Muscles of facial expressions

1. MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
BY:
DR. NUZHAT NOOR AYESHA
Iyr MDS, KCDS

2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
DEVELOPMENT OF FACIAL MUSCLES
CLASSIFICATION OF FACIAL
MUSCLES
FACIAL MUSCLES IN DETAIL-
Origin, Insertion, Vascular
Supply, Innervation & Action.
APPLIED ASPECTS
REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
FACIAL MUSCLES:
• No other animal have evolved as complex a set
of facial muscles as have humans
• Morphologically, they represent remants of
the Panniculus Carnosus, a continuous
subcutaneous muscle sheet seen in some
animals.

4. Characteristics of the facial muscles
The primary function is expression of the
emotions.
The facial muscles are capable of performing
7000 expressions according to Coleman.
They are also responsible for the maintenance
of the posture of the facial structures.
The facial muscle also contributes to
stabilization of the mandible during the infantile
swallowing and chewing and swallowing in the
occlusally compromised adults.
It is also important for the visual and the
spoken communications.

5. DEVELOPMENT
OF
FACIAL
MUSCLES

6. EMBRYOLOGY
• Each pharyngeal arch consists of mesenchymal tissue,
covered on outside by surface ectoderm and on inside
by epithelium of endodermal origin.
• . The mesoderm of the arches
give rise to musculature of face
and neck.
Each arch is characterised by
its own musculature and carry
their own nerve

8. • The muscles of facial expression, the auricular
muscles, stylohyoid, stapedius, posterior belly
of digastric-originate from 2nd pharyngeal
arch(hyoid arch).
• The facial nerve, the nerve of 2nd arch supplies
all these muscles.

9. CLASSIFICATION

10. CLASSIFICATION OF ORO-FACIAL MUSCLES
Muscles of head
Craniofacial muscles Masticatory muscles

11. Craniofacial Muscles
Epicranial muscles
Circumorbital and palpebral
Nasal
Buccolabial

12. CLASSIFICATION
Epicranial muscles
Occipitofrontalis Temporoparietalis

13. CLASSIFICATION
Circumorbital and palpebral
Orbicularis oculi
Corrugator supercilli
Levator palpebrae superioris

14. CLASSIFICATION
Nasal
Procerus Nasalis Depressor septi

15. CLASSIFICATION
Buccolabial
Elevators , retractors
Evertors of upper lip
Depressors, retractors and
Evertors of lower lip
A compound sphincter
Buccinator

16. Muscles of mastication
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Accessory masticatory
muscles

17. FACIAL MUSCLES

18. MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

19. Epicranial muscle group
Occipitofrontalis Consists of 2 occipital and 2 frontal parts
connected by epicranial aponeurosis

20. Origin
• Occipital part – lateral 2/3rd highest
nuchal line of occipital bone and
mastoid part of temporal bone.
• Frontal part – no bony attachments of its own , fibers blend
with adjacent muscles.
Insertion – into the epicranial aponeurosis.

21. Vascular supply
• Superficial temporal , Opthalmic ,Posterior auricular and
occipital arteries
Innervation
• Occipital part – posterior auricular branch of facial nerve
• Frontal part – temporal branch of facial nerve

22. Action
Frontal part
• Acting from above – raise the eyebrows
and skin over the root of the nose.
• Acting from below – draw the scalp
forward , throwing the forehead into
transverse wrinkles.
Occipital part – draws the scalp backwards
• Acting alternatively – move the entire
scalp backwards and forwards.

24. TEMPOROPARIETALIS
• Lies between the frontal parts of
occipitofrontalis and anterior and superior
auricular muscles.
Vascular supply
• Superficial temporal , Opthalmic ,Posterior
auricular and occipital arteries
Innervation
• Posterior auricular branch of facial nerve and
the temporal branch of facial nerve

25. CIRCUMORBITAL AND PALPEBRAL GROUP
Orbicularis oculi
• Has orbital ,palpebral and lacrimal parts.

26. Orbital part
Origin – nasal component
of frontal bone , frontal
process of maxilla and
medial palpebral
ligament.

27. Palpebral part – medial
palpebral ligament and
bone above and below
the ligament.

28. • Lacrimal part – upper part of lacrimal crest and
adjacent lateral surface of lacrimal bone.
Insertion – skin around the margins of the orbit
and tarsal plate.

