Something has been happening in America. More and more young people are showing up with various mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders—based on the 2009 Institute of Medicine Report on the Prevention of Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People. These disorders—from alcohol addiction to other serious mental and behavioral problems—are not just happening in K-12 education: they are fully present in larger numbers on college and university campuses. And, even more importantly, they are now epidemic in our broader society, causing untold damage to the fiscal stability of America, its national security, and global economic competitiveness.
Oddly, it is American institutions of higher learning that have pioneered the world’s best science why and how this epidemic is happening and what can be done to avert the problems. Still more oddly, it is not American institutions of higher learning leading the charge on applying that science—something at odds with the unique heritage of America applying science to better the world. Other rich democracies now lead in applying prevention science for the protection of their future generations.
American Colleges and Universities can become one of the drivers of great carbon revolution, not just a revolution in silicon technology. By a carbon revolution, this means resolving the problems of human behavior that are the largest burdens of social and economic pain and suffering.
In my presentations, I intend to outline how the youthful energies of our young people might be combined with prevention science for population-level prevention and protection against mental, emotional, behavioral and related physical disorders plaguing our futures.
• First, the presentation is aimed at evoking understanding of how these problems have arisen from fundamental evolutionary mismatch—something that my colleagues in the evolutionary sciences have started to map well.
• Second, the presentation gives concrete examples of how prevention science can be scaled to a public-health model to protect our young people and our broader society.
• Third, the presentation outlines how colleges and universities—students, faculty and staff—might have a leadership role in changing the trajectory of these problems rapidly.
• Fourth, the presentation maps how all this can be funded in a politically powerful way, which will in turn strengthen colleges and universities by reducing the huge rise in tuition and other costs that have well outpaced inflation. Indeed, the cost of higher education is now significantly higher in the US proportionately than that of other rich democracies.
I realize that this not a standard presentation about addictions among our college-age youth, decrying the alcohol industry or arguing over the age of drinking or the legalization of marijuana. I believe we must have a much bigger solution, not just for the sake of the young people on our campuses—but for all o
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Upstream alcohol prevention rowan university
1. Upstream Prevention of
Alcohol and Related
Problems among America’s
Young People: Reclaiming
America’s Promise
An
inquiry
into
possibili/es Dennis D. Embry, Ph.D.
President/Senior Scientist
West
Windsor,
NJ
•
Nov
14,
2012
PAXIS Institute
Wednesday, November 14, 12
2. A recent
webinar
experience
on prevention
Wednesday, November 14, 12
10. Is this early
prevention?
Wednesday, November 14, 12
11. Thinking way upstream
What might be the early malleable predictors?
What if universities
started here
with early
prevention?
Wednesday, November 14, 12
12. Thinking way upstream
What might be the early malleable predictors?
Could we actually change those predictors easily
and reliably?
And what else might change as a consequence
of the prevention or protection strategies? That
is, how and why are these human problems
so deeply connected?
