Overview of Multi-MW Accelerator Projects with a focus on high power proton linac projects.

1. !quot; #&
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potential to deliver beams of several MW
drivers for a large variety of applications:
Power Energy
Condensed matter spallation neutrons ~ 1 MW ~ 1 GeV
materials irradiation neutrons from stripping reaction 2 x 5 MW 40 MeV
RIBs for nuclear & astro-physics with neutrons 4 MW ~ 1 GeV
secondary beams for particle
muon, neutrino production 4 MW 5 GeV
physics
hybrid subcritical reactors for
demonstrator 5 MW 0.6
transmutation
Note: superconducting (SRF) technology
higher gradient capabilities & lower operational costs wrt. NC
adopted in most of the designs for the major part of the linac

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Particle Proton
Max Beam Energy 100 MeV
2 ,%$
Operation Mode Pulsed
) . !! *
Max. Peak Current 20 mA
RF Frequency 350 MHz . ;
Max Repetition Rate 120 Hz / 60 Hz
Max Pulse Length 2 ms / 1.33 ms
Max Beam Duty 24% / 8%
. . .. .
100 MeV Beam Lines 20 MeV Beam Lines

11. '-> <quot;
LEBT
20 MeV DTL
Injector
3 MeV RFQ
50 keV 40 mA
H (6 :- 3 4 !
H 5 .
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LP-SPL: (Low Power) SPL
PS2: High Energy PS (~ 5 to 50 GeV – 0.3 Hz)
5ν
5 ! SPS+: Superconducting SPS (50 to1000 GeV)
SLHC: “Superluminosity” LH (up to 1035 cm-2s-1)
DLHC: “Double energy” LHC
3

15. 5 9 #$
quot; 0
LINAC4 (160 MeV) 352.2 MHz 9 $
4 35
H- source RFQ DTL
chopper CCDTL PIMS I6;< . / /?
/
)
. . . / ?*
/
3 50 102 160 MeV
Length ~ 80 m
4 different accel. structures
(352 MHz)
19 klystrons
Focusing provided by
111 PM Quadrupoles
33 EM Quadrupoles
6

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17. 5 9quot; quot; 5 9! quot;
LINAC4 (160 MeV) SC-Linac (4/5 GeV)
352.2 MHz 704.4 MHz
H- source RFQ chopper DTL CCDTL PIMS =0.65 =1
3 102 643 MeV
50 180 MeV 4/5 GeV
LP-SPL HP-SPL
Energy (GeV) 4 2.5 or 5 2.5 + 5
Beam power (MW) 0.16 3 or 6 4+4
≤2
Rep. Frequency (Hz) 50 50
Protons/pulse (x 1014) 1.5 1.5 2+1
Av. Pulse Current (mA) 20 20 40
Pulse duration (ms) 1.2 1.2 0.8 + 0.4
%G
$ %G
$
overall length = 460 m .
0 0
(was 690m for 2.2 GeV in previous version)
8

