Tom Godefrooij'in 7 Nisan 2011 günü Sürdürülebilir Ulaşım 2011 Kocaeli'de yaptığı sunum.
Presentation done by Tom Godefrooij on 7 April 2011 during Sustainable Transport 2011 Kocaeli, Turkey
Slovenia Vs Serbia UEFA Euro 2024 Fixture Guide Every Fixture Detailed.docx
Cycling, An Essential Part of Sustainable Transport
1. Cycling, an essential part of
y g, p
sustainable transport
Tom Godefrooij
Interface f Cycling Expertise I-CE
f for li i
tom.godefrooij@cycling.nl
Kocaeli, 7 April 2011
p
2. Contents
• Cycling
C li & transport planning
l i
• Cycling in historical perspective
• Some statistics: the potential
• Benefits and co benefits
co-benefits
• The way ahead
• It
I can be done: experiences
b d i
• Conclusions
3. • Cycling & transport planning
• Cycling in historical perspective
• Some statistics: the potential
• Benefits and co-benefits
• The
Th way ahead
h d
• It can be done: experiences
• Conclusions
4. Problematic trends
• I
Increasing urbanisation
i b i i
• Increasing motorisation
• Policies to accommodate this growth
• Lack of money
• Lack of space
• NNegative impacts
i i
5. What is transport all about?
p
Mobility,
M bili travel, transport, access…
l
• Quality ≠ maximizing km’s and speeds
travelled
• Quality:
the extent to which mobility
accommodates participation
• T
Transport and mobilty: enabling activity
d bil bli i i
6. Travel
market Transport
(trips) market
• A ti it
Activity (transport Traffic
patterns
systems) market
• Spatial
distribution • Availability (flows)
• Spread in time • Effectiveness • Routes
• … • Efficiency • Speeds
• Status • Manoeuvres
• Costs • Congestion
• … • S f t
Safety
• …
7. Transport planning
• To meet transport needs
• Individuals & society
• Maximising contribution of transport
to social & economic well being
• Minimising adverse effects
• Road safety
• Liveability
• Environment
• Climate
• …
8. Tactical goals
• Goals on travel market
• Minimise need for travelling
• Goals on transport market
• Optimal mode choice
• Short trips: Cycling and Walking
p y g g
• Longer trips: Public transport
• Goals on traffic market
• Adequate road design, including bicycle
facilities
9. Role of various modes
• Analysis of strengths and weaknesses
• Assess appropriateness modes /
transport systems for types of trips
• i utilise strengths
i.e. tili t th
• Provide alternatives for problematic use
• Not fit for the trip
• Too many adverse effects for society
11. Cycling, j t another mode of t
C li just th d f transport…?
t ?
12. • Cycling t
C li & transport planning
t l i
• Cycling in historical perspective
• Some statistics: the potential
• Benefits and co-benefits
• The
Th way ahead
h d
• It can be done: experiences
• Conclusions
13. Historical perspective
p p
• C and bicycle technology equally
Car d bi l t h l ll
modern
• Both based on the invention of ball
bearing in 19th century
• Cycling the dominant mode of transport in
y
the first half of the 20th century
14.
15. Decline after World War 2
• Fast
F growing population
i l i
• Growing income
• Rapid motorisation in 1960’s
• Size built up areas 2,9 times enlarged
29
• Cycling considered as ‘bound to disappear’
• Mopeds
M d peaking around 1970
ki d
16. ….and renaissance of cycling
y g
• Awareness car related problems
• Road safety
• E i
Environment & oil crisis
il i i
• Liveability
• Seizure of space motor traffic
(who s
(who’s road is it anyway?)
• Emerging civil society
• C li ’ organisations
Cyclists’ i i
18. What marked this revaluation?
• Roads for all
• Invention of ‘woonerf’ (early 1970’s)
(Traffic calmed residential areas)
• 30 km/h zones (early 1980’s)
• Residential function vs arterial function as
basis for urban traffic planning
• Attention to urban quality
• Cities for people, not for cars!