Wednesday, November 14, 12
14. 15 Will have
Eating
Disorders
Sexual
Weapons
28
Violence Will have
Sexual Crimes
Out of 100
Violent Physical Weapons Substance
Bullying
Assaults Violence Fighting
Felonies Abuse
SexualViolent
Abuse
Crimes Disorder
20 Antisocial
Violence
Bullying
Bullying Assaults Weapons Fighting
Felonies
Physical
Fighting Abuse
Crimes
Will have Bullying Violent
youth will…
Depression Assaults Assaults Fighting
Felonies
Crimes
Physical
Weapons
Abuse
Violent
Sexual Physical
Felonies
Abuse
Violence
37 Will engage in
Risky Sexual
37%
Behavior
Wednesday, November 14, 12
15. 15 Will have
Eating 14 Will have
Eating
Disorders Disorders
28
33
Sexual
Violence Weapons Will have Unprotected Sex
Sexual Crimes
Out of 100
Violent Physical Weapons Substance
Bullying
Assaults Violence Fighting
Felonies Abuse
SexualViolent
Abuse
Crimes Disorder Out of 100
Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners Will have
Unprotected Sex AIDS
HIV
EarlyUnprotected Sex
Sex
Substance
20 Antisocial
Violence
Bullying
Bullying Assaults Weapons Fighting
Felonies
Physical
Fighting Abuse
Crimes 23 Youth doing
Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners
Abuse
Disorder
Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners
Will have Bullying Violent HIV AIDS
Will have Early Sex Unprotected Sex
youth will…
Depression Assaults Assaults Fighting
Felonies
Crimes
Physical
Weapons
Abuse Depression
Risky Sex
Early Sex
HIV AIDS
Violent Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners
Sexual Physical
Felonies HIV AIDS
Abuse Early Sex
Violence
37 Will engage in
Risky Sexual
30 Will have
37% Antisocial
Behavior
Behavior
Wednesday, November 14, 12
16. 15 Will have
Eating 14 Will have
Eating
Disorders Disorders
28
33
Sexual
Violence Weapons Will have Unprotected Sex
Sexual Crimes
Out of 100
Violent Physical Weapons Substance
Bullying
Assaults Violence Fighting
Felonies Abuse
SexualViolent
Abuse
Crimes Disorder Out of 100
Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners Will have
Unprotected Sex AIDS
HIV
EarlyUnprotected Sex
Sex
Substance
20 Antisocial
Violence
Bullying
Bullying Assaults Weapons Fighting
Felonies
Physical
Fighting Abuse
Crimes 23 Youth doing
Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners
Abuse
Disorder
Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners
Will have Bullying Violent HIV AIDS
Will have Early Sex Unprotected Sex
youth will…
Depression Assaults Assaults Fighting
Felonies
Crimes
Physical
Weapons
Abuse Depression
Risky Sex
Early Sex
HIV AIDS
Violent Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners
Sexual Physical
Felonies HIV AIDS
Abuse Early Sex
Violence
37 Will engage in 14 will have 30 Will have
Risky Sexual
37%
Behavior
Eating
Disorders 30Will have Antisocial
Behavior
Antisocial
Poly Drug Addiction Behavior
18 Poly Drug Addiction
Tobacco Addiction
Alcohol Abuse
Prescription Drug Abuse
Out of 100
Poly Drug Addiction
Prescription Drug Abuse
Tobacco Addiction 100e
Illegal Drug Abus
Prescription Drug Abuse Drug Abuse
Illegal
Will have Alcohol Abuse Addiction
Depression
Substance
Poly Drug
Tobacco Addiction
Illegal DrugTobacco Addiction
Abuse
Users…
Alcohol Abuse
Prescription Drug Abuse
Poly Drug Illegal Drug Abuse
Addiction
Alcohol Abuse
38 Will engage in
Risky Sexual
Behavior
Wednesday, November 14, 12
17. 15 Will have
Eating 14 Will have
Eating
Disorders Disorders
28
33
Sexual
Violence Weapons Will have Unprotected Sex
Sexual Crimes
Out of 100
Violent Physical Weapons Substance
Bullying
Assaults Violence Fighting
Felonies Abuse
SexualViolent
Abuse
Crimes Disorder Out of 100
Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners Will have
Unprotected Sex AIDS
HIV
EarlyUnprotected Sex
Sex
Substance
20 Antisocial
Violence
Bullying
Bullying Assaults Weapons Fighting
Felonies
Physical
Fighting Abuse
Crimes 23 Youth doing
Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners
