1. chapter 3
the israeli
See Israel
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ORthodox
Immigrant
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Who Moved to
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“You may well be
president of 200 million
people; I am Prime Minister
of 460,000 Prime Ministers.”
—David Ben-Gurion to Harry Truman
another See Israel’s
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2.
3. Chapter 3: The Israeli 35
the many faces book Search
Aaron Katz
Friends Subscribed Message
Studied at Aish HaTorah L.A.
Studied at Ohr Samayach
Lives in Jerusalem, Israel
From Tarzana, CA
Aaron Katz Shared a link: The Recent Activity
Beginnings of Christianity and the
Rule of the Romans Aaron was tagged in the album Yeshiva
2 hours ago Downtime.
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Write a comment. . . Aaron and Omri Hazan are now friends.
Aaron shared a photo album: Arrival to Israel
Aaron Katz Updated his profile: Lives in
Jerusalem, Israel Aaron liked Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime
9 months ago Minister of Israel’s page.
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Aaron Katz Is Studying Abroad in Israel
with University of California
2 years ago
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Aaron Katz Listened to Matisyahu
5 years ago
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4. The Beginnings of Christianity and the
Rule of the Romans
T
he Romans officially took over control the Romans destroyed Jerusalem and the Second
of Israel, then called Judea, in the be- Temple in 70 CE. All Jews were expelled from Jeru-
ginning of the Common Era. Roman salem, which the Romans renamed Aelia Capitoli-
rule continued for several centuries, na in an attempt to discourage Jewish attachment
until 636 CE. During the Roman occupation, a to the city. Following the second revolt (132–135
Jewish teacher, Jesus of Nazareth, preached Jew- CE) the Jewish population in Israel was exiled
ish religious and ethical laws. This preaching was from the land. The Romans renamed the area
threatening to those in power, and he was execut- Palestine, after the Philistines, an ancient tribe
ed by the Romans. Jesus’ followers continued his that had once inhabited a coastal strip near the
teachings, and the Christian faith was born. Even- modern city of Ashkelon. This was the Romans’
tually, Christianity was spread throughout the attempt to remove from the Jews any national feel-
known world. It became one of the world’s great ing for the Land of Israel. However, Jews did not
religions based on the belief that Jesus was sent accept their dispossession from their land and re-
by God to save mankind through Christian faith. tained the named Eretz Yisrael—the Land of Israel.
The Roman occupation was a destructive force.
From 66 to 74 CE, the Jews revolted. In response,
36 Chapter 3: The Israeli
5. Chapter 3: The Israeli 37
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16 people like this
Aaron Katz I live in Jerusalem with 750,000 of my holiest friends—and I, too, can’t imagine living
anywhere else! Where is my favorite place—where else? The Kotel.
Robbie Green Great pic. I know that’s the Western Wall, but what’s the Kotel?
Aaron Katz Ha! Same thing. Kotel means “Wall,” referencing the Western retaining wall of the
ancient beloved Temple of the Jewish people.
Solomon Barihun I love it at the Kotel on Friday, just before sundown. The world stops and the
Sabbath—Shabbat in Hebrew—begins 25 hours of a complete break from the working world.
Aaron Katz When I go with the boys from the Yeshiva, we begin dancing in a snake path down
from the upper city.
Robbie Green Whoa. Who knew?
Tali Levy This is where I was sworn into the IDF—Israel Defense Forces.
Aaron Katz That’s right, those guys and girls down there know that our tiny country has four
borders with other countries. Two of those borders are with nations still officially at war with us,
at war with the very idea of our existence.
Omri Hazan Nachon. Right. The job for us soldiers is simple: Defend our borders so our family
and friends at home can live as a free people.
7. Chapter 3: The Israeli 39
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Aaron Katz I know this is a heavy subject, but this is Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, a museum of
education and remembrance for the 6 million Jews that were killed in the Nazi Holocaust.
Omri Hazan May God bless their memories.
Robbie Green I could barely keep it together when I went through the Children’s Memorial and
the 1.5 million names were coming at me from the darkness.
Aaron Katz Such a grim time period in Jewish history is understood to be the culmination of
centuries of anti-Semitic violence against the Jewish people.
Tali Levy Yad Vashem ensures that no one forgets the plight of the Jewish people and why we
need our own homeland to guarantee nothing like it ever happens again.