29. Vascular supply – branches of facial , superficial temporal , maxillary
, opthalmic arteries.
Innervation – temporal and zygomatic branches of facial nerve.
Action – closes eyelids
palpebral part- gently closes eyelids
orbital part- tightly closes them.

30. Corrugator supercilli
Origin- from bone at the medial end
of superciliary arch.
Insertion – skin above the middle of
the supraorbital margin.
Vascular supply – superficial
temporal , opthalmic arteries.

31. Innervation – temporal branch
of facial nerve.
Action – with oculi muscle
shield the eye, involved in
frowning , vertical wrinkles
on the forehead.

32. FROWN

33. Procerus
Origin – facial aponeurosis covering lower
part of nasal bone and upper part of
lateral nasal cartilage.
Insertion – skin over lower part of
forehead between the eyebrows.
NASAL MUSCLE GROUP

34. Vascular supply – branches from facial
artery.
Innervation – temporal and lower
zygomatic branches of facial nerve.
Action – transverse wrinkles over the
bridge of nose , help to reduce the
glare of bright light.

36. • Consists of transverse and alar parts.
• Tranverse - from maxilla just lateral to
the nasal notch
• Alar part – from maxilla below and
medial to the transverse part
Insertion – nasal cartilages.
Nasalis

37. Vascular supply –infraorbital branch of
facial artery.
Innervation – buccal branch of facial
nerve.
Action
transverse- compresses the nasal
aperture.
alar -widening the anterior nasal
aperture.
-Deep inspiration

38. Depressor septi
Origin – maxilla above the central
incisor
Insertion – mobile part of the nasal
septum
Vascular supply – superior labial
branch of facial artery

39. Innervation – buccal branch of facial nerve
Action – pulls the nasal septum downwards ,
with nasalis widens the nasal aperture.

40. Buccolabial group of muscles
• Elevators , retractors , evertors of upper lip
• Depressors, retractors, evertors of lower lip
• A compound sphincter – orbicularis oris ,
incisivus superior and inferior.
• Buccinator

41. Levator labii superioris alaequae nasi
Origin – upper part of the frontal process
of maxilla
Insertion – greater alar cartilage of nose
and skin over it , some fibers into
lateral part of upper lip and floor of
dermis at the nasolabial furrow and
ridge.
Vascular supply – facial artery and
infraorbital branch of maxillary artery.

42. Levator labii superioris alaequae nasi
Innervation – zygomatic and
buccal branches of facial
nerve.
Action – raises and everts the
upper lip, increases the
curvature of top of nasolabial
furrow , dilates the nostrils.

43. Levator labii superioris
Origin – maxilla and zygomatic
bone above the infraorbital
foramen.
Insertion– muscular substances of
upper lip
Vascular supply- facial artery and
infraorbital branch of maxillary
artery.

44. Levator labii superioris
Innervation . – zygomatic and
buccal branches of facial
nerve.
Action – elevates and everts
the upper lip, modifies the
nasolabial furrow.

45. Zygomatic major
Origin – zygomatic bone just in front of
zygomaticotemporal suture
Insertion – at the angle of the mouth
Vascular supply – superior labial branch
of facial artery

46. Zygomatic major
Innervation – zygomatic and buccal branches of
facial nerve
Action – draws the angle of the
mouth upwards and laterally
as in laughing

47. LAUGH

48. Zygomatic minor
Origin – lateral surface of zygomatic
bone behind the
zygomaticomaxillary suture
Insertion – muscular substances of
upper lip
Vascular supply. – superior labial
branch of facial artery

49. Zygomatic minor
Innervation – zygomatic and buccal branches of
facial nerve
Action – elevates the upper lip, exposing the
max teeth , deepening and elevating nasolabial
furrow, curl the upper lip in smiling, contempt.