Abuse
Disorder
Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners
Will have Bullying Violent HIV AIDS
Will have Early Sex Unprotected Sex
youth will…
Depression Assaults Assaults Fighting
Felonies
Crimes
Physical
Weapons
Abuse Depression
Risky Sex
Early Sex
HIV AIDS
Violent Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners
Sexual Physical
Felonies HIV AIDS
Abuse Early Sex
Violence
37 Will engage in 14 will have
30 Will have 23 Will have
Antisocial 20 Will have
Substance
Risky Sexual
37%
Behavior
Eating
Disorders 30Will have Antisocial
Behavior
Behavior Abuse
Disorder
Antisocial Eating Disorders
Poly Drug Addiction Behavior
Out of 100
Eating Disorders Eating Disorders
18 Poly Drug Addiction
Tobacco Addiction
Alcohol Abuse
Prescription Drug Abuse
Eating disorders Eating Disorders
Eating Disorders
Eating Disorders
Out of 100
Poly Drug Addiction
Prescription Drug Abuse
Tobacco Addiction 100e
Illegal Drug Abus YouthDisorders 26
Eating DisordersEating
with
Eating Disorders Eating DIsorders
Eating Disorders
Prescription Drug Abuse Drug Abuse
Illegal
Will have Alcohol Abuse Addiction
Substance
Poly Drug Eating Disorders S
Eating Disorders
Depression Tobacco Addiction
Illegal DrugTobacco Addiction
Abuse eating Disorders Risky
Eating Disorders
Eating Disorders Eating
Will engage
in
Users…
Alcohol Abuse
Prescription Drug Abuse disorders DisordersSexual
Eating
Eating Disorders behavior
Poly Drug Illegal Drug Abuse
Addiction
Alcohol Abuse
31 Will have
Depression
38 Will engage in
Risky Sexual
Behavior
Wednesday, November 14, 12
18. 15 Will have
Eating 14 Will have
Eating
Disorders
And, how are
Disorders
28
33
Sexual
Weapons Unprotected Sex
these connected?
Violence Will have
Sexual Crimes
Out of 100
Violent Physical Weapons Substance
Bullying
Assaults Violence Fighting
Felonies Abuse
SexualViolent
Abuse
Crimes Disorder Out of 100
Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners Will have
Unprotected Sex AIDS
HIV
EarlyUnprotected Sex
Sex
Substance
20 Antisocial
Violence
Bullying
Bullying Assaults Weapons Fighting
Felonies
Physical
Fighting Abuse
Crimes 23 Youth doing
Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners
Abuse
Disorder
Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners
Will have Bullying Violent HIV AIDS
Will have Early Sex Unprotected Sex
youth will…
Depression Assaults Assaults Fighting
Felonies
Crimes
Physical
Weapons
Abuse Depression
Risky Sex
Early Sex
HIV AIDS
Violent Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners
Sexual Physical
Felonies HIV AIDS
Abuse Early Sex
Violence
37 Will engage in 14 will have
30 Will have 23 Will have
Antisocial 20 Will have
Substance
Risky Sexual
37%
Behavior
Eating
Disorders 30Will have Antisocial
Behavior
Behavior Abuse
Disorder
Antisocial Eating Disorders
Poly Drug Addiction Behavior
Out of 100
Eating Disorders Eating Disorders
18 Poly Drug Addiction
Tobacco Addiction
Alcohol Abuse
Prescription Drug Abuse
Eating disorders Eating Disorders
Eating Disorders
Eating Disorders
Out of 100
Poly Drug Addiction
Prescription Drug Abuse
Tobacco Addiction 100e
Illegal Drug Abus YouthDisorders 26
Eating DisordersEating
with
Eating Disorders Eating DIsorders
Eating Disorders
Prescription Drug Abuse Drug Abuse
Illegal
Will have Alcohol Abuse Addiction
Substance
Poly Drug Eating Disorders S
Eating Disorders
Depression Tobacco Addiction
Illegal DrugTobacco Addiction
Abuse eating Disorders Risky
Eating Disorders
Eating Disorders Eating
Will engage
in
Users…
Alcohol Abuse
Prescription Drug Abuse disorders DisordersSexual
Eating
Eating Disorders behavior
Poly Drug Illegal Drug Abuse
Addiction
Alcohol Abuse
31 Will have
Depression
38 Will engage in
Risky Sexual
Behavior
Wednesday, November 14, 12
19. 15 Will have
Eating 14 Will have
Eating
Disorders
And, how are
Disorders
28
33
Sexual
Weapons Unprotected Sex
these connected?
