1. INTEGRATED FISHERIES
MANAGEMENT
SUBMITTED BY
REMISHA.O
FOURTH SEM ,IF
SIF, CUSAT

2. Man’s interest in fish
 Fish enjoys a very special consideration and
place in human civilization from times
immemorial
 Fishing is a multiproduct industry
 A fishery may be defined as a system composed
of the aquatic biology, aquatic habitat, and
human users
 Fisheries and agricultural farming have evolved
rather parallel in the history of civilization.

3. Features of fisheries
 Renewable natural resource
 Mobile
 Free gift of nature
 Common property(open access)
 Externalities
Importance of fisheries sector
 Source of human nutrition
 Source of foreign exchange
 Source of employment and livelihood
 Recreational opportunities

4. Major concerns in fisheries
 The latest FAO review of the state of world’s marine fishery
resources confirms that about 50%of global resources are
fully exploited, 25% are over exploited and about 25% could
apparently support higher exploitation rates.
 The ocean ecosystem under high fisheries pressure, is
suffering from pollution from sea-based and( mostly ) land
based activities and coastal degradation.
 Critical coastal habitats, such as sea grass beds, coral reefs
and mangroves, as well as estuaries and lagoons, are
strongly affected by coastal developments including
aquaculture and pollution
 Global climate change, a particularly threatening
manifestation of pollution, is affecting critical resources(coral-
bleaching) through excessively high temperatures and high
UV radiations.

5. So fishery stock declines due
to;
 Overexploitation
 Marine habitat loss
 Changing the ecosystem balance
 Climate change
 Ocean pollution
 Disease and toxins

6. The need for fisheries
management fisheries managementhow to
manage fishery.pdf
 The world’s population is increasing faster than total
food supply.
 Fisheries have substantial social and economic
importance.
 12.5 million people are employed in activities related to
fishing and the value of fish traded internationally has
been estimated at US$40 billion per annum for the early
nineties.
 The total production from capture fisheries and
aquaculture during the same period reached and
oscillated around 100 million tons.
 At present, a large proportion of the world’s exploited
fish stock’s are fully exploited, over exploited, or in need
of recovery and many are affected by environmental
degradation, particularly in the inland and coastal areas.

7.  Major ecological damage which may not
always be reversible, and economic
waste are already evident in many cases.
 New technological developments such as
geographical positioning systems, radar,
echo sounder, more powerful vessels and
improved processing methods, continue
to enhance the ability of fishers to exploit
more living resources more intensively.
 A good management is needed to sustain
fishing livelihood now for the future.

8. What is fisheries
management?
 Fisheries management drawn on fisheries
science in order to find ways to protect fishery
resources so as to sustainable exploitation is
possible
 Definitions of fisheries management
According to FAO–”the integrated process of
information gathering, analysis, planning,
consultation, decision making, allocation of
resources and formulation and implementation,
with enforcement as necessary, of regulations
on rules which govern fisheries activities in
order to ensure the continued productivity of the
resources and the accomplishment of other
fisheries objectives.”

9. The Primary Management
Measures
 Direct Impact on Fish Stocks
 Catch controls
 Effort controls
 Closed areas/MPAs
 Gear regulations
 Closed seasons
 Indirect Impacts on Fish Stocks
 Fishing/Access rights
 Incentives (positive and negative)
 Co-management

10. Approaches of fisheries management
Socio centric approaches
Small Scale fisheries -Livelihood
-Economic crisis
-Conflicts management
Science based approaches
Biology based
Single and multi species management (based on MSY)
Ecosystem based
Differential equations for bio mass dynamics
Bio-energetic models
Ecosim with Ecopath, Eco space
Economics based
Different types of Uncertainties (ITQ, Rights etc)
Institutional approaches
Legal pluralism
Social Ecological Systems