50. Levator anguli oris
Innervation – zygomatic and
buccal branches of facial nerve
Action – raises the angle of the
mouth
In smiling, depth and
contour of nasolabial furrow

52. Levator anguli oris
Origin – canine fossa of maxilla
Insertion – into and below the angle of
mouth
Vascular Supply – superior labial branch
of facial and infraorbital branch of
maxillary arteries

53. Mentalis
Origin – incisive fossa of mandible
Insertion – skin of the chin
Vascular supply - inferior labial branch of
facial and mental branch of maxillary
arteries

54. Mentalis
Innervation – mandibular branch
of facial nerve
Action – raises the lower lip ,
wrinkling the skin of the chin,
helps in drinking
Expression – doubt

55. Depressor labii inferioris
Origin – oblique line of the mandible between
the symphysis menti and mental foramen
Insertion – into the skin and mucosa of lower lip
Vascular supply – inferior labial branch of facial ,
mental branch of maxillary artery

56. Depressor labii inferioris
Innervation – mandibular
branch of facial nerve
Action – draws the lower lip
downwards and little laterally
and assist in eversion of lower
lip
Expression – irony , sorrow
, doubt.

57. Depressor angular oris
Origin – mental tubercle of
mandible and its
continuation, the
oblique line –dep. labii inf.
Insertion – at the angle of the
mouth
Vascular supply – inferior labial branch of
facial , mental branch of maxillary artery

58. Depressor angular oris
Innervation – buccal and
mandibular branches of
facial nerve
Action – draws the angle of
mouth downwards and
laterally in opening mouth
,expressing sadness

59. sadness

60. Buccinator (whistling muscle)
Origin
- upper fibers from outer
surface of alveolar process
of upper molar teeth ,
- lower fibers from
corresponding area of mandible ,
- middle fibers from
pterygomandibular raphe

61. Buccinator (whistling muscle)
Insertion – upper fibers into upper lip ,
- lower fibers into lower lip ,
- upper of middle fibers cross the angle of mouth
to run into lower lip and lower of these fibers;
similarly run into upper lip
• Vascular supply – facial and buccal branch of maxillary arteries

62. • Action – compresses the cheek against the
teeth and gums during mastication, and assist
the tongue in directing food b/w the teeth
Innervation – buccal branch of facial nerve

64. Orbicularis oris
• Comprising of extrinsic and intrinsic parts.
Extrinsic part – consists of fibers of other muscles which
converge on the lips
Intrinsic part – with in the lip consists 3 types of fibers –
radiating , circular , antero - posterior

65. Orbicularis oris
Vascular supply – superior , inferior
labial branches of facial artery and
mental , infraorbital branches of
maxillary and transverse facial
branch of superficial temporal
artery
Innervation – buccal and mandibular
branches of facial nerve
Action – varying kind of movements
of lips like pouting , pursing ,
twisting

66. PURSING OF THE LIPS

67. Incisivus labii superioris
Origin – floor of incisive fossa of the maxilla
Insertion - modiolus
Incisivus labii inferioris
Origin - floor of incisive fossa of the mandible
Insertion - modiolus

68. Risorius (grinning muscle)
Origin – fascia covering the parotid
Insertion – skin, mucous membrane of angle of
mouth and orbicularis oris
Vascular supply – superior labial branch of facial
artery

69. Risorius (grinning muscle)
• Innervation – buccal branch of facial nerve
Action – pulls the corner of the mouth laterally
- grinning and laughing

70. GRINNING

71. Modiolus

72. • In facial anatomy, the modiolus is a chiasma
of facial muscles held together by fibrous
tissue, located lateral and slightly superior to
each angle of the mouth. It is important in
moving the mouth, facial expression and in
dentistry. It derives its motor nerve supply
from the facial nerve, and its blood supply
from labial branches of the facial artery.

73. • It is contributed to by the
following muscles:
orbicularis oris, buccinator,
levator anguli oris, depressor
anguli oris, zygomaticus
major, risorius quadratus
labii superioris, quadratus
labii inferioris.