Violence Will have
Sexual Crimes
Out of 100
Violent Physical Weapons Substance
Bullying
Assaults Violence Fighting
Felonies Abuse
SexualViolent
Abuse
Crimes Disorder Out of 100
Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners Will have
Unprotected Sex AIDS
HIV
EarlyUnprotected Sex
Sex
Substance
20 Antisocial
Violence
Bullying
Bullying Assaults Weapons Fighting
Felonies
Physical
Fighting Abuse
Crimes 23 Youth doing
Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners
Abuse
Disorder
Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners
Will have Bullying Violent HIV AIDS
Will have Early Sex Unprotected Sex
youth will…
Depression Assaults Assaults Fighting
Felonies
Crimes
Physical
Weapons
Abuse Depression
Risky Sex
Early Sex
HIV AIDS
Violent Teen Pregnancy Multiple Partners
Sexual Physical
Felonies HIV AIDS
Abuse Early Sex
Violence
37 Will engage in 14 will have
30 Will have 23 Will have
Antisocial 20 Will have
Substance
These are examples 30Will have
of interrelated multi-problem behaviors.
Risky Sexual Eating
37% Behavior Abuse Antisocial
Behavior Disorders
Disorder Behavior
Antisocial Eating Disorders
Poly Drug Addiction Behavior
Out of 100
Eating Disorders Eating Disorders
18 Poly Drug Addiction
Tobacco Addiction
Alcohol Abuse
Prescription Drug Abuse
Eating disorders Eating Disorders
Eating Disorders
Eating Disorders
Out of 100
Poly Drug Addiction
Prescription Drug Abuse
Tobacco Addiction 100e
Illegal Drug Abus YouthDisorders 26
Eating DisordersEating
with
Eating Disorders Eating DIsorders
Eating Disorders
Prescription Drug Abuse Drug Abuse
Illegal
Will have Alcohol Abuse Addiction
Substance
Poly Drug Eating Disorders S
Eating Disorders
Depression Tobacco Addiction
Illegal DrugTobacco Addiction
Abuse eating Disorders Risky
Eating Disorders
Eating Disorders Eating
Will engage
in
Users…
Alcohol Abuse
Prescription Drug Abuse disorders DisordersSexual
Eating
Eating Disorders behavior
Poly Drug Illegal Drug Abuse
Addiction
Alcohol Abuse
31 Will have
Depression
38 Will engage in
Risky Sexual
Behavior
Wednesday, November 14, 12
20. A question about genes
(biology) and jeans
(environment)?
How much evidence is there for genes predicting risk of
mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders?
Wednesday, November 14, 12
21. A question about genes
(biology) and jeans
(environment)?
How much evidence is there for genes predicting risk of
mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders?
A lot Some A little None
Wednesday, November 14, 12
22. A question about genes
(biology) and jeans
(environment)?
How much evidence is there for genes predicting risk of
mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders?
A lot Some A little None
How much evidence is there for environmental prediction
risk of mental, emotional, & behavioral disorders?
A lot Some A little None
Wednesday, November 14, 12
24. What became the principal
vertebrate predator of humans
after the invention of stone tools?
My hypothesis
emerges from a What became the principal
source of safety for humans after
series of questions? that fierce predator appeared of
humans?
What are the unique, innate
(evolutionarily selected) “tool kits”
that humans have to cooperate
with other humans?
Wednesday, November 14, 12
25. Some example evolutionary “tool kits”:
Use of arbitrary sounds and symbols to influence each others’
behavior.
Bi-directional “wealth” transfer between generations.
Ability to form “teams” of non-related humans for group
advantage and reinforcers.
Ability to plan modifications of environment for common gain.
