Searching Dental E-Sources

Searching Dental E-
Sources

Dental Informatics

Ebtissam M. Al-Madi
BDS, MSD, Endo, MI, ME

2 Dental Informatics

Searching Dental E Sources- EM Al-Madi Oct-2012

Outline
3

 Dental Informatics:
 Definition

 The Discipline of Dental Informatics
 The Scope of Dental Informatics

 Dental Informatics Applications


4 Definition of Dental informatics
Section 1


Dental Informatics
 Dental informatics is the application of
computer and information science to improve
dental practice, research, education and
management.

 A sub-discipline of biomedical informatics

Eisner J. The future of dental informatics. Eur J
Dent Educ. 1999;3(suppl 1):61-9.
Searching Dental E Sources- EM Al-Madi Oct-2012 5

6
The Discipline of Dental
Informatics
Section 2


Characteristics of a discipline
1. Core of people who conduct research and publish in the
discipline;
 Since 1965 approx 3500 authors -2200 articles related to DI and
computer applications in dentistry in 420 journals and
conferences
2. An identifiable body of literature;
 Articles in dental journals. J Comp Dentistry. Books; Dental
Informatics by Zimmerman in 1992, The global village of
dentistry, and Imaging in esthetic dentistry.
3. Professional societies and related activities;
 Sections within AMIA, IMIA, ADEA, ect
4. Educational programs leading to certificate and advanced
degrees;
 General MI degrees with specialization in DI. Joint Degrees.
5. Funded research Programs;
 Available as 3rd party funds.cornerstone of T. and H. SPALLEK (2001). Assoc 132: 605-613.
Limited. dental practice." J Am Dent "Dental informatics A
SCHLEYER,

A research discipline;
Not mere application of
computers(≠IT).
Dental Informatics Information Technology
DI= IT =
Development +evaluation of Hardware and software devices to
information models and computing retrieve and display information
applications

DI = IT Technologies =
research and application in software design
conceptualization + development
+organization +creation of I & O devices.
+relevance
+ utilization of information


9
Inter-related

Innovations = 

Computer programs or 
devices = (IT).
DI technology 

Incorporate DI in the 
technology.


10 Scope of Dental Informatics
Section 3


11

Cognitive science:
 is a research area that draws on
several fields (such as
psychology, artificial intelligence,
linguistics, and philosophy) to
develop theories of perception,
thinking, and learning.
 Cognitive science relates to
information science as we try to
understand how information is
represented in the human mind.
 Computer science relates to
information science as try to
simulate our mental processes in
computing environments.
 Biomedicine is replete with
complex cognitive processes
(such as diagnosis, treatment Schleyer, T. K. (2003). "Dental Informatics: An Emerging
planning, and evaluation). Biomedical Informatics Discipline." Adv Dent Res 17:4-8,
December, 2003 17: 4-8.

12

 Computer science:
 is a discipline that
involves the
understanding and
design of computers
and computational
processes. Here, the
emphasis is not on
information, but how it
is represented,
processed, Schleyer, T. K. (2003). "Dental Informatics: An Emerging
Biomedical Informatics Discipline." Adv Dent Res 17:4-
manipulated, and E Sources- EM Al-Madi Oct-20128, December, 2003 17: 4-8.
Searching Dental
managed in

13

 Information Science:
 is the collection,
classification,
storage, retrieval, and
dissemination of
recorded knowledge
treated both as a
pure and as an
applied science.

Schleyer, T. K. (2003). "Dental Informatics: An Emerging
Biomedical Informatics Discipline." Adv Dent Res 17:4-8,
December, 2003 17: 4-8.

14

 Telecommunications:
 Is the science that deals
with communication at a
distance.
 Transmission of digital
images efficiently resulted in
new approaches to image
compression and
transmission.
 Another example is
aggregating information
from many different sources,
such as information about
Schleyer, T. K. (2003). "Dental Informatics: An Emerging
the same patient from Biomedical Informatics Discipline." Adv Dent Res 17:4-8,
different healthcare Dental E Sources- EM Al-Madi Oct-2012 December, 2003 17: 4-8.
Searching
providers.

15 Dental Informatics Applications
Section 4


Dental Informatics Applications
Administrative Clinical Educational Research
16 •Practice Management •Electronic Oral health records •Preclinical •Database
•Medical Dental (EOHR) •Haptic feedback •Registries
interface • simulation training

•Computerized billing •Manufacturing •Bibliographic •Terminology and
•Insurance form •Video lib nomenclature
generation and claims standards
processing •Voice Recognition
•Labs •Intra-oral cameras and imaging •Patient education & •Patient Risk
•E-prescribing •3-D image modeler &Diagnostic decision aids Profiling &
predictive modeling assesment
•Pre visit preparation •Radiography •Web Portal & blogs •Outcomes
•Alerts and reminders •Digital radiography Databases
•Secure messaging •Intelligent time series
•Recall tracking comparative X-ray analysis
•Patient registration and •Decision support •Nano-robotics
scheduling •Evidence-based Treatment
•After visit summaries Planning
•Connectivity to patients
•Online ongoing care
relationship
•Tele-consultation &E Sources- EM Al-Madi
Searching Dental referral Oct-2012