11. Limitations of fisheries
management
Primary reasons for failure of management due to;
fisheries managementreview of fisheries
management.pdf
 High biological and ecological uncertainty
 The conflict between short term economic and social objectives and the
longer term sustainability objectives
 The lack of definition or observance of constraints imposed by a limits to
production of the resources
 Poorly or loosely defined objectives
 Institutional weakness
 Weak and frequently inadequate capacity in fisheries administrations
 Inadequate monitoring, control and surveillance systems

12. Integrated Fisheries
Management (IFM) fisheries
managementintegrated fisheries.pdf
 Integration is the creation of complete systems of
interdependent components, embodying unity,
wholeness and soundness.
 Integrated management planning that incorporates
the biological, economic, and social factors for
sustainable fisheries.
 Integrated fisheries management includes the co-
ordinated activity of all the various fisheries
institutions, department, fishery community,
fishermen, members and non members of
international organization like FAO, various
stakeholders(includes all the person related to the
fishery system).

13. Dimensions of integrating fishery
system
 Horizontal integration
across different participants(eg. International
institution, organization states and stakeholders)
 Vertical integration
local-regional-international continuum(range)
 Spatial integration
ocean threads, biodiversity loss
 Sustainable development
integration of ecological/environmental and social and
economic interests into the shared objective, through
effective integrated decision making and reporting
 Mainstreaming
wide spread threats across a range of issues (like
climate change with ocean and fishery)

14. Objectives of integrated fisheries
management fisheries managementintegrated
fisheries managent 2.pdf
 Integrated fisheries management is a government
initiative aimed at making sure that fisheries continue
to be managed in a sustainable way in the future.
 Integrated fisheries management aims at the present
and future needs of the nation.
 The resource should be utilized in the sustainable
ways so that there won’t be over exploitation and that
resource would be available for the future generation

15. Activities in the IFM
 For each resource addressed through IFM a
report must be prepared to provide
information on at least the following aspects
of the resources and associated fishing
activity
 the current management practices within
the industry
Historical of catch levels, or estimates of
catch by each sector
The biology of fish species involved
The sustainable harvest level of the

16. Integrated fisheries management
plans
Management actions of fishery will be determined in collaboration with
stakeholders using the new integrated fisheries management plan
template, which incorporate the following
 An overview of the fishery
 The stock assessment and status, including ecosystem
interactions, available information on precautionary approach
;and stock trends
 Management issues including depleted species concerns
 Access and allocation elements, including any sharing
arrangements
 Short and long term sustainable fisheries objectives for stock
conservation, the ecosystem, shared stewardship and
collaboration, socio-economic factors and compliance.
 A compliance plan
 A performance review of management objectives

17. Ecosystem based fisheries
management fisheries managementhow to
manage fishery.pdf
 Ecosystem approach is an integrated or holistic
approach to resource management
 That aims to maintain the entire ecosystem in a
healthy, productive and resilient condition.
 An ecosystem approach to fisheries is a
response to the identified shortcomings in
traditional fisheries management, which has
been based on a single-species perspective
and model

18.  To sustain healthy marine ecosystems
and the fisheries they support:
Reduce by catch
Marine reserves
Monitoring of population characteristics
Catch share programs
Ecologically sustainable yield
Methods of by catch reduction
Fishery closures
Improve selectivity of fishing methods

19. Principles of ecosystem based
fisheries management
 Conserve ecosystem structure and
functioning in order to maintain ecosystem
services
 Manage ecosystems within the limits of their
functioning
 Ecosystem based solution attempt to sustain
healthy marine ecosystems and the fisheries
they support
 The future of marine fisheries is dependent
upon an integration of traditional market
based and ecosystem based management
strategies.

20. Community based integrated
coastal management fisheries
managementreview of community based integrated.pdf
Community based fisheries and habitat
management
 Is where a group of people guides the use
of a fishery resource system and associated
ecological structures with a minor role
played by government
 Coastal fishery stocks are either already
over exploited or near the maximum
sustainable level.