Wednesday, November 14, 12
26. Social Biological
Epigenesis Environmental Inputs Genesis
Nurturing or Toxic
Epigenetics are Environments, These
heritable Disease, or polygenes
Threats
changes in can be
gene expression “added”,
caused by “subtracted”,
M
mechanisms g “divided”, or
or
lin
Phosphorlyation
ph
other than “multiplied.”
na
og
Acetylation
Sig
en
changes in the Methylation
sis
underlying DNA Histone Remodeling
Chromatin Stucture Changes
sequence.
Development Immunity Stem Cell Changes Imprinting
These changes Parent,
can pass Three 1st Generation
through multiple Generation Baby,
2nd Generation
Effects
generations.
Reproductive Cells,
3rd Generation
Wednesday, November 14, 12
28. K R
Path Path
Evolutionary Path
of a Child’s Life
Probability of short-life and
Probability of long-life and doubtful reproductive success
reproductive success
Wednesday, November 14, 12
29. Multi-Inflammatory Brain & Body Response
Toxic Influences of the Adverse Trends Predicting MEBs & Related Illnesses
Toxic Reinforcement Toxic Antecedents Toxic Physiological Toxic Verbal Relations
more for anti-social cue anti-social influences trigger occasion perceived
than prosocial acts and threats adverse biological threats and related
behaviors mechanisms reactions
The Same Toxic Conditions Predict Multiple Disorders
Wednesday, November 14, 12
30. Mood Lo Reward Lo Executive Lo Behavioral
Inattention Function
Instability Delay Competencies
Poor Immune-
Motor Healing
Skills Multi-Inflammatory Brain & Body Response Dysfunction
Toxic Influences of the Adverse Trends Predicting MEBs & Related Illnesses
Toxic Reinforcement Toxic Antecedents Toxic Physiological Toxic Verbal Relations
more for anti-social cue anti-social influences trigger occasion perceived
than prosocial acts and threats adverse biological threats and related
behaviors mechanisms reactions
The Same Toxic Conditions Predict Multiple Disorders
Wednesday, November 14, 12
31. Substance Work Obesity,
Early Mental Illness Violence Cancer School
Abuse Problems etc
Sex Failure
Mood Lo Reward Lo Executive Lo Behavioral
Inattention Function
Instability Delay Competencies
Poor Immune-
STD’s Motor Healing Special
Skills Multi-Inflammatory Brain & Body Response Dysfunction Ed
Toxic Influences of the Adverse Trends Predicting MEBs & Related Illnesses
Toxic Reinforcement Toxic Antecedents Toxic Physiological Toxic Verbal Relations
more for anti-social cue anti-social influences trigger occasion perceived
than prosocial acts and threats adverse biological threats and related
behaviors mechanisms reactions
The Same Toxic Conditions Predict Multiple Disorders
Wednesday, November 14, 12
32. Multi Anti-Inflammatory Brain & Body Response
Nurturing Environments Protecting the Futures of Children, Youth and Adults
Nur. Reinforcement Nur. Antecedents Nur. Physiological Nur. Verbal Relations
more for prosocial cue prosocial influences trigger occasion perceived
behaviors behaviors protective biological efficacy, safety and
mechanisms affiliation
The Same Nurturing Conditions Protect and Prevent
Wednesday, November 14, 12
33. Mood Hi Reward Hi Executive Hi Behavioral
Attention Delay
Stability Function Competencies
Good Immune-
Motor Healing
Skills Multi Anti-Inflammatory Brain & Body Response Efficiency
Nurturing Environments Protecting the Futures of Children, Youth and Adults
Nur. Reinforcement Nur. Antecedents Nur. Physiological Nur. Verbal Relations
more for prosocial cue prosocial influences trigger occasion perceived
behaviors behaviors protective biological efficacy, safety and
mechanisms affiliation
The Same Nurturing Conditions Protect and Prevent
Wednesday, November 14, 12
34. Heart
Low Work Low
Delayed Mental health Prosociality Success
Health
Hi Sch.