18. quot;
6 . 37
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5 / .5 /'
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high-frequency
SPL type nominal spoke option
option
frequency [MHz] 704.4 1408.8 352.2/1408.8
beta families 0.65/0.92 0.6/0.76/0.94 0.67/0.8/0.94
cells/cavity 5/5 40063 39937
trans. energies [MeV] 160/581 160/357/884 160/392/758
output energy [MeV] 5122 5144 5075
gradients [MV/m] 18.7*/24* 17.5*/21.3*/24.2* 8.5/9.5/24.2*
cavities p. module 6/8 4/4/8 3/4/8
cavities p. period 3/8 2/4/8 3/4/8
cavities p. family 42/200 30/40/208 27/24/216
cavities in total 239 278 267
length [m] 445 499 485
&' 5 / > !B
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19. quot;
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20. =/
The Intensity Frontier: Project X
( National Project with International Collaboration )
Tevatron Collider
200 kW at 8 GeV for
precision measurements
NOvA
>2 MW at 60-120 GeV
for neutrinos
Main Injector
2 9;? <! quot; =F>
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! * * quot;$ . *
! * ' &.
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. 5 F 8 >? <
>- 4
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21. Front End Linac
Project X
360 kW 8GeV Linac 325 MHz 0-10 MeV 2.5 MW JPARC Modulator
Modulator
Klystron
1 Klystron (JPARC 2.5 MW)
16 RT Cavities
20 Klystrons (2 types) Multi-Cavity Fan-out
Phase and Amplitude Control
325 MHz 10-120 MeV
436 SC Cavities
1 Klystron (JPARC 2.5 MW) H- RFQ RT SSR1 SSR1 SSR2 SSR2 SSR2
56 Cryomodules 51 Single Spoke Resonators
β=0.22 β=0.4
5 Cryomodules 9 cavities/CM 11 cavities/CM
Modulator Modulator Modulator
325 MHz 0.12-0.42 GeV
3 Klystrons (JPARC 2.5 MW)
42 Triple Spoke Resonators
TSR TSR TSR TSR TSR TSR TSR
7 Cryomodules
β=0.6 6 Cavites-6 quads / Cryomodule
ILC LINAC
1300 MHz 0.42-1.2 GeV
2 Klystrons (ILC 10 MW MBK)
56 Squeezed ILC Cavities ( β=0.81)
Modulator Modulator
Modulator Modulator Modulator
7 Cryomodules (8 cav, 4 quads)
1300 MHz 1.2-8.0 GeV
13 Klystrons (ILC 10 MW MBK)
β=0.8 β=0.8 β=0.8 β=0.8 β=0.8 β=0.8 β=0.8 ILC1 ILC1 ILC1 ILC1 ILC1 ILC1 ILC1 ILC1
287 ILC-identical Cavities
37 ILC-like Cryomodules 7 Cavities-2 quads / Cryomodule
8 Cavities - 4 quads/ Cryomodule
Modulator Modulator Modulator Modulator Modulator Modulator Modulator Modulator Modulator Modulator
ILC1 ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC ILC
8 Cavities-1 quad / 21
HB2008 – Project X for Intensity Frontier Physics Cryomodule

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Solenoid Magnet
25
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13 dB Amplitude Control
with Vector Modulator High-power
6 kW 3.5 ms RF Pulse Vector
Modulator
red trace: cavity RF Amp
blue & yellow: vector HINS Room
modulator bias currents Temperature Cavity
6

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8

28. '&
=- !B
I
Beam energy 70 MeV
• ECR proton source & LEBT
Beam current (op.) 35 mA
• RFQ (4-rod)
Beam current (design) 70 mA
• 6 Pairs of Coupled CH-DTL Beam pulse length 36 µs
• 2 Bunchers Repetition rate 4 Hz
Rf-frequency 325.224 MHz
• 14 Magnetic Triplet
Tot. hor emit (norm.) 2.1 / 4.2 µm
• Beam power = 4.9 MW (peak)
10-3
Tot. mom. spread
¡
¡
¡¡
710 W (average)
Linac length 35 m
• RF power = 11 MW (peak)
1600 W (average)
H A =$9 M . .: . 4
5 , 0 G 5quot; 5
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HA 5 : $ !
B0 3
$ 0
H 55 (

29. +& quot; $> )
B * !
8? < 0
/ 5
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/> * 5 RIB
production
Driver
-? <=! GG * 5
- > <*
I 3 4
Post-Accelerator
Beam preparation