21.  The tools of sustainable management
include
 Rights
 Transparent, participatory management
 Support to science, planning and
enforcement
 Benefit distribution
 Integrated policy
 Precautionary approach
 Capacity building
 Market incentives
community based integrated coastal
management implies the integration of
coastal resource management and
fisheries management

22. Co-management fisheries
managementCO-MANAGEMENT.pdf
Co management is the sharing of responsibility
and authority for the management of
resources between government and
stakeholders.
or
A partnership among government, community
of fishery resource users, external
agents(NGOs, researchers, academics) and
other stakeholders(boat owners, fish traders,
tourism interest etc) share responsibility and
authority for decision-making in managing a
fishery.
 Co-management is a critical part of the
integrated coastal management.

23. Some possible costs of co-
management
 Requires initial financial investment
 Time requirements for participation
 May result in smaller share of resources
 May result in less and shared power
 Information has to be communicated
 May take long to reach joint decision
 Requires skills such as facilitation
 May cause demand in other areas

24. Some possible benefits of co-
management
 Improves information flows
 Promotes conservation
 Help to sustain livelihoods
 Encourages self reliance
 Reduce many conflicts
 Facilitates compliance
 Lowers long run costs
 Increase empowerment.

25. What is a Marine Protected
Area?
 Marine protected areas can help
conserve the plants, mammals and
fish that live within them.
 However, harmful human activities
must be restricted.
 Activities that are not harmful – such
as sustainable fishing and tourism
activities - are usually allowed.

26. Why Do We Need Marine
Protected Areas?
 We need MPAs because:
◦ They are proactive and precautionary;
◦ They contribute to an ecosystem-based
approach;
◦ They provide a cornerstone for marine
conservation, education, and research.
 MPAs are needed to conserve and protect:
◦ commercial and non-commercial resources and
supporting habitats;
◦ endangered or threatened species and
supporting habitats;
◦ unique habitats;
◦ areas of high biodiversity or productivity;

27. Objectives of marine protected
areas
 Marine reserves promote rapid and substantial
recovery of exploited stocks
 They promote habitat recovery and increase
biodiversity
 Effective marine reserves can be designed for
any habitat that is exploited
 Protect nursery area with high juvenile catch
 Protect migration routes and bottlenecks
 Protect spawning aggregation sites
 Monitoring ecosystem processes and services
 Conservation
 Sustaining fisheries

28. The role of marine protected
areas in sustaining fisheries
fisheries managementmarineprotectedareas.pdf
To achieve the level of protection required we must fully
integrate conservation and fisheries management
 After world war second, there was much optimism that
fisheries could feed the world
 But on the beginning of the twenty first century, we are
not sure
 Long term studies in New Zealand, Philippines, Florida
and many countries show strong responses to reserve
protection
 Fish in reserves do live longer, grow larger and produce
more eggs
 Fisher’s now fish for less time and catch more than
before reserve were set up
 Egg production from protected fish stocks increase by
much more than stock biomass

29. Marine protected areas providing
a future for fish and people
 It helps the depleted fish stocks to recover
 Provides services to local communities who depend upon the sea
and it’s resources
 Increasing food security, and reducing poverty
 Benefit-local people by opening new opportunities to gain income.
 In Newfoundland and Labrador, marine protected areas could play
an important role in reviving and safeguarding the future health of
the marine environment, the fishery, and coastal communities.
 MPAs can provide a foundation for additional benefits, including
economic development, marine tourism, scientific research, and the
satisfaction of knowing that a part of the ocean is protected, and
relatively safe from harm.