Aaron Katz Robbie, you really should read about the Dreyfus Affair to understand a little bit
about how this all came about.
8. Dreyfus Affair
A
lfred Dreyfus, an obscure captain in “The Affair” might have ended then but for the de-
the French army, came from a Jewish termined intervention of the novelist Émile Zola,
family. In 1894, secret French Army in- who published his denunciation (“J’accuse!”) of
formation was passed to the German the army cover-up in a daily newspaper. In Sep-
army. Dreyfus came under suspicion, probably tember 1899, the president of France pardoned
because he was a Jew. Despite his protests of in- Dreyfus, thereby making it possible for him to re-
nocence, he was found guilty of treason in a se- turn to Paris, but he had to wait until 1906—12
cret military court-martial, during which he was years after the case had begun—to be exonerated
denied the right to examine the evidence against of the charges, after which he was restored to his
him. The army stripped him of his rank in a hu- former military rank.
miliating ceremony and shipped him off to life
imprisonment on Devil’s Island, a penal colony An Austrian Jewish journalist covering the trial
located off the coast of South America. was shocked by the rabid anti-Semitism in the tri-
al and in the crowds outside. He was so shocked
Dreyfus seemed destined to die in disgrace. He had that he decided to give up journalism and his
few defenders, and anti-Semitism was rampant in first love, the theatre, to give himself over com-
the French army. Time after time, evidence was pletely to the dream of a Jewish national home-
shown that, in fact, the guilty party was a soldier land. That man’s name was Theodore Herzl, the
named Walter Esterhazy, but Dreyfus’ appeals father of modern Zionism.
went nowhere, and he languished in prison.
Did You Know?
Nostra Aetate
I
n 1965, the Second Vatican Council made Catholics, and reaffirms the eternal covenant be-
historic changes to church policies and the- tween God and the People of Israel.
ology. Among them was Nostra Aetate, Latin
for “In Our Time,” a document that revolu- For the first time in history, Nostra Aetate called for
tionized the Catholic Church’s approach to Jews Catholics and Jews to engage in friendly dialogue
and Judaism after nearly 2,000 years of pain and and biblical and theological discussions to better
sorrow. understand each other’s faith. In 1979, a new pon-
tiff was appointed to lead the Church. Pope John
Section four of Nostra Aetate repudiates the centu- Paul II was a native of Poland whose best friend
ries-old “deicide” charge (leveled against Jews by in childhood was Jewish, leading this Pope to de-
Christians for having killed Jesus of Nazareth), clare, “Anti-Semitism is a sin.”
stresses the religious bond shared by Jews and
40 Chapter 3: The Israeli
9. Chapter 3: The Israeli 41
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Aaron Katz Believe it or not, behind this craziness is our parliamentary building, the Knesset.
People describe Israel’s political democracy as “vibrant”—but that’s putting it mildly!
Tali Levy Ha, for sure. In the last elections, we could choose from over 20 political parties with
serious platforms on religion, the economy, peace, welfare, etc.
Aaron Katz We even have the Meditation Party (“Ten minutes of meditation will bring peace to
the Middle East!”), Balad (an Arab party that opposes Zionism), and The Green Party (their one
platform is trying to legalize marijuana).
Robbie Green Wow. We can barely figure it out with 2 parties in the States!
Omri Hazan And if you want to see arguing, you came to the right place
Solomon Barihun Everyone knows our Knesset members debate each other so passionately,
they’ll take off a shoe and bang it on the table to get your attention.
Tali Levy Ladies and gentlemen, Israel’s national legislature!
Robbie Green I didn’t see this commotion when we were there. What’s going on?
Aaron Katz That’s what is even more amazing. On the same street, you’ll see passionate political
rallies any time of the week, like today. The Israeli Prime Minister’s residence is in the middle of a
residential neighborhood. You can sit at the corner café and watch them roll out to the Knesset in
the morning.
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22 people like this
Tali Levy Hey Aaron, you don’t exactly fit in with the look of our founding fathers who were in
that room declaring our independence to the world all those years ago.
Aaron Katz Well, having been born in the USA—the origin of modern democracy—it’s amazing to
me how similar Israel is to America.
Robbie Green Really? How so?
Aaron Katz Just take the 2 Declarations of Independence. You see the same basic principle in
each. Can you figure it out?