19. • Cycling t
C li & transport planning
t l i
• Cycling in historical perspective
• S
Some statistics: the potential
t ti ti th t ti l
• Benefits and co-benefits
• The
Th way ahead
h d
• It can be done: experiences
• Conclusions
20. Mobility in the Netherlands
• N th l d high car density/km2
Netherlands, hi h d it /k 2
• On average 3.2 trips per day:
• 1 trip car driver
• 0.8 trip bicycle
• 0.6 trip walking
• 0.5 trip car passenger
• 0.2 trip public transport
• 0.1
0 1 trip other
• In Top-5 most road-safe countries
21. Mobility in The Netherlands
50
45
40
35
30
25 Netherlands
20 Delft
15 Amsterdam
10
5
0
Car Public Bicycle Walking
Transport
(1995)
24. Most trips are short
p
• UK:
• 1/3 all trips < 1 m
ll t i
• Average trip length = 7 m
• A Average car trip length = 8,5 m
i l h 85
• USA:
• ¼ all trips < 1 m
• Almost ½ < 3 m
• India
• 56-72% urban trips < 5 km
• Delhi: 45% car trips and 38% PT < 5 km
26. Conclusions so far…
• M problems i cities
Most bl in i i
• Majority of trips within cycling distance
• Walking, cycling and public transport are
complementary modes
p y
27. • Cycling t
C li & transport planning
t l i
• Cycling in historical perspective
• Some statistics: the potential
• Benefits and co-benefits
• The
Th way ahead
h d
• It can be done: experiences
• Conclusions
28. Why cycling policies?
• Giving cyclists fair share of road space
• Improving road safety
• Offering affordable transport options
• Improving quality public space
• Solving congestion
l i i
• Substitue car trips, traffic demand management
• Traffic management
• Air quality management
• Mitigating climate change
• ….
29. Relation with public transport
p p
• M
More efficient option on shorter distances
ffi i i h di
• Shorter travel times door-to-door
• Cost-efficient (≠ cheap!!!)
• Feeder mode
• Enlarging catchment area PT
• Improving door-to-door travel time
p g
• Requires transfer facilities
30.
31. Promotion of cycling contributes to the
efficiency of the (urban) transport system
Investments in cycling have a profitable
cost/benefit ratio
Investments in cycling serve all segments of
the population
32. • Cycling t
C li & transport planning
t l i
• Cycling in historical perspective
• Some statistics: the potential
• Benefits and co-benefits
• The way ahead
• It can be done: experiences
• Conclusions
33. Cycling inclusive
• More than adding cycle facilities to the
y
road system
• Change of entire traffic system
• Re-allocation of road space
Re allocation
• Re-allocation of budgets
34. What it takes…
• Many good reasons for promoting cycling…
• Environment
E i
• Health
• Equity
• …
• … but ultimately people only will do so if it is
• Safe
• Practical
• Convenient
35. Transport planning at 3 levels
p p g
• Overall transport p
p planning
g
• Integrated approach (vision!!)
• Change of traditional p
g priorities
• Network planning & design
• Coherent network
• Connecting origins & destinations
• R dd i
Road design
• Meeting needs of cyclists
• …where the cyclists are!!!
36. …and
• O
Organise public & political support
i bli li i l
• Involve stakeholders
• Create a cycling culture
• Awareness campaigns
p g
• Promotion
• Provide services
• Bicycle parking
• Bicycle repair
• Public bicycles
37. Q
Quality requirements
y q
cycling infrastructure
• Coherence
• Directness
• Attractiveness
• Safety
y
• Comfort
38. Basic safety p
y principles
p
• Mi i i conflicts
Minimise fli
• High speeds & volumes: segregation
• Minimise outcome of conflicts
• No segregation: traffic calming
g g g
• Allow for interaction between road users
• Make sure they see each other, eye contact
other
• Avoid complexity
39. • Cycling t
C li & transport planning
t l i
• Cycling in historical perspective
• Some statistics: the potential
• Benefits and co-benefits
• The way ahead
y
• It can be done: experiences
• Conclusions
40. Bogotá
g
• 350 k cycle routes
km l
• Increase cycling share from 0,5 to 4%
• Improved quality of public space
41.
42.
43.
44. Santiago de Chile
g
• F ll participation in all segments of
Full i i i i ll f
society
• Adoption of ‘cycling’ law
• Plan for 690 km cycling routes
y g
• 250 km implemented
• Cycling a presidential priority
45.
46.
47. Sevilla
• I l
Implemented 120 km cycling network
d k li k
• Increase modal share from 0,2 to 6,6% in
4 years
• Target 2015: share of 15%
g
48.
49.
50. Turkish cities
• S k
Sakarya, A l & E ki hi
Antalya Eskişehir
• Developing pilot projects
• First step towards cycling-inclusive
p
policies
51.
52.
53. • Cycling t
C li & transport planning
t l i
• Cycling in historical perspective
• Some statistics: the potential
• Benefits and co-benefits
• The way ahead
y
• It can be done: experiences
• Conclusions
54. Conclusions
• C li planning = transport planning
Cycling l i l i
• Turkey could learn from the mistakes in
Europe and the USA
• Substantial potential for cycling…
p y g
• …if it is made safe and convenient
• Examples show that it is possible
55. If other cities can do it, then
th iti d it th
w y o your city?
why not you c y?