Addictions etc Cancer
Sex Grad
Mood Hi Reward Hi Executive Hi Behavioral
Attention Delay
Stability Function Competencies
Good Immune-
Low Motor Healing Higher
Injuries Skills Multi Anti-Inflammatory Brain & Body Response Efficiency Ed
Nurturing Environments Protecting the Futures of Children, Youth and Adults
Nur. Reinforcement Nur. Antecedents Nur. Physiological Nur. Verbal Relations
more for prosocial cue prosocial influences trigger occasion perceived
behaviors behaviors protective biological efficacy, safety and
mechanisms affiliation
The Same Nurturing Conditions Protect and Prevent
Wednesday, November 14, 12
35. Principles for Increasing
Nurturing Environments
Minimize toxic social and biological
conditions
Promote and richly reinforce diverse
forms of prosocial behavior
Limit opportunities for problem behavior
Promote psychological flexibility—a
mindful approach to pursuing one’s
values
Wednesday, November 14, 12
37. Lifetime Prevalence of Disorders in US Adolescents (N=10,123)
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
Merikangas et al., 2010
0%
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Age in Years
Wednesday, November 14, 12
38. Lifetime Prevalence of Disorders in US Adolescents (N=10,123)
35%
Anxiety
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
Merikangas et al., 2010
0%
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Age in Years
Wednesday, November 14, 12
39. Lifetime Prevalence of Disorders in US Adolescents (N=10,123)
35%
Anxiety
30%
25%
Behavior
20%
15%
10%
5%
Merikangas et al., 2010
0%
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Age in Years
Wednesday, November 14, 12
40. Lifetime Prevalence of Disorders in US Adolescents (N=10,123)
35%
Anxiety
30%
25%
Behavior
20%
Mood
15%
10%
5%
Merikangas et al., 2010
0%
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Age in Years
Wednesday, November 14, 12
41. Lifetime Prevalence of Disorders in US Adolescents (N=10,123)
35%
Anxiety
30%
25%
Substance
Behavior
20%
Mood
15%
10%
5%
Merikangas et al., 2010
0%
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Age in Years
Wednesday, November 14, 12
42. The US has
75 million
children and
teens.
40.4 million
are on
psychotropic
medications
Wall Street Journal, 12-28-2010
Wednesday, November 14, 12
43. Cumulative prevalence of psychiatric disorders by young adulthood
By 21 years of age,
61.1% of participants
had met criteria for a
well-specified psychiatric
disorder.
An additional 21.4% had
met criteria for a not
otherwise specified
disorder only, increasing
the total cumulative
prevalence for any
disorder to 82.5%.
a prospective cohort analysis from the Great Smoky Mountains Study.
Wednesday, November 14, 12
44. The US has 75
million children
and teens.
Wall Street
Journal,
12-28-2010
Wednesday, November 14, 12
45. The US has 75
million children
and teens.
40.4 million kids had
one psychotropic
med in 2009
Wall Street
Journal,
12-28-2010
Wednesday, November 14, 12
46. So can we actually impact these toxic trends?
Perhaps, with some non-
pharmaceutical, universal
“behavioral vaccines”
Wednesday, November 14, 12
47. What are behavioral vaccines?
Read more about the science at www.PubMed.gov
Wednesday, November 14, 12
49. Longitudinal Johns Hopkins Studies of GBG
Kindergarden
Every
child
rated by
teachers
Wednesday, November 14, 12
50. Longitudinal Johns Hopkins Studies of GBG
Kindergarden
Every
child
rated by
teachers
Wednesday, November 14, 12
51. Longitudinal Johns Hopkins Studies of GBG
Kindergarden First Grade
Every GBG
child
rated by
teachers NO GBG
Tested in 41 first-
and second-grade
classrooms within 19
elementary schools
with two consecutive
groups of first
graders.