74. Platysma
• Origin: upper parts of pectoral and deltoid
fasciae. Fibres run upwards and medially.
• Insertion: anterior fibres, to the base of
mandible; posterior fibres to the skin of the
lower face and lip and may be continous with
the risorius.
• Innervation: cervical branch of facial nerve

75. Action: releases pressure of skin on the subjacent veins;
depresses mandible;
pulls the angle of the
mouth downwards as in
horror or surprise.

76. APPLIED ASPECTS

77. Myotonia
• Failure of Muscle relaxation after the
cessation of voluntary contraction
classified 3 types
• Congenital
• Acquired
• Dystrophic

78. Dystrophic myotonia
• Weakness of muscles
including of jaw , face, neck
levators of eyelids.
• Ist occurs in hand, limb, arms
Ptosis of eyelids, atrophy of
masseter and sternocleido
mastoid, weakness of facial
muscles.
„Myopathic facies‟ and „Swan
neck‟.

79. Myasthenia gravis
• Auto immune disease
• Auto antibodies to acetyl
choline receptors are seen
• Profound weakness of muscles
• diplopia , ptosis,drooping of
face – sorrowful appearance of
pt

80. • Dental interest-
muscles of mastication
and facial expression
involved
Pt has difficulty in mastication and
deglutition, slow slurred speech
Tr t- anticholinesterases are
injected i/m
Drooping eyelids is an early and prominent
sign.
“Sorrowful appearance”

81. • Facial soft-tissue injuries are not uncommon.The position and
anatomy of the face make it particularly vulnerable to trauma
• a systematic approach to facial laceration repair ensures the
best chance at an optimum outcome
FACIAL LACERATIONS

82. • Cosmetic results are better when minimal tension is placed on
the wound edges at the time of repair. Therefore, wounds with
the long axis parallel to the natural skin tension lines have
much better cosmetic outcomes.
The degree of tension on the wound
edges can be estimated by measuring
the distance, the wound edges retract
away from the center of the lesion.
• Marked retraction (>5 mm) indicates
strong skin tension. With such wounds, placement of dermal
sutures in a 2-layer closure should be considered.

83. Facial Hemiatrophy
• Characterised by progressive atrophy and
wasting of subcutaneous fat, skin, cartilage,
bone, muscle of essentially half of the face.

84. •Most common early sign is
a painless cleft, „coup de
sabre‟ near midline of
face/forehead.
•Bluish hue may appear in
skin overlying atrophic fat.

85. Facial Hemihypertrophy
• Patients affected by condition exhibit an
enlargement which is confined to one side of
the body, unilateral macroglossia and
premature development, and eruption as well
as increased size of dentition.
• Cause is unknown, but has been variously
ascribed to vascular or lymphatic
abnormaliities; CNS disturbances; and
chromosomal abnormalities.

86. HEMIFACIAL MICROSOMIA
• Syn-Goldenhar Syndrome, Brachial arch syn, Facio-
auriculovertebral syn, lateral facial dysplasia.
• This condition in which tissues on
One side of face are underdeveloped
affecting primarily ear, mouth and
jaw areas.
• Sometimes both sides of face can be affected.

87. FACIAL PARALYSIS
Congenital
 MÖbius syndrome
 Myotonic dystrophy
FACIAL
PARALYSIS
Infectious/Idiopathic
Melkerson-Rosenthal syndrome
Ramsay-Hunt
Otitis media/mastoiditis/meningitis
Lyme Disease
Necrotizing Otitis externa
HIV, TB, EBV, syphillis
Tetanus
Systemic
Sarcoidosis
Amyloidosis
Hyperostosis
Neurologic
Guillian-Barre
Myasthenia Gravis
Stroke
Multiple sclerosis
Toxins/Trauma
Head trauma
Temporal bone trauma
Birth trauma
Tumor
Parotid
Acoustic neuroma
Glioma
Meningioma
Facial neuroma

88. REFERENCES
 BD Chaurasia‟s; Human Anatomy, 10th edition.
 M Govindraj; Human Anatomy for BDS students, 1st edition.
 Gray‟s Anatomy; Anatomical basis of clinical practise, 39th
edition
 Grants; Atlas of Anatomy, 10th edition.
 Text book of oral pathology-Shafer

89. A man's face is his autobiography
-Oscar Wilde
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