11 Mg/ha tissue added) CSA+EDTA 40 20 0 Kuldip Kumar et al., 2004, in D.J. Hatch (ed) Controlling nitrogen flows and losses, p.186-7
- 14. Protease inhibitor activity can delay N mineralization and nitrate leaching Brassica residues with (line 108b) and without the Pin 2 from potato Leaves mechanically wounded 3 days before adding to soil (1.5-2X increase in PI activity) PI-transgenic Non-PI isogenic PI- transgenic Non-PI-isogenic 140 (a) 40 120 100 * 30 Conc. Inorganic N in leachate (mg(mg/L) 80 Residue N mineralized (% of applied) of inorganic-N in leachate L ) Residue N mineralized (%) * 20 -1 60 Mixed with soil 40 10 * 20 * * 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Days 140 (b) 40 120 100 30 * 80 20 60 * On soil surface 40 * * 10 * 20 * 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Days Kuldip Kumar et al., 2006, Agron. J. 98:514
- 15. Reduce nitrate movement Predicted nitrate loss: not all soils are leaky. Protect drinking water strategically Lucerne Corn 145 kg N/ha < 2 lb N/a Dark green 2-4 lb N/a Light green 4-8 lb N/a Yellow 8-16 lb N/a Orange > 16 lb N/a Red Russelle et al., 2011, GIS in Agriculture
- 16. Derailment site NH4 and NO3 in soil and shallow ground water Not remediated after 7 years of various treatments. CP Rail Site remediated in 3 years with Still contaminated alfalfa. Excess N removed Fixing and non-fixing equal N2-fixing Non-N2-fixing Russelle et al., 2001, JEQ 30:30 Bruce Fritz Bruce Fritz
- 17. Reduce leaching from an abandoned WI barnyard Terraserver normal non-N-fixing lucerne lucerne Russelle et al., 2007, Agron. J. 99:738 N.B. Turyk, 2002
- 18. Good substitution between soil N and fixed N Russelle et al., 2007, Agron. J. 99:738
- 19. Nitrate leaching not eliminated by alfalfa + an upgradient source of nitrate Russelle et al., 2007, Agron. J. 99:738
- 20. ‘Grassed’ waterways reduce nitrate loss in tile drains How they work Lynn Betts, NRCS PEI Dept Agric. & For. April 35 Nitrate concentration (ppm N) 30 25 October 20 15 10 5 0 Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan 2002 2003 2004 2005 NO3
- 21. J.M. Baker, USDA-ARS, 2012 Maize Kura clover Soybean Data from adjacent fields with same soil type , Rosemount MN 2010
- 22. J.M. Baker, USDA-ARS, 2012 Living mulches
- 23. Corn in living mulch Rosemount, MN 2011 Silage production equivalent to conventional corn, with substantially less N fertilizer J.M. Baker, USDA-ARS, 2012
- 24. J.M. Baker, USDA-ARS, 2012
- 25. Can plants remediate nitrate contaminated water?
- 26. Small plot experiment, drip irrigation, loamy sand Established lucerne, cocksfoot, Bromus inermis, and soybean irrigated with high nitrate water (25 to 50 mg N/L) by drip irrigation during the growing season (2.5 to 5.0 cm water/week)
- 27. Ceramic suction cup samplers at 1 m depth Russelle et al., 2003
- 28. Glasshouse trial, constant water flux 100 cm column filled with sand Three plants per column Species alternating in adjacent columns Three treatment groups Kathy Bellrichard, undergrad thesis
- 29. R2 values: Orchardgrass=0.94 Alfalfa=0.86 1.0 1.4 Kathy Bellrichard, undergrad thesis
- 30. 12 30 Optimal application rate in coarse sand Lucerne 4.3 mm/hr Cocksfoot 9.5 mm/hr Phytofiltration works, but only on sands Kathy Bellrichard, undergrad thesis
- 31. We can select alfalfa for/against soil nitrate uptake Fraction of N from nitrate 0.8 1999 0.7 2000 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Total herbage N (g/plant) Heritable and reproducible in the field Should be useful in clovers for grass/legume mixtures. Can we leverage particular host/rhizobium combinations? Lamb et al., 2008. Crop Sci. 48:450
- 32. Hotspots are where it’s at Parkin 1987 Soil Sci Soc Am J 51:1194
- 33. Tall Tower Trace Gas Observatory University of Minnesota Tim Griffis, Univ. Minnesota
- 34. Regional Perspective Tim Griffis, Univ. Minnesota
- 35. Land-use Characteristics USDA-NRCS Geospatial Data Gateway (http:www.datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov) Univ. Minnesota Tim Griffis,
- 36. Tim Griffis, Univ. Minnesota
- 37. Tall tower (100m) N2O conc. at Rosemount, MN vs. background concs. 2X flux compared to upscaling Nocturnal boundary layer budget estimates, 7-d running mean Griffis et al., 2012, in prep
- 38. Hot spots may be generated by tile drainage Griffis et al., 2012, in prep
- 39. Courtesy Dan Jaynes, USDA-ARS
- 40. Can we foster more complete denitrification?
