Femtocells, a technology little-known outside the wireless world, promise better indoor cellular service. In telecommunication, a Femtocell is a small cellular base station, typically designed for use in a home or small business. It connects to the service provider’s network via broadband.
Current designs typically support 2 to 4 active mobile phones in a residential setting, and 8 to 16 active mobile phones in enterprise settings. A Femtocell allows service providers to extend service coverage indoors, especially where access would otherwise be limited or unavailable. For a mobile operator, the attractions of a Femtocell are improvements to both coverage and capacity, especially indoors. A Femtocell is typically the size of a residential gateway or smaller, and
connects into the end-user’s broadband line. Once plugged in, the Femtocell connects to the MNO’s mobile network, and provides extra coverage in a range of typically 30 to 50 meters for residential Femtocells. The end-user must declare which mobile phone numbers are allowed to connect to his/her Femtocell, usually via a web interface provided by the MNO. When these mobile phones arrive under coverage of the Femtocell, they switch over from the Macrocell (outdoor) to the
Femtocell automatically. All communications will then automatically go through the Femtocell.
2. Overview
Introduction
What is Femtocell
Operation
Architecture
Characteristics
Requirements
Advantages and Disadvantages
Challenges
Comparison
Future scope
Conclusion
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3. INTRODUCTION
Cellular phones face issues of poor signal
strength and call quality when used indoors.
In the metric system, Femto (f) is the prefix for a
factor of 10 ^ -15.
Femtocell are reduced scale cellular access
points typically for indoor use.
Cellular gateway is simply connected via
broadband
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4.
5. FEMTOCELL
Lowpower wireless base station for cellular access
in indoor areas with limited cellular
provider.
Operates in a licensed spectrum
Supports a limited number of users
Route mobile phone traffic through a home or
corporate IP network.
Automatic detection of
the ISP.
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6. OPERATION
Sold by a mobile network operator.
User declare which mobile phone numbers are
allowed to connect to the femtocell.
Plug and play.
Require specific hardware, so existing Wi-Fi or
DSL routers cannot be upgraded to a femtocell.
Location change of a femtocell is not permitted
Convert voice calls to VoIP packets
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7.
8. ARCHITECTURE
Mobile Station:
USIM is a tiny computer which is able to handle several mini
applications
Access Network
A RNS is responsible for the transmission/reception in a group
of cells
Node Bs are controlled by an RNC
HNB Access Network there are three network elements
Home Node B
SeGW
HNB-GW.
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9.
10. Core Network
MSC is a telephone exchange that makes the
connection between mobile users within the network.
SGSN performs the same functions as the MSC for
voice traffic.
HLR is a central database that contains details of each
mobile phone subscriber that is authorized to use the
GSM core network.
VLR is a database of the subscribers who have
roamed.
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11. CHARACTERISTICS
• Secure and self-managing
• Locked to a single mobile phone network
• Low power but high quality
• Open or restricted access
• Standalone or integrated femtocells
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12. REQUIREMENTS
The key elements of the femtocell is:
Installation
Organization
Configuration
should be completely trouble free and without
any intervention from the home owner.
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13. Self-organization requirements
Three main areas
Femtocell self configuration
Femtocell self optimisation
Femtocell self healing:
Configuration at start-up
Stage 1
Femtocell will attempt to gain access to the core
network via the gateway - utilise the femtocell ID
- a unique identifier.
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14. Stage 2
To configure the radio interface parameters.
o RF channel information (frequencies for uplink
and downlink).
o Scrambling codes.
o Service area code and information.
o Neighbour list.
o Physical cell ID.
o RF parameters including pilot, maximum RF
power, etc..
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16. 2G FEMTOCELLS
Based on Global System for Mobile
Communication
Low cost
Good quality voice service
Challenge of GSM
Power control is not flexible enough to cope with
the evolving interference issues
Does not provide high data rates
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17. 3G FEMTOCELLS
Based on UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA).
The power control is better than GSM
UTMS standardized by 3GPPs as HNBs and developed into
HSPA femtocellS
UMTS
Derived from GSM by replacing GSM radio sub-system,
with one based on CDMA technique.
It offers a much larger capacity
Requires a lesser number of cellsites.
High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)
Provide data rates of upto 21Mbits/sec.
New handsets would be required to take advantage of the
high data rates
18. THE OFDM BASED FEMTOCELLS
The categories : WIMAX and (LTE) femtocells.
Use OFDM as their physical layer technology.
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
4G standard - capable of achieving data transfer rates of
upto 100 Mbps.
WiMAX
Provide wireless broadband services in regions where it is
infeasible to set up fixed telephone systems.
Biggest competitor to the LTE system
Supports data rates of upto 75 Megabits per channel
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19. ADVANTAGES
Lower call charges since directly connects to the
core network through the internet.
cell phones automatically switches over to the
Femtocells when they come in their range
Handle up to three or four simultaneous calls,
from the same operator
Operate with normal cellphones, without any
enhancements.
General cell towers may require a upgrade when
new services like 3G are introduced. This is not
require for femtocell.
Can reduce the number of macro base stations
required to cover an area if enough Femtocells
are adopted in an area.
20. DISADVANTAGES
Subscriber have to pay additional data charges for
internet connectivity for the core cellular network which
may not be easily accepted.
There will also be a question on the ownership and the
location of placement, in case of shared Femtocell access.
Femtocells would work for only a particular cellular
operator. So, everyone at home may require to change to the
same operator.
service providers are dependent on the broadband services
which are beyond their control. So, trouble shooting may
become an issue.
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21. CHALLENGES
INTERFERNCE
The home base stations are randomly located inside
the same area covered by the larger cellular network
and they may use of the same spectral frequencies.
When a signal is transmitted, the various transmitters
within the same frequency band might not be able to
differentiate which one of the transmitter it listening
to.
Types of interference
Co-tier interference.
Cross- tier interference.
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22. Co tier interference.
occur at the same network layer
between the immediate neighboring femtocell due to
low isolation between houses and apartments.
CINR value is low;
In the UL direction, a HUE causes interference to the
nearby HNB. In the DL direction, a HNB causes
interference to the nearby HUEs belonging to
different femtocell networks.
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23.
24. • Cross tier interference
Interference between femto-macro and macro-femto.
UL direction, a MUE near a
HNB and away from its MNB
transmitting at high power will
drown the UL signal from the
HUE to its HNB
HUE near the MNB can drown
the UL signal from a far away
MUE transmitting to its MNB.
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25. DL direction
MNB transmitting at
high power to its far
away MUE will drown
the DL signal from HNB
to its HUE.
MUE near a HNB and
faraway from its MNB
will be interfered in the
DL direction by the
HNB.
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26. Interference cancellation methods
Successive interference cancellation (SIC)
Parallel interference Cancellation(PIC)
The PIC detects all the users interference at the same time
The SIC detects its interference one after the other
Other challenges
Self-organisation
Mobility management and handovers
Security
Timing and synchronization
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28. FUTURE SCOPE
Research is being done on femto cells that work
on 4G network for business enterprises that can
handle more calls simultaneously.
Since a femto cell hub is primarily used in home
and utilizing internet bridge it makes sense to
eventually see it with other home appliances as
well.
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29. CONCLUSION
Unsatisfactory coverage and the increasing number of
application are two driving forces for femtocell
development
Femtocell have the potential to provide high quality
network access to indoor users at low cost
-- Improve Coverage
-- Provide huge capacity gain
Femtocells are considered to be the solution to meet
the future needs for high data rates and capacity in
wireless cellular networks.
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