Wednesday, November 14, 12
52. Longitudinal Johns Hopkins Studies of GBG
Grades 2 thru 12
Kindergarden First Grade
Follow Up
Every GBG No More GBG
child
rated by
teachers NO GBG No GBG
Tested in 41 first- Purpose: To find out if
and second-grade GBG affected their
classrooms within 19 adolescent lives.
elementary schools
Note: Some kids got GBG
with two consecutive in 1st Grade only, and
groups of first some in both 1st & 2nd
graders. grade,
Wednesday, November 14, 12
53. Longitudinal Johns Hopkins Studies of GBG
Grades 2 thru 12 Young Adulthood
Kindergarden First Grade
Follow Up Follow Up
GBG Age Age Age
Every No More GBG
child 19-21 26 30
rated by
Age Age Age
teachers NO GBG No GBG
19-21 26 30
Tested in 41 first- Purpose: To find out if Purpose: To find out if
and second-grade GBG affected their GBG affected their
classrooms within 19 adolescent lives. adult lives.
elementary schools
Note: Some kids got GBG
with two consecutive in 1st Grade only, and
groups of first some in both 1st & 2nd
graders. grade,
Wednesday, November 14, 12
54. They teach children a vision of a wonderful school
Wednesday, November 14, 12
55. To create more good, By sweeping away the
called “PAX” “bad”, called “Spleems”
Wednesday, November 14, 12
56. Playing the PAX Game by Teams:
During any regular teaching & learning activity
The Blue Team The Red Team The Yellow Team
Wednesday, November 14, 12
57. Their Team Aim: to Win PAX
Not OK
Ms. Dion Jan 23
Spleems are counted and marked with neutral
No Spleems Blue tone for the team, not the individual child.
Peeling cards up is a spleem for your team Red
Teams who have 3 or fewer Spleems win.
Yellow
Winning teams earn a “Granny’s Wacky Prize”.
Team having 4 or more Spleems lose that game.
PAX Minutes = winning teams x minutes played.
Wednesday, November 14, 12
58. Their Team Aim: to Win PAX
Not OK
Ms. Dion Jan 23
Spleems are counted and marked with neutral
No Spleems Blue tone for the team, not the individual child.
Peeling cards up is a spleem for your team Red
Teams who have 3 or fewer Spleems win.
Yellow
Winning teams earn a “Granny’s Wacky Prize”.
Team having 4 or more Spleems lose that game.
PAX Minutes = winning teams x minutes played.
Wednesday, November 14, 12
59. Their Team Aim: to Win PAX
Not OK
Ms. Dion Jan 23
Spleems are counted and marked with neutral
No Spleems Blue tone for the team, not the individual child.
Peeling cards up is a spleem for your team Red
Teams who have 3 or fewer Spleems win.
Yellow
Winning teams earn a “Granny’s Wacky Prize”.
Team having 4 or more Spleems lose that game.
20
40 PAX Minutes = winning teams x minutes played.
Wednesday, November 14, 12
60. Their Team Aim: to Win PAX
Not OK
Ms. Dion Jan 23
Spleems are counted and marked with neutral
No Spleems Blue tone for the team, not the individual child.
Peeling cards up is a spleem for your team Red
Teams who have 3 or fewer Spleems win.
Yellow
Winning teams earn a “Granny’s Wacky Prize”.
Team having 4 or more Spleems lose that game.
20
40 PAX Minutes = winning teams x minutes played.
Wednesday, November 14, 12
61. Their Team Aim: to Win PAX
Not OK
Ms. Dion Jan 23
Spleems are counted and marked with neutral
No Spleems Blue tone for the team, not the individual child.
Peeling cards up is a spleem for your team Red
Teams who have 3 or fewer Spleems win.
Yellow
Winning teams earn a “Granny’s Wacky Prize”.
Team having 4 or more Spleems lose that game.
20 20
40 60 PAX Minutes = winning teams x minutes played.