30. Marine protected
areas world wide

31. Marine protected
areas in the
world
Milford sound, New Zealand is a strict marine
reserve area

32. The Chargos Archipelago was declared
the world’s largest marine reserve in April
2010 with an area of 250,000 square
miles

33. Asinara, Italy is listed by WDPA as both a
national park, and as such could be labelled
‘multiple-use’

34. Bunaken marine park, Indonesia is
officially listed as both a marine reserve
and a national marine park

35. The Prickly pear cays are a protected area,
they are about six miles from Road Bay,
Anguilla, in the Leward islands of the
Carribean

36. Integrated coastal zone
management fisheries
managementintegrated coastal zone mgmt.pdf
 With fisheries declining, coral reefs battered, mangrove forests
under threat, pollution levels rising, and coastal communities
experiencing increased poverty,
 Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) or Integrated
coastal management (ICM) is a process for the management of the
coast using an integrated approach, regarding all aspects of the
coastal zone, including geographical and political boundaries, in an
attempt to achieve sustainability.
 Integrated coastal management can be defined as a continuous
and dynamic process by which decisions are made for the
sustainable use, development, and protection of coastal and

37. The coastal zone management
act
 Passed in 1972 to encourages coastal states
to develop and implement coastal zone
management plans(CZMPs)
 This act was established as national policy to
preserve, protect, develop, and where
possible, restore or enhance, the resources
of the nation’s coastal zone such as wet land,
floodplains, estuaries, coral reefs, as well as
the fish and wildlife using those habitats for
this and succeeding generations.

38. Objectives of coastal zone
management
 To achieve sustainable development of
coastal and marine areas
 Reduce vulnerability of coastal areas and
their inhabitants to natural hazards
 Maintain essential ecological processes, life
support systems, and biological diversity in
coastal and marine areas.

39. Functions of integrated coastal
management
 Area planning
 Promotion of economic development
 Stewardship of resources
 Conflict resolution
 Protection of public safety
 Proprietorship of public submerged lands
and waters

40.  Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) is an
internationally accepted approach for achieving
sustainable development of the coasts and
oceans.
 Most coastal communities, especially the fishing
communities in countries such as Cambodia,
Korea, Indonesia, Philippines, and Vietnam are
still living below the poverty line. Many of them
do not have access to clean drinking water,
sanitation facilities, shelters, or sufficient food to
meet the minimum dietary requirements.
 These coastal communities, particularly the
women and children, are vulnerable to the
adverse impacts of pollution, natural hazards, as

41. fisheries managementtransational &coastal.pdf
 Transnational changes in emerging Asian countries, particularly the
experiences of China and India, have been one of the favorite
themes of international academic research in the recent past
 The pollution is going to cause the destruction of the marine life on
which millions of fisher folk in the country are dependent for their
livelihoods
 The marine protected areas and reef systems will be badly affected
causing biodiversity losses at the global level
 The sheltered mouths of rivers are especially suitable for building
ports at a low investment, but once these ports are built these will
adversely affect the natural movement of river water in such a way
that the areas situated upstream of the river will get completely
inundated, causing the ruin of the farmers and fisher folk living on
river banks.
 On the other hand the establishment of ports will destroy the
ecosystems of the delta areas, as has happened in the case of the
Dharma port of the Tata's in Orissa.

42. ICZM in India
 Throughout India’s history, coastal and ocean area
played important role in maintenance of economy.
 India ‘s coastline is characterized by three different
types of bio physical features
 Western coast of Indian subcontinent consists of a
narrow coastal strip with rocky cliffs; it experiences very
little flooding and sedimentation
 But a few areas on the Gulf of Kutch(north western) are
marked by low, wide intertidal mudflats dominated by
mangroves.
 The eastern coast is characterized primarily by low,
wide, and flat areas.
 Urbanization, port development, and major coastal
economic activities have taken place more rapidly in
this coastal zone

43.  India have extensive coral reef communities and
vegetation in the tropical island between the Bay of
Bengal and the Andaman Sea.
 India’s huge population and rapid growth have
overstrained coastal resources and coastal ecosystems.
 Coastal urbanization and rapid industrialization along
the coastline have given rise to coastal environment
concerns
 Intensive development in the western Ghalies coastal
area, such as fertilizer plants, nuclear power plants,
refineries, and steel manufactures ,have threatened the
area’s ecology.