44 Chapter 3: The Israeli
13. Chapter 3: The Israeli 45
check in,
check it
4
out
American Declaration of Independence Israel Declaration of Independence
When in the Course of human events it becomes nec- The land of Israel was the birthplace of the Jewish peo-
essary for one people to dissolve the political bands ple. Here their spiritual, religious and national identity
which have connected them with another and to as- was formed. Here they achieved independence and cre-
sume among the powers of the earth, the separate and ated a culture of national and universal significance.
equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Na- Here they wrote and gave the Bible to the world.
ture’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opin-
Exiled from Palestine, the Jewish people remained
ions of mankind requires that they should declare the
faithful to it in all the countries of their dispersion,
causes which impel them to the separation.
never ceasing to pray and hope for their return and the
restoration of their national freedom.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men
are created equal, that they are endowed by their Impelled by this historic association, Jews strove
Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among throughout the centuries to go back to the land of
these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.— their fathers and regain their statehood. In recent
That to secure these rights, Governments are institut- decades they returned in masses. They reclaimed the
ed among Men, deriving their just powers from the wilderness, revived their language, built cities and vil-
consent of the governed,—That whenever any Form of lages and established a vigorous and ever-growing
Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is community with its own economic and cultural life.
the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and They sought peace yet were ever prepared to defend
to institute new Government, laying its foundation themselves. They brought the blessing of progress to
on such principles and organizing its powers in such all inhabitants of the country.
form, as to them shall seem most likely to affect their
Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate In the year 1897 the First Zionist Congress, inspired by
that Governments long established should not be Theodor Herzl’s vision of the Jewish State, proclaimed
changed for light and transient causes; and according- the right of the Jewish people to national revival in
ly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more their own country.
disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to This right was acknowledged by the Balfour Decla-
right themselves by abolishing the forms to which ration of November 2, 1917, and re-affirmed by the
they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses Mandate of the League of Nations, which gave explicit
and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Ob- international recognition to the historic connection of
ject evinces a design to reduce them under absolute the Jewish people with Palestine and their right to re-
Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw constitute their National Home.
off such Government, and to provide new Guards
for their future security.—Such has been the patient The Nazi Holocaust, which engulfed millions of Jews
sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the ne- in Europe, proved anew the urgency of the re-estab-
cessity which constrains them to alter their former lishment of the Jewish state, which would solve the
Systems of Government. The history of the pres- problem of Jewish homelessness by opening the gates
ent King of Great Britain is a history of repeated to all Jews and lifting the Jewish people to equality in
injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the family of nations.
continued on next page continued on next page
14. American Declaration of Independence, cont. Israel Declaration of Independence, cont.
the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these The survivors of the European catastrophe, as well as
States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid Jews from other lands, proclaiming their right to a life
world. of dignity, freedom and labor, and undeterred by haz-
ards, hardships and obstacles, have tried unceasingly
He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most whole-
to enter Palestine.
some and necessary for the public good.
In the Second World War the Jewish people in Pales-
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of im-
tine made a full contribution in the struggle of the
mediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in
freedom-loving nations against the Nazi evil. The sac-
their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and
rifices of their soldiers and the efforts of their workers
when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend
gained them title to rank with the peoples who found-
to them.
ed the United Nations.
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommo-
On November 29, 1947, the General Assembly of the
dation of large districts of people, unless those people
United Nations adopted a Resolution for the estab-
would relinquish the right of Representation in the
lishment of an independent Jewish State in Palestine,
Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formida-
and called upon the inhabitants of the country to take
ble to tyrants only.
such steps as may be necessary on their part to put the
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, plan into effect.
uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their
This recognition by the United Nations of the right of
Public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them
the Jewish people to establish their independent State
into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Rep-
may not be revoked. It is, moreover, the self-evident
resentative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly
right of the Jewish people to be a nation, as all other
firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
nations, in its own sovereign State.
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions,
to cause others to be elected, whereby the Legislative ACCORDINGLY, WE, the members of the National
Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the Council, representing the Jewish people in Palestine and
People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the Zionist movement of the world, met together in sol-
the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion emn assembly today, the day of the termination of the
from without, and convulsions within. British mandate for Palestine, by virtue of the natural
and historic right of the Jewish and of the Resolution of
He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these the General Assembly of the United Nations,
States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Natu-
ralization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to en- HEREBY PROCLAIM the establishment of the Jewish
courage their migrations hither, and raising the condi- State in Palestine, to be called ISRAEL.
tions of new Appropriations of Lands.