Wednesday, November 14, 12
62. Winning teams get “Granny’s
Wacky Prizes”
Brief (30 seconds or so) activity rewards for winning game
Start and stop with non-verbal cue
Based on mystery motivator and Premack Principle
Function as “intrinsic motivators”
Wednesday, November 14, 12
63. The PAX Game teaches
Individual and group goal orientation/
dependency
Voluntary control over attention
Self-regulation, self-calming under excitement
Self-regulation during failure or disappointment
Delay of gratification
Cooperation to achieve a bigger goal
How to ignore accidental attention to negative
behavior from peers
Mild sanctions for anti-social acts by others
Wednesday, November 14, 12
64. Relational
Antecedent Reinforcement Physiological
Frame
Kernels Kernels Kernel
Kernel
Creates verbal
Happens BEFORE the Happens AFTER the Changes biochemistry
relations for the
behavior behavior of behavior
behavior
Wednesday, November 14, 12
65. Relational
Antecedent Reinforcement Physiological
Frame
Kernels Kernels Kernel
Kernel
Creates verbal
Happens BEFORE the Happens AFTER the Changes biochemistry
relations for the
behavior behavior of behavior
behavior
PAX Quiet,
PAX Voices,
PAX Hands,
PAX Lines,
PAX Stix
Wednesday, November 14, 12
66. Relational
Antecedent Reinforcement Physiological
Frame
Kernels Kernels Kernel
Kernel
Creates verbal
Happens BEFORE the Happens AFTER the Changes biochemistry
relations for the
behavior behavior of behavior
behavior
PAX Quiet,
Granny’s
PAX Voices,
Wacky Prizes,
PAX Hands,
Tootle Notes,
PAX Lines,
PAX It Notes
PAX Stix
Wednesday, November 14, 12
67. Relational
Antecedent Reinforcement Physiological
Frame
Kernels Kernels Kernel
Kernel
Creates verbal
Happens BEFORE the Happens AFTER the Changes biochemistry
relations for the
behavior behavior of behavior
behavior
PAX Quiet, Wonderful
Granny’s
PAX Voices, School,
Wacky Prizes,
PAX Hands, PAX OK,
Tootle Notes,
PAX Lines, Spleems Not
PAX It Notes
PAX Stix OK
Wednesday, November 14, 12
68. Relational
Antecedent Reinforcement Physiological
Frame
Kernels Kernels Kernel
Kernel
Creates verbal
Happens BEFORE the Happens AFTER the Changes biochemistry
relations for the
behavior behavior of behavior
behavior
PAX Quiet, Wonderful
Granny’s
PAX Voices, School,
Wacky Prizes,
PAX Hands, PAX OK,
Tootle Notes,
PAX Lines, Spleems Not
PAX It Notes
PAX Stix OK
Wednesday, November 14, 12
69. Seine River Manitoba Pilot Demonstration
April, 2011 – Principals and key
staff trained for two days for all
12 schools.
45%
April, 2011 – First grade
classrooms then trained that
week
April through May – Each
successive month other grades
trained, including 8th grade
classes.
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71. Timeline of Benefits…
First Month
More time for Less stress for
teaching and learning Staff & Students
First Year
Better Fewer Fewer Service Less Happier Less Better
Attendance Referrals Needs Illness Families Vandalism Academics
2nd & 3rd Years
ADHD Oppositional Special Education
Averted Defiance Averted Averted
5-15 Years
No Less Less Conduct Less Less Crime, High School
Tobacco Alcohol Disorders Depression Violence, Suicide Grad & University
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72. HS
Long term impact of GBG on
School
Graduation
Academic Outcomes
GBG Control
80% 73.6%
64%
53.3%
58.6%
48%
40.3%
44.8%
32% 26%
26.4%
16%
12.8%
0%
Boys HS Graduation Girls HS Graduation Boys Univ. Entrance Girls Univ. Entrace
Source: Bradshaw, C. P., J. H. Zmuda, et al. (2009). "Longitudinal Impact of Two Universal Preventive Interventions in First Grade on
Educational Outcomes in High School." Journal of Educational Psychology 101(4): 926-937.
Wednesday, November 14, 12