- 41. Pumping-induced ebullition Ebullition: spontaneous formation of bubbles Occurs when PT > PH (soda bottle) Lowering PH below PT allows a harvest of bubbles Accomplished with frictional loss of head (small diam. tubing) Mini-piezometers HDPE tubing (4.3 mm i.d.) Perforated along distal 2.5 cm Installed with a stainless steel rod Browne, 2004, Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:5729
- 42. Bryant A. Browne
- 43. Excess N2 Groundwater analyses, 2002 DOC (mg/L) DO (%) Corn Pasture Corn Pasture Denitrified N (%) DON (mg/L) 4 ha Dairy cows Browne et al., 2002, Corn Pasture unpublished data Corn Pasture
- 44. Managing soil nitrate: Reduce sources Reduce accumulation Reduce movement Reduce the hotspots Reduce to N2
- 45. Matric potential better predictor than WFPS across soils Does higher SOM and aggregation increase or decrease N2O? Castellano et al., 2009, Global Change Biol. 16:2711 van der Weerden et al., 2012. Soil Res. 50:125
- 46. Integral total nitrogen input (ITNI) system 15N fed at constant atom % If N input = 0 then 15Nsystem = 15N as fed If N input only to plant then 15N plant < 15N as fed and 15N solution stable If N input only to soil then 15N plant, soil, and solution < 15N as fed If N input to both then 15N plant, soil, and solution < 15N as fed ufz.de
- 48. Watonwan County, MN 1140 km2 White = urban Corn & soybean crop insurance payments, Watonwan County 2000-2011 flooded or wet soil - $3,170,336 drought - $5,938,457J.M. Baker, USDA-ARS, 2012
- 49. J.M. Baker, USDA-ARS, 2012 Increase landscape water storage capacity
Notes de l'éditeur
- But the N that is excreted in urine and dung also needs attention.We need to devise systems for better collection, and application, but also for preserving manure quality. Reducing ammonia loss will enhance value and increase reliability.
- Ammonia emissions are surely large in Victoria. Can you provide information for farmers or advisors?How can we reduce N losses from non-productive land, manured surfaces and storage, and during land application?
- There is a lot to recommend rotations of annuals with perennials.
- Because N release can be both fast and considerable, the rotation needs to be planned for the soil, climate, and farm constraints
- This is a system that could potentially support both grain and bioenergy production from the same land base, without the risk of erosion and soil carbon loss.
- MN has developed a statewide map dataset of potentially restorable wetlands that can be used as a guide for feasibility studies. Here is an example, happens to be Watonwan County, that has been overlaid on a land use map. The flesh-color that covers most of the map denotes fields that are planted in corn or soybean. The blue indicates existing water and the green delineates potentially restorable wetlands. You can see that they are scattered throughout, offering substantial flexibility in locating surface water storage. Now obviously an area like this has a substantial amount of tile drains and ditches. In relatively level fields with pattern tile drains, if these systems are hydraulically connected to surface water bodies they can be used in reverse, a practice known as subirrigation that has been shown to increase yields of both corn and soybeans. Where the terrain is not so level, or where the tile networks are more haphazard, other irrigation techniques would be necessary. These could include conventional center pivots, traveling guns, rolling systems, or newer designs. Note the amount of money that has been spent on crop insurance payouts for water-related yield loss – over $9 million during the past 12 years. These payments scale with crop prices. Over the period corn averaged $3.05 and soybeans 6.14. Current prices are just about double. If they stay that high over the next 12 years, the payout will double – over $18 million, even assuming no change in freq. or intensity of drought/excess water. Climate models suggest that both will intensity.
- These would provide wildlife habitat, and reduction in downstream N & sediment loss. Can we make them leaky, in a way that will increase their effective capacity, recharge aquifers and support pivot irrigation?