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Aquaculture in canada and effects of ha bs
- 1. AQUACULTURE IN CANADA AND EFFECTS OF HABS Eutrophication and Harmful Algae DHIMAN GAIN
- 2. Contents Importance of Aquaculture in Canada Fisheries Production Finfish Shellfish Effects of HABs on Salmon production Effects of HABs on Shellfish production Effects of Salmon production on HABs Occurrence of HABs Eutrophication status in Canada Hydrography (Lakes Vs Open sea) Identification of the HA sources Monitoring programs Summary and Conclusions
- 3. The importance of Canadian Aquaculture Finfish Species Atlantic Salmon Chinook Salmon Coho Salmon Rainbow Trout Steelhead Trout Brook Trout Speckled Trout Sturgeon Sablefish Arctic Char Halibut Tilapia Cod Shellfish Species Pacific Oysters Eastern Oysters Blue Mussels Mediterranean Mussels Manila Clams Varnish/Savory Clams Clams Japanese Scallops Sea Scallops Quahogs Abalone Source: Statistics Canada 2011 Production: Finfish: 123,567 tonnes and 763 M $ by value Shellfish: 38,646 tonnes and 74 M $ by value
- 4. Production of Finfish Methods: Juveniles: land-based hatchery facilities (flow- through and recirculation); Grow-out: saltwater net pens, some land-based systems; Broodstock: land-based (flow through and recirculation) Methods: - Juveniles: land-based hatchery facilities (flow- through and recirculation) - Grow-Out: freshwater net pens, saltwater net pens (for Steelhead culture), land-based raceways, and ponds - Broodstock: land-based (flow-through and recirculation) Intensive (dry pellets rich in N & P) open culture system Intensive (dry pellets rich in N & P) open culture system
- 5. Production of Shellfish Methods: Ocean floor beds or off-floor suspension (holding bags, cages, trays or rope lines) Methods: - Seed collection from the wild (method mostly used on the East Coast) or procured from hatcheries (method mostly used on the West Coast), -followed by grow-out to market size in mussel socks suspended from long-line systems (ropes) or rafts. Extensive (natural feeding) culture system Extensive (natural feeding) culture system
- 6. Effects of HABs on Salmon production Co chlo dinium sp.Co chlo dinium sp. Vancouver Island, BC Farmed salmon Toxic • Cause of death is unknown • Oxygen radical production leading to gill and • liver damage is suspected. Chae to ce ro s co nvo lutus Chae to ce ro s co nvo lutus Nanaimo , BC • Physically damage the gills • Small spines cause capillary damage • Excessive mucus production • Suffocation and • Death Ling-cod and farmed salmon Non-toxic He te ro sig m a akashiwo He te ro sig m a akashiwo Farmed salmon Toxic • Precise mechanism of death is uncertain • Release harmful substances into the water • Cause gill or liver damage • Excessive mucus production sometimes observed British Columbia
- 7. Direct economic losses due to HABs in British Columbia PICES SCIENTIFIC REPORT No. 47, 2014 Light grey for low level (up to 100 fish killed), dark grey for moderate (100–1000 fish killed), and black for high (more than 1000 fish killed
- 8. Effects of HABs on Shellfish production Shellfish PoisoningShellfish Poisoning Ale xandrium cate ne lla & Ale xandrium ta m are nse Ale xandrium cate ne lla & Ale xandrium tam are nse West & East coast of Vancouver Island, BC Cause PSP Toxin: Saxitoxin Pse udo -nitzschia spp. Nitzschia spp. Pse udo -nitzschia spp. Nitzschia spp. Cause DAP or ASP Toxin: Domoic acid British Columbia Dino physis spp. Dino physis spp. Pro ro ce ntrum lim a Pro ro ce ntrum lim a British Columbia Common but not abundant Cause DSP Toxin: Okadaic acid or dinophysistoxin
- 9. Effects of Salmon aquaculture on HABs? Finfish farming primarily increase organic matter sedimentation Influence nutrient regeneration Increase dissolved nutrients (N:60%, P:12) & influence seaweed growth Create eutrophication which ultimately influence HABs There is no evidence for direct links between HABs and salmon aquaculture found in Canada
- 10. Occurrence of HABs in Canada 2000 Ale xandrium tam are nse Akashiwo sang uine a 1978 Go nyaulax spinife ra 1990 He te ro sig m a akashiwo 1989,91,93,97 Co chlo dinium po lykriko ide 1999 Nitzschia pung e ns 1988
- 11. Eutrophication status in Canada In Canada total phosphorus concentrations were found to be high The majority of phosphorus found in suspended sediment TP and TDP have increases between 1990 and 2006, where TDP is the form that is readily available for take up by plants. 70% of the study sites with high levels of TP (eutrophic and hypereutrophic) were located in the Arctic and Nelson River basins. Status of phosphorus in the water bodies across Canada (2004-06)
- 12. Hydrography-Aquaculture in lakes Controlled by: Agricultural run-off Runoff from urban expansion Sedimentation Less tidal circulation Water residence time > flushing time
- 13. Hydrography-Aquaculture in open sea High tidal exchange Plankton can not stay in a certain place for long time Residence time of water is very low Aquaculture in the bays in Canada
- 14. Identification of the HA sources MODIS satellite sensor for observing chlorophyll fluorescence MODIS images for the Vancouver Island area (22/09/00) Bloom of Heterosigma akashiwo in Kyuquot Sound, British Columbia
- 15. Monitoring strategies for HABs Biotoxin tests are carried out for: Saxitoxins(since the mid 1960's) Domoic acid by Canadian Food Inspection Agency Establishment of Harmful Algae Monitoring Program (HAMP) in 1999 to address the devastating effect of harmful algae on farmed fish. Phycotoxins Working Group since 1987 The Northcoast Plankton Identification and Monitoring Program Steps taken afterpositive result: Closures of the affected area when found 80 μm saxitoxin /100 gm shellfish meat Systematic microscopic surveillance of water samples for early warning of HABs at farm sites Isolate and culture microalgal species that are known to be harmful to cultured fish and shellfish in BC Development of species-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, and creation of an image gallery and database of local harmful algae Carry out genomic analyses on shellfish gill tissues to determine genomic and biological responses to HABs and to link these responses with particular algal species.