Fields of DI Research
Informatics Applications
17 Basic Research Office Applications
Challenges Infrastructure
EDR, Outcomes
Coding, data
Vocabularies, Distributed medical Predictor,
structures, high
Clinical automated retrieval records, clinical Treatment Planner,
performance
from repositories trials, teledentistry Clinical Decision
computing
Support Tool

3-D modeler, X-Ray
analyzer, dynamic
3-D modeling, Ontology-based 3-D anatomy
neuromuscular
Imaging visualization, data reference models and atlases, radiological
occlusal simulation,
representation classification diagnosis
Haptic feedback
simulation

Biometric nano-
Biochips, algorithms Linking genomic and Genetic-based
robotics, bioassay
Bioinformatics for DNA sequencing, patient data, security, patient records and
caries/periodontal
patient specific drugs ethics protocols
analyzer
Data mining,
Databases, Integration and
citizen-based
Public/ searching, data validation of Blogs, web portals,
services, social
Population analysis theories and information, PHR,
networks shared
algorithms knowledge discovery
knowledge-base

18
Applications in Clinical
Dentistry


Electronic Oral Health Record
19

EMR EOHR
 Reimbursement  Dental reimbursement:
 Diagnosis codes (ICD-9) &  Procedure codes only.
procedure codes (CPT 4).  Documentation :
 Documentation :  Location  Finding
 Graphics, templates
 Finding  Location
 Sequence
 Text

 Holistic
 Treatment:
 Procedure implies
 Treatment: pathology present.
 Roadmap for patient to  Roadmap for dentist
follow Searching Dental E Sources- EM Al-Madi Oct-2012

20 Searching Dental E Sources- EM Al-Madi Oct-2012

Endodontics
22

 Digital radiography refers
to a method of capturing a
radiographic image using a
sensor, breaking it into an
electronic pieces, and
presenting and storing the
image using a computer.
 The sensor receives the
analog information and
converter (ADC) to
converts it to a digital
image Digital Radiography
 The image is displayed
within seconds or minutes
on the computer screen in
front of the clinician and
the patient/client.

Viewbox is advanced software for cephalometric analysis. It is used in
Orthodontic Departments around the world. Viewbox can be customized to
almost any task. Points, measurements and analyses are not 'hard-wired',
enabling you to go beyond the confines of cephalometric radiographs and
perform measurements on any kind of radiograph, photograph or other two-
dimensional or 3-D image. Furthermore, sophisticated algorithms are included
23 for image enhancement, facilitation of point Al-Madi Oct-2012 morphometric
Searching Dental E Sources- EM identification and
analys

3-D Scanning & Milling
24

Many Chairside dental 
CAD/CAM systems and
Dental Laboratory CAD/CAM
systems use 3D Scanner
technologies to capture the
3D surface of a dental
preparation (either in vivo or
in vitro), in order to produce a
restoration digitally using
CAD software and ultimately
produce the final restoration
using a CAM technology
(such as a CNC milling
machine, or 3D printer). The
chairside systems are
designed to facilitate the 3D
scanning of a preparation in
vivo and produce the
restoration (such as a Crown,
Onlay, Inlay or Veneer). Dental E Sources- EM Al-Madi
Searching Oct-2012

Image-guided dental
25
implantology
 It provides a full 3D view of
the patient’s anatomy, as a
basis for evaluation and
functional and aesthetic
implant planning.
 Accurate examination of
bone, muscles and other
tissues by switching
among them in real-time
 Its high image definition
facilitates the observation
of the anatomical
structures, allowing proper
and secure planning and
reducing all uncertainties
during surgery.

3D-Time Series Analysis

 Time series analysis stands for comparing image
data sets from the same person or specimen
taken at different times to show the changes.
 Image segmentation, rigid registration and a voxel
based non-rigid registration as well as 3D
visualization, allows a time series analysis based
on DICOM CT images.
 In dentistry the scope of further application ranges
from pre- and postoperative oral surgery images
(orthognathic surgery, trauma surgery) to
endodontic and orthodontic treatment.


Teledentistry
27

 Conditions that only visual  using the Internet to
inspection or history is consult with an expert.
needed for interpretation This consultation could
 Oral medicine be:
 Chronic Facial Pain  direct (between the
patient and the expert)
 Assisting patients with
concerns:  indirect (between the
patient‟s doctor and the
 Trauma expert).
 Finding a dentist  Phone call to expert
 Specific organizations with  Fax charts and records
urban and rural centers:
 Internet: scanned image,
 MOH, KFSH, MOD, ect digital image, and audio
transfer of requests


 InteractiveMD is a telehealth company that
connects patients with doctors via real-time
videoconferencing, phone, and secure email,
 MDLiveCare is an on-demand telehealth
company that provides patients with remote
access via video, phone, and secure email to
board certified doctors and licensed therapists.
 Virtual Hospitals of the future??