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33. &'
E *& ' .
H !% 6O3 2
$0> <* quot; />
;
H 5
! &8 I !B
A
H& !5 .
General Design:
H& . (
• Houses 6 HWR and 3
superconducting solenoids
• Very compact design in N/P
M 4 )5 . *
longitudinal direction
N /6 P (
M 4 )5 .
3 *
• Cavity vacuum and insulation
vacuum separated
M. Pekeler, LINAC 2006
ACCEL Instruments GmbH
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36. quot; 2 5
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$ %C
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A B B
BGA GA
( 2 86 2 2 2
-.
MEBT: 2 options (MCG type / solenoid-triplet type)
. .!
DTL: 4 tanks at 19.40, 37.68, 56.43 & 74.8 MeV, 6 cells
CCL: At 972 MHz: > 60, 14 cell cavities, 3.5 separations, spoke option ?
SPL: ~ 70, 4/6 cell cavities, doublet focusing, ~ 23 cells
Beam power for 2 MW, 30 Hz, 3.2 GeV RCS 0.5 MW
Beam pulse current before MEBT chopping 43.0 mA
Beam pulse current after MEBT chopping 30.0 mA
Number of injected turns for a 370 m RCS ~500 turns
Beam pulse duration at the 30 Hz rep rate ~700.0 s
Duty cycle for the extent of the beam pulse ~2.1 %
(

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/= .
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5 6 :-
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E: 56 *
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39. #
:G ) *QR
To Ring
402.5 MHz 805 MHz
HEBT
MEBT
DTL CCL
RFQ SCL, ß=0.61 SCL, ß=0.81
Linac dump
Injector 2.5 MeV 86.8 MeV 186 MeV 391 MeV 1 GeV
β =0.55 β =0.71 β =0.87
Length ~260 m, 96 independently phased RF cavity/tanks
Normal conducting linac from the H- ion source to 186 MeV
Superconducting linac from 186 MeV to 1 GeV
Beam commissioning of the SCL began in August 2005
Achieved the design repetition rate 60 Hz, maximum beam
energy 1.01 GeV, peak beam current 40 mA, pulse length 1 ms,
beam power on the mercury target 520 kW.
(

40. ->
>-
A #
6 :-0 5
60 mA
LP
SP
Funnel
CCDTL CCL1 CCL2
IS RFQ Chopper DTL
114 mA
2 x 57 mA
SP
100 MeV 252 MeV 1 334 MeV
60 mA
2.5 MeV 20 MeV
LP
280 MHz 560 MHz
770 m
A (6 # 3
8 :- 5
60 mA
LP
RFQ
Chopper
SP
Funnel
RFQ
DTL
DTL SCL1
CCL SCL2
RFQ DTL
LP H+
114 mA
2 x 57 mA
SP
85 MeV 185 MeV 450 MeV 1 334 MeV
5 MeV
2 MeV
20 MeV
LP
352 MHz 704 MHz
430 m
3

41. ->
>= *
68 5
H #
6 :- 5 .
H )5
68 . 3( 5*
3

42. # . 5 8F7F !B
$ =-A0
IC> !B $
G. 5 +$
.→ B0 3 )
& $ 6 2*
→
: ! 9B
7 72quot; . $
β∼>
β∼ 7= >
5/
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3

43. ''
Test Modules
G
-68-I 2$ 0> <
A! E
Accelerator based neutron source 8B . *8G B . *8G B A3:
) ) )*
using the D-Li stripping reaction
G5 B
intense neutron flux with the
5 . 76 5
appropriate energy spectrum
)= 5*
<#
3(

44. 2.
5 !
5
1. Injector 3. DTL
O. Delferriere (Cea) N. Chauvin (Cea)
IFMIF
accelerator
PROTOTYPE accelerator
Simulations all along the linac
from source to target/beam dump
2. RFQ 5
4. HEBT
5 -
57 . Gquot;
C. Oliver (Ciemat)
M. Comunian (Infn)
33

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5 * 8>> <*
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5E >I 7 *4
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36

46. $& *design based on SILHI H+ source
) ! % * 5
-?
70I !B
. . /
//
H7 ! 5) 5 quot;*
H . )5 :2 5*
H . . 3 .
7 !5
H 5 ;55 S T
4-electrode system
Emax = 101 kV/cm
$ 7 /
//
1
35quot; 86 5 5
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quot; (
7 F> quot;5 5
U .) 3* V ) 55*
3