- 16. Summary and Conclusions HABs (Harmful Algal Blooms) are responsible for considerable economic losses due to cultured finfish/shellfish mortalities in Canada. Toxic HABs in shellfish are a threat for human health. Since the mid 1980's the cumulative loss in aquacultured salmonids of British Columbia is $35 million. Fish farming change the nutrient ratio which has a great impact on the occurrence of HABs in that area. Water body having higher residence time are more prone to HABs than less residence time area. Finally, HABs can appear independently of fish farming activities.
- 17. References F.J.R. “Max” Taylor and Paul J. Harmful algal blooms in western Canadian coastal waters Harrison University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 1Z4. J.F.R. Gower, L. Brown, and G.A. Borstad, 2004. Observation of chlorophyll fluorescence in west coast waters of Canada using the MODIS satellite sensor. Can. J. Re m o te Se nsing , Vo l. 30 , No . 1 , pp. 1 7 – 25. DJ Martell, J Duhaime, and GJ Parsons (eds). Canadian Aquaculture R&D Review 2013. Aquaculture Association of Canada Special, Publication 23 (2013).
- 18. THANKS TO ALL
Notes de l'éditeur
- 2011 Aquaculture production from 8 provinces of Canada.
- Right side Species: Rainbow trout / Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Brown Trout (Salmo trutta), Lake trout / Lake char (Salvelinus namaycush) and Brook Trout / Speckled Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Leftside Species: Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) A raceway, also known as a flow-through system, is an artificial channel used in aquaculture to cultureaquatic organisms. Raceway systems are among the earliest methods used for inland aquaculture. A raceway usually consists of rectangular basins or canals constructed of concrete and equipped with an inlet and outlet. A continuous water flow-through is maintained to provide the required level of water quality, which allows animals to be cultured at higher densities within the raceway
- Species: American or Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica), Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Species: Eastern Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), Western Blue mussel (Mytilus trossulus), Gallo/Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis)
- Ch. convolutus most abundant in summer.
- Total number of fish killing blooms in British Columbia during 2009–2012. Bar color indicates severity level of the fish killing event: light grey for low level (up to 100 fish killed), dark grey for moderate (100–1000 fish killed), and black for high (more than 1000 fish killed). > To a lesser extent the cumulative $35 million loss in aquacultured salmonids in British Columbia since the mid 1980's. Direct losses to the salmon aquaculture industry due to HABs are shown in Figure 3. During the survey period, fish mortalities were the highest in 2012 ($6.445 million CAD losses) and the lowest in 2010 ($1.912 million CAD losses). Total direct losses due to HABs in 2009–2012 comprised $16.135 million CAD.
- Ch. convolutus most abundant in summer. Paralytic shellfish poisoning – PSP. This is a life-threatening syndrome with neurological effects. The is no known antidote to PSPDomoic acid poisoning (DAP or Amnesic shellfish poisoning, ASP); Diarrhetic Shellfish Poison (DSP)
- Waste feed materials from the Pens contain approximately N 15% and 65% P. Finfish farming primarily increase organic matter sedimentation which affect the benthic community and decrease diversity 2. 3. 4. Make the water more eutrophic which can ultimately influence HABs and finally affect the salmon production through sudden death
- Concentration levels of total phosphorus (TP) and ratios of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) to TP in rivers and the Great Lakes, Canada, 2004 to 2006. Based on median values. Across Canada, up to 102 stations in rivers and 7 Great-Lakes basins were used to measure concentrations of total phosphorus and total dissolved phosphorus between 1990 and 2006 in order to determine the recent status and trends related to nutrients in aquatic ecosystems.
- Due to the abundance of food, the lakes have a high potential for fish production. However, some of the lakes develop winter anoxia causing fish mortalities, i.e., winter kill, the gradual depletion of dissolved oxygen in water column under ice and snow cover obstructing penetration of light for photosynthesis and production of oxygen by algae in the absence of aeration through the lake surface. Other lakes undergo collapses of their algal blooms during summer, resulting in oxygen depletion and fish death, i.e., summer kill (see Hypereutrophy above).
- The first observations of chlorophyll fluorescence from space for the west coast of Canada, using the U.S. moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS), show that the signals should provide a useful new tool for studying chlorophyll biomass and primary productivity. MODIS, a third generation sensor for oceanic satellite observations Especially bands 8 to16 in the 405–877 nm spectral region are specifically designed for studying ocean color, phytoplankton concentration as well as biogeochemistry [31]. Compared with SeaWiFS, the primary advantage of MODIS is that the particularly designed fluorescence band (676 nm) can be used to detect HABs based on a fluorescence line height (FLH) calculation for the coastal optically-complex water, the optical spectra of which is dominated by CDOM
- Ever since monitoring of shellfish for the presence of toxins began in 1942, following a severe outbreak with fatalities in B.C. and adjacent Washington State, PSP has been recorded primarily in filter-feeding shellfish on the coast
- Harmful algal bloom (HAB) events can be very bad for us. People who eat shellfish from waters experiencing toxic blooms can become very ill and can even die.