WE HEREBY DECLARE that as from the termination
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refus- of the Mandate at midnight, this night of the 14th
ing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers. and 15th May, 1948, and until the setting up of the
duly elected bodies of the State in accordance with a
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for Constitution, to be drawn up by a Constituent Assem-
the tenure of their offices, and the amount and pay- bly not later than the first day of October, 1948, the
ment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of present National Council shall act as the provisional
New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to ha- administration, shall constitute the Provisional Gov-
rass our people and eat out their substance. ernment of the State of Israel.
continued on next page continued on next page
46 Chapter 3: The Israeli
15. Chapter 3: The Israeli 47
American Declaration of Independence, cont. Israel Declaration of Independence, cont.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing THE STATE OF ISRAEL will be open to the immigra-
Armies without the Consent of our legislatures. tion of Jews from all countries of their dispersion; will
promote the development of the country for the bene-
He has affected to render the Military independent of fit of all its inhabitants; will be based on the precepts of
and superior to the Civil Power. liberty, justice and peace taught by the Hebrew Proph-
He has combined with others to subject us to a juris- ets; will uphold the full social and political equality
diction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowl- of all its citizens, without distinction of race, creed or
edged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of sex; will guarantee full freedom of conscience, worship,
pretended Legislation: education and culture; will safeguard the sanctity and
inviolability of the shrines and Holy Places of all reli-
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: gions; and will dedicate itself to the principles of the
Charter of the United Nations.
For protecting them, by a mock Trial from punish-
ment for any Murders which they should commit on THE STATE OF ISRAEL will be ready to cooperate
the Inhabitants of these States: with the organs and representatives of the United Na-
tions in the implementation of the Resolution of the
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
Assembly of November 29, 1947, and will take steps
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: to bring about the Economic Union over the whole of
Palestine.
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefit of Trial
by Jury: We appeal to the United Nations to assist the Jewish
people in the building of its State and to admit Israel
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pre- into the family of nations.
tended offences:
In the midst of wanton aggression, we yet call upon the
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neigh- Arab inhabitants of the State of Israel to return to the
bouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary gov- ways of peace and play their part in the development of
ernment, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it the State, with full and equal citizenship and due rep-
at once an example and fit instrument for introducing resentation in its bodies and institutions - provisional
the same absolute rule into these Colonies or permanent.
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most We offer peace and unity to all the neighboring states
valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms and their peoples, and invite them to cooperate with
of our Governments: the independent Jewish nation for the common good
of all.
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring
themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all continued on next page
Our call goes out the Jewish people all over the world
cases whatsoever. to rally to our side in the task of immigration and de-
velopment and to stand by us in the great struggle for
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us
the fulfillment of the dream of generations - the re-
out of his Protection and waging War against us.
demption of Israel.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt
With trust in Almighty God, we set our hand to this
our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
Declaration, at this Session of the Provisional State
He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Council, in the city of Tel Aviv, on this Sabbath eve,
Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation, the fifth of Iyar, 5708, the fourteenth day of May, 1948.
continued on next page
16. American Declaration of Independence, cont.
and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty and we have conjured them by the ties of our common
& Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would in-
and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation. evitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.
They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the
on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold
become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War,
or to fall themselves by their Hands. in Peace Friends.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States
has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing
frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages whose known to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of
rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the
ages, sexes and conditions. good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and
declare, That these united Colonies are, and of Right
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned ought to be Free and Independent States, that they are
for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and
Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. that all political connection between them and the State
A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and
which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a that as Free and Independent States, they have full Pow-
free people. er to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, es-
tablish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things
Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British which Independent States may of right do.—And for the
brethren. We have warned them from time to time of at- support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the
tempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge
jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the cir- to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred
cumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We Honor.
have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity,
48 Chapter 3: The Israeli
17. Chapter 3: The Israeli 49
Natan Sharansky
the many faces book Search
Natan Sharansky
Works at Chair of the Executive, The Jewish Agency for Israel
Studied at Moscow Physical Technical Institute
Lives in Jerusalem, Israel
From Donetsk, Ukraine
Relationship status Married
Natan Sharansky Received the U.S. Recent Activity
Presidential Medal of Freedom from
President George W. Bush Natan likes the books A Case for Democracy
7 years ago and Defending Identity by Natan Sharansky.