47. quot; 5.
H: ! 5 .
5
B GA 5 0 . .4 . 5
→ % 5 .quot; W;
55 5
LEBT to RFQ beam matching high focusing & short line
solenoid solenoid
RFQ
krypton 4.10-5 hPa
Particle density
%$
0.25 π.mm.mrad
38

48. quot; 9# # quot;5
'
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•
5 *
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5 3 4
5 *
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!5
$
3

49. RFQ Beam Dynamics
2 5
&('
$ ! ;2
H . . )/ 5* F 5
> !6 2
H 5 % &C .
$ ( 5
/6 π 55/ . $ ( 4
$ 5 5
H ! 4 5
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9 ./
4 .# 5
•B
.# 5
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• 9! XX55 =G.
! 5 5
4 5 . 5
•: G; 5
.
•9; .5 .
4 /7 , ;
B = qVλ2 mc 2 r02
3

50. RFQ Mechanical Design
5. )/5* .
5. 5. ;
D
4
4 5
59
f
B5 E -0.52 KHz
vane tip
4 5 4,6 m
$ 5E .. 4 F 4! ;
5 .5 . ;. D !
.%& .
6

51. RFQ - beam losses
9 7 45 5
H%&C 5 I/)6? 5E . *
HB 4 2; 4
.
“best case” “worst case”
waterbag gaussian
0.25 π mm mrad 0.30 π mm mrad
: @ 7IN
; : @ 78 N
-
?
/5
6

52. quot;9$ .
$ A#
2 quot;
•
5 8-I $
0> < ''
@ < .
5 H
B5 /
6

53. n.c. DTL replaced by s.c. HWR DTL
MS 4 cryomodules
LEBT
Li
Target
s.c. HWR Linac
Ion source RFQ
G 55 .
* 5 !
H 5 * O 8>
H 5O F
H 5 6 .H .
0 . *
H 5. *
6 5 H *
-
H
5H
. Cryomodules 1 2 3&4
Cavity β 0.094 0.094 0.166
Cavity length (mm) 180 180 280
Beam aperture (mm) 40 40 48
Nb cavities / cryostat 1x8 2x5 3x4
Nb solenoids 8 5 4
. . P 3/ 25
6 # Cryostat length (m) 4.64 4.30 6.03
Output energy (MeV) 9 14.5 26 / 40
B P 3 6 55
6(

54. $ * 5& H
4 !R
peak surface fields sufficiently reduced
Geometry optimisation
(determine the maximum reachable accelerating field)
Ep/Eacc=4.4 & Bp/Eacc=10.1
Tuning method chosen: plunger at the opposite of the coupler port,
in a region of high electric field (tuning range easily achieved)
Tuning system actuator
beam
Cavity with Helium vessel Power coupler
63

55. $ * 5 . *
Vacuum tank
He phase separator
Tuning system
Collecting volume:
large enough to well
separate gas and liquid
Exhaust pipes :
diameter & path for
He 2-phase flow
Cavity Supply pipe + tank :
minimum pressure drop
Support
Coupler Horizontal supply pipe:
diameter large enough to be
quasi isobaric on its length
Solenoid magnetic design with passive shielding
! quot;
On-axis field profile
with passive shielding
! quot;
66

56. B E$ A
•
$ A# #, 0
. E/
9 .-
&' . 150
Cavity Power (kW)
125
< quot;B
A
! 100
%9
& !5 .
75
* *B 9. %& Resonator index
50
0 10 20 30 40
. 5 )& G
%C :*
<%
. %& E 78 I
> .( 7- >
>
! ! 3 ; :9 ) .
<2 7 ;< 7 6; %
<& *
8 x 200 kW 2 x 105 kW 8 x 105 kW 12 x 200 kW
RF Chains RF Chains RF Chains RF Chains
175 MHz
INJ RFQ MS CM 1 CM 4
100 keV 5 MeV 9 MeV 40 MeV
6