44.  Mangrove habitat are converted into paddy fields or
coconut plantations
 Numerous mangrove forests have been cut down by
coastal residents for fire wood and building materials.
 Many people considers mangrove habitat as useless
areas, and treat them as waste dumping sites or
sewage treatment facilities.
 Coastal fish species depend on mangrove estuarine
complexes- so maintenance of mangrove areas in
India is critical to coastal fisheries production.
 India does not yet have a comprehensive , integrated
coastal zone management legislation or policy.
 India has difficulties in implementing the ICM concept
of coastal management because the lack of Govt.
conceptualization of the ICM strategy.

45. Is Integrated Coastal
Management Sustainable?
 ICM is a broad and dynamic process that . . .
requires the active and sustained involvement
of the interested public and many stakeholders
with interests in how coastal resources are
allocated and conflicts are mediated.
 The ICM process provides a means by which
concerns at local, regional and national levels
are discussed and future directions are
negotiated.
 Major constraints of ICZM are mostly
institutional, rather than technological.

46.  The Integrated Coastal Zone Management
(ICZM) appears to be a key element for the
sustainable development . However this
recent notion may not be adapted to all
cases. The natural disasters Sumatra
earthquake and the Indian Ocean tsunami
have made a lot of impact on the coastal
environment and also the stakeholder's
perception on mitigation and management of
coastal hazards. Successful implementation
is still a major challenge to the idea of ICZM

47.  Our response must be manage our
fisheries better – to ensure that fish
stocks are sustainable and to
ensure that people who depend on
fish for food and livelihoods
continue to get these important
benefits………………

48. Reference
 Fisheries management
 A review of fisheries management past and present and
some future perspectives for the third millennium-J.F.
Caddy, K.L. Cochrane.referencereview of fisheries
management.pdf
 How to manage a fishery- a simple guide to writing a
fishery management plan-James Hindson, Daniel D.
Hoggarth, Mohan Krishna, Christopher C. Mees,
Catherine O’ Neill.referencehow to manage fishery.pdf
 Fisheries management-progress towards sustainability-
Tim Mc Clanhan and Juan Carlos Castilla.
 Fishery manager’s guide book-Kevern L.cochrane and
Serge M. Garcia.
 Fishery management focus area report July-2008-
Government of Canada fisheries and oceans.
ReferenceFisheriesFAR_Canada.pdf

49. Integrated fisheries management
 Integrated environment assessment of fisheries
management; Sweedish Nephros trawl fisheries evaluated
using a life cycle approach-Sarahornborg Per Nilsson, Daniel
Valentinsson, Friederike Ziegler.referenceintegrated
environmental assessment.pdf
 Integrated fisheries management report Abalone resource –
fisheries management paper No.204- prepared by
department of fisheries-168 st.george
terrace.referenceintegrated fisheries managent report.pdf
Integrated coastal zone management
 Integrated coastal zone management in Philippine Local
Governance: evolution and benefits-Alan white, Evelyn
Deguit ,Nillaim Jatulan and liza Eisma
Osorio.referenceintegrated management in philippine.pdf
 Integrated coastal and ocean management- concepts and
practices-Bilana Cicin-Sain and Robert W. Knecht
 State policies, transational adaptations and development
future of coastal commons-Kaleekal ThomasThomson Prof.
school of industrial fisheries, CUSAT, Cochin.referencestate
policies, transational adaptations.pdf

50. Community based coastal management
 Review of community based integrated coastal
management-best practices and lessons learned in
the Bay of Bengal, South Asia-Dr. J.I
Samarakoon.referencereview of community based
integrated coastal.pdf
Marine protected areas
 Role of marine protected areas in sustaining fisheries-
Callum Roberts –university of york, UK.referencerole
of marine protected areas.pdf
 Marine protected areas- providing a future for fish and
people-WWFreferencemarineprotectedareas.pdf

51. Thank you