This document summarizes key characteristics of cells and batteries. It discusses how cell chemistry determines voltage and how internal impedance and temperature affect voltage and battery life. Typical lifetimes are provided for common cell types. The document also describes the electrochemistry, construction, and applications of lead acid batteries, the oldest rechargeable battery, noting its sulfuric acid electrolyte, lead and lead oxide electrodes, and cell voltage of 2V.

2. Temperature effects &characteristics

4. Typical cell life 1. Zinc Carbon 2-3 yrs. 2. Alkaline 5 yrs. 3. Lithium >10 yrs.

6. Cell characteristics change with temperature.

7. Low temp freezes electrolyte.

8. High temp may destroy the battery.

9. Rate of chemical reactions increases with temperature.