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Natan likes 2005 TIME magazine’s 100
Write a comment. . .
most influential people in the “Scientists
and Thinkers” category (Natan is #11).
Natan Sharansky Elected to Israeli Natan, Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush
Knesset are now friends.
16 years ago
Like • Comment Natan shared an album: From a Soviet Prison,
Write a comment. . . to Israel, and Back to Moscow (as a Diplomat).
Natan Sharansky Released from jail, Natan Sharansky Sentenced to prison
immigrates to Israel for treason in the USSR for trying to
23 years ago
rescue Jews and transport them to Israel.
35 years ago
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18. --
Natan Sharansky
Profile of an Israeli Pioneer
N
atan Sharansky was born on January 20, 1948,
in Donetsk, Ukraine, where his father was a
journalist for a Communist Party newspa-
per. A good student, he was admitted to the Mos-
cow Physical Technical Institute, where he studied
mathematics and computer science. Upon gradua-
tion in 1972 he took a position as a computer sci-
entist at the Oil and Gas Research Institute. Shortly
afterward, he and his future wife, Natalia Stieglitz
(Avital), decided to emigrate to Israel and requested
exit visas.
Avital’s request was approved, but Sharansky was de-
nied permission to leave because of his professional
training and position, and possibly because of his information to an unnamed Western
activism in support of the right of Jews to emigrate. intelligence agency.
Like other refuseniks (those refused permission to
leave), Sharansky was a frequent participant in dem- The four-day trial captured the at-
onstrations around the Moscow synagogue in 1973 tention of the Western press, for
and early 1974. both personal and political reasons.
Sharansky refused to accept his KGB-
Helped Organize Helsinki Watch appointed lawyer and, even though
Group in Moscow he risked the death penalty, defended
Soon after his election, U.S. President Jimmy Carter himself. He was refused the right to
made the abuse of human call witnesses or
rights a priority issue in his to cross-examine
relations with the Soviet his accusers. At
Union. Soviet authorities the same time,
were angered by this ap- the desperate un-
proach and felt they had to happiness of his
send a clear signal of their mother, Ida Mil-
displeasure. In July 1977, grom, who kept
the 30-year-old Sharansky a lonely vigil out-
went on trial for high trea- side the closed
son, accused of passing Moscow courtroom,
50 Chapter 3: The Israeli
19. Chapter 3: The Israeli 51
Natan Sharansky, continued
raised the sympathies of millions of Ameri-
cans. In the end, Sharansky was sentenced
to 13 years in jail.
Soviets Agree to Sharansky’s
Release as Part of an
Exchange of Agents
In late 1985, after the historic first meeting
between Chairman Mikhail Gorbachev and
President Ronald Reagan in Geneva, the
new Soviet leader decided to make a gesture
in the direction of improved relations. The
Soviets agreed to Sharansky’s release as part Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres and Foreign Minister
of an exchange of convicted espionage agents Yitzhak Shamir welcome Refusenik Natan Sharansky, together
with his wife, Avital, to Israel on February 11, 1986.
on both sides. He was released early on the
morning of February 11, 1986, at the border separat- to boost trade between Israel and the
ing East and West Berlin. city. According to Sharansky, the cer-
emony took place in a sparkling hall,
When he arrived in Israel, his political activism began. next door to the building where he was
He formed a party called arrested 20 years earlier—
“Israel on the Rise” and the last time he saw any-
sought to represent the thing of Moscow other
needs and interests of Jews than Lefortovo Prison.
from the former Soviet
Union. “It was very funny,”
Sharansky said. “Here I
In 1989, he was nominat- was arrested, and 20 years
ed as Israeli ambassador later I’m received with
to the United Nations. In state honors in the very
January 1997, as the Israeli next building!”
Cabinet Minister of Indus-
try and Trade, Sharansky
returned to Moscow to
sign an economic coopera-
tion agreement with Mos-
cow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov
20. THE ISRAELI
1. List the different “identities” that make up who Aaron Katz is. What might this tell you about
Israel or the Israeli people?
________________________________________________________________________________
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2. Without looking back in the chapter, at this point in your reading which Israeli character do you
connect with the most, and why?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Turn back to page 43. Name one advantage and one disadvantage to having that many political
parties.
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52 Chapter 3: The Israeli
