Highway maintenance is the routine work needed to keep highways in safe and usable condition, and includes physical activities like sealing cracks and patching potholes as well as traffic services like removing snow and painting lines. Highway maintenance programs are designed to counteract the effects of weather, vandalism, plant growth, traffic wear, aging, material failures, and design flaws in order to protect investments in roads and maintain safety and economic benefits. Regular maintenance is required for all pavements as stresses from temperature, moisture, traffic, and earth movements constantly impact the road surface over time.