The document provides biographical information about Ludwig van Beethoven and discusses the history and development of the symphony. It describes Beethoven's early training and career in Vienna, his breakthrough works of the "middle period" including heroic symphonies like the Eroica, and his late works that pushed musical boundaries. The symphony evolved over the 18th century from overtures and sinfonias to a four-movement structure popularized by Haydn, Mozart and early Beethoven works.

1. MUS103: Survey of Music History II Dr. Kathleen Bondurant, Ph.D. The Symphony and Sinfonietta

10. A Younger Beethoven http://www.sequenza21.com/uploaded_images/Beethoven-764449.jpg

13. Beethoven composing http://www.musicwithease.com/beethoven-06.jpg

15. http://www.marxist.com/beethoven-man-composer-revolutionary190506.htm

20. Robert Schumann http://www.karadar.com/Jpg/Schumann_Robert_and_Wieck_Clara_01.jpg Robert Schumann The son of a bookseller, publisher and writer, Robert Schumann showed early abilities in both music and literature, the second facility used in his later writing on musical subjects. After brief study at university, he was allowed by his widowed mother and guardian to undertake serious study of the piano with Friedrich Wieck, whose favorite daughter Clara Wieck was later to become Schumann's wife. His ambitions as a pianist were thwarted by a weakness in the fingers of one hand, but the 1830s nevertheless brought a number of compositions for the instrument. The year of his marriage, 1840, was a year of song, followed by attempts in which his young wife encouraged him at more ambitious forms of orchestral composition. Settling first in Leipzig and then in Dresden, the Schumanns moved in 1850 to Duesseldorf, where Schumann had his first official appointment, as municipal director of music. In 1854 he had a serious mental break-down, followed by two years in the asylum at Endenich before his death in 1856. As a composer Schumann's gifts are clearly heard in his piano music and in his songs.

22. Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy http://www.karadar.com/PhotoGallery/mendelssohn.html Das Gewandhaus where Mendelssohn was conductor. http://www.burgmueller.com/FMB.JPG Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy

30. Text Sources: Sadie, Stanley, ed. “Europe”, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , Vol. 9. Macmillan Publishers, Ltd. London.1980. P. 295-315. Wade, Bonnie C., Thinking Musically: Expressing Music; Expressing Culture , Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. 2004. P. 50, 58, 98. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Europe http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_music http://www.karadar.com/PhotoGallery/schumann.html http://www.karadar.com/Dictionary/bartok.html http://www.karadar.com/PhotoGallery/mahler.html Sadie, Stanley, ed. “Waltz”, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , Vol. 20. Macmillan Publishers, Ltd. London.1980. P. 200-206. Sadie, Stanley, ed. “Polka”, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , Vol. 15. Macmillan Publishers, Ltd. London.1980. P. 42-44. www.musicwithease.com http://w3.rz-berlin.mpg.de/cmp/beethoven.html