57. RF System implementation
A 5- 5 45 .4 !
. * . 5 . 54 5.
. 5 5
5 F
quot; & 9 25
quot;' $ *
9$ quot; quot; .& =
9
& . quot; 4
)& $* .'
% & 4 )
quot; %*
&
A5 ! 5 E 6 : )8 1 *
-6
. 4 ! -. .
:-;. D
195MHz 175MHz
Timing Systems
(Digital + Analog) Vacuum & Arcs Interlocks
Host PC Windows
80 MHz
Pin
Digital I/O
cPCI Bus Switch
Digital Board
Analog
Analog
FPGA Front End
8 DACs
Front End 8 ADCs
Digital IQ Demodulation IQ Ctrl 80 MHz DC
80 MHz 175 MHz
Up
and Control Loops
Down
Conversion
Conversion
Tuning Loop
IF
175 MHz
RF Reflected Circulator Voltage 1 (175MHz)
RF Reflected Cavity Voltage 1 (175MHz)
RF Forward Cavity Voltage 1 (175 MHz)
CAVITY
RF Cavity Voltage 1 (175 MHz)
RF Reflected Circulator Voltage 2 (175MHz)
RF Reflected Cavity Voltage 2 (175MHz)
RF Forward Cavity Voltage 2 (175 MHz)
CAVITY
RF Cavity Voltage 2 (175 MHz)
68

58. HEBT & Beam Dump - P. A.
B E$ A
H25 5 -
H -P*
> 5 4.
; 5
H ;E *
55 F7 .
Beam Dump @ < 88 I
7- G 5quot; 5
H *5 VM( 5B / 5
M6
1! / VM(5
movable Gamma shield
H 5
4 F 55 !
) 55
5 *
H 5.
7 5.
cooling system
Beam
4! .
AM Y M 4 65#
S
Water shield tank
γ*
H *5E ; *F
) )
Beam Dump Cartridge
6

59. Beam Instrumentation
B E$ A#
Objectives
linac tuning & commissioning
beam loss minimization
beam characterization (emit, energy)
Current, Position, Profile monitors
Beam Loss, Halo, bunchlength
Diagnostics Plate
Detector : microstrips, grid
specific beamline for a set of diags resistors for uniform electric field
installed at 2 different locations
(downstream RFQ and downstream DTL)
Beam Transverse Profilers
2 types are developed (ionization & fluorescence) R&D started
6

60. 3 B 4
beam intensity : 125 mA
resolution ~ 0.1-0.3 mm
non interceptive diag
residual gas ionization
Detector : microstrips, grid
resistors for uniform electric field
beam profile
1st proto test on Silihi source at Saclay
Eproton = 75 - 95 keV 1 s (32 pads = 40 mm)
I < 100 mA (cw or pulsed - test < 12 mA)
trigger signal

61. the P.A. of the EVEDA phase
' B''
8 . * *
H * &
• Ion Source & LEBT
• RFQ & MS
• Cryomodule
• transport line to
• 1.12 MW beam dump
• 175 MHz RF system
• Cryogenic plant
• beam instrumentation

62. IFMIF/EVEDA accelerator status
Z! . 4
. 5 . $$
&& E
%C
& ; . 5
5 5 5 quot;B
A . !
!
5 . %!5
& . 4 %5
&
A 5. 5
! . 4 5
; 5 . 5 /
A 5 !
%C
& %& !5 . quot;B
A
5 /
5 . ;
55 . %;
;

63. Conclusions
H )9 *
:9
4
H .E. 4 .
5 5 )7 %
E& ! .! *
! !
HA 55
)0 .+ % *
9
H 5.5 )
B 3
9& $ $ 2 quot;
9& & *
H $$ 99
&& B [ 5
. ./
//
(