Teledentistry in Use: 
http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/index.cfm?id=1774


30
Applications in Dental
education


Virtual Patients
31
 The Virtual Dental Patient (VDP) application
was designed to aid dentists in getting
acquainted with the teeth anatomy, the
handling of drilling instruments and the
challenges associated with the drilling
procedure.
 The VDP simulator allows the user to :
 view/manipulate a 3-D head and oral cavity
model constructed using anatomical data,
 adapt the model to the characteristics of
specific patient using either facial photographs
or 3D data,
 animate it using an MPEG-compatible facial
animation player and
 perform virtual tooth drilling within the oral
cavity using a Phantom haptic device to
control the drilling tool.
 Drilling is performed on 3D
volumetric/surface models of teeth, obtained
from cross sections of real teeth.

Model adaptation using two facial
photographs

Manikin-based simulators
32

 DentSim™, consists of a
manikin with head and
dentoform (plastic teeth), a
dental hand-piece and a light,
an infrared camera and two
computers. The manikin head
and the hand-piece contain
infrared emitters that are
tracked by the infrared
camera. Using this optical
tracking system to trace the
movements of a hand piece,
the simulator scores the
accuracy of a student's cavity
preparation in a manikin’s
synthetic tooth.


Image guidance simulators
34

 Image Guided Implantology
(IGI), for teaching, diagnosis,
treatment planning and
placement of implants.
Providing a particular
patient’s CAT scan, the
simulator allows the patient
and the virtual model image
to be coordinated during the
actual surgery. If the
computer recognizes that the
surgeon is making a serious
deviation from the treatment
plan during the actual
surgery, the computer will
stop the hand-piece and the
surgeon will need to override
the computer to continue.

Haptic Devices
35

Virtual Reality Dental Training System
(VRDTS).
 Aiming for cavity preparation, the software
simulates a set of dental instruments.
 Using VRDTS dental students work with a
virtual decayed tooth and learn to probe it for
diagnosis, use a drill to prepare a tooth for
cavity repair, fill the prepared cavity with
amalgam and carve the amalgam to match
the original tooth contour. Unlike plastic
teeth, VRDTS enables the student to feel the
difference between enamel, dentin, caries,
amalgam and pulp throughout the
procedure.
 The student's operation can be tracked
precisely in real time, providing quantifiable
feedback to both student and teacher.
 Lastly, since the entire process is virtual, the
student has the ability to zoom, rotate and
even cut the tooth in cross section to better
understand the process. VRDTS offers the
student the opportunity to practice
procedures as often as needed, with no
additional cost for materials.

Haptic Devices
36

PerioSim Force Feedback Dental
Simulator

 Students guide a stylus on-screen that
resembles an explorer They can feel life-like
tactile sensations as they navigate through
various procedures.
 Students can access PerioSim via the
Internet. A realistic 3-D human mouth is
shown in real-time, and the user can adjust
the model position, viewpoint and
transparency level.
 The system allows instructors to create short
scenarios of periodontal procedures, which
can be saved and replayed at any time. The
3-D component permits students to replay
from any angle, so the user can observe
different views of the placement of the
instrument and gingival relationships during
a procedure, Steinberg said.
 The recorded file is an actual representation
of the original scenario, which offers great
training potential.
 The program also allows for a second
playback mode, where an instructor leadsE Sources- EM Al-Madi
Searching Dental Oct-2012
the trainee through the program. By simply
holding onto the haptic stylus, the trainee

37 General & Patient Education


Information types
41

 Knowledge:
 Literature

 Clinical trials
 Clinical learning

 Patient information
 Demographic
information
 Patient history

 Clinical examination


Information needs
(Gorman 1995)
42

 Unrecognized need
 Clinician
is unaware of information need or
knowledge deficit
 Recognized need
 Clinician aware of need but may or may not
pursue it
 Pursued need
 Information
seeking occurs but may or may not
be successful.
 Satisfied need
 Information seeking successful.

43

Knowledge

Information

Data

Facts


44
Create

 Evaluate

 Analyze

 Apply

 Understand

 Remember

Digital Blooms by Sources- EM Fisher, 2009
Searching Dental E
Mike Al-Madi Oct-2012

45

 Although students are presented with massive
amounts of information during their course of study,
more often than not, students graduate with gaps in
their knowledge.

 Accessing recent online information is very important to
help clinicians and students answer questions that
might arise during their clinical practice.


Content of Knowledge based information
resources
46

1. Bibliographic: Literature reference databases, or citations or pointers to
the medical literature. Ex. Medline
Or Web catalogs: Web pages consisting of links to other web pages and
sites. Ex: www.Healthfinder.gov
2. Full text content: Online versions of books and periodicals, and websites
3. Databases/Collections: Information housed in Database management
systems. They can be further categorized into information types:
 Image databases
 Genomics databases
 Citation databases
 EBM databases
 Other databases
Example: Entrez system: (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Entrez)
4. Aggregations: Collections of content from the first 3 categories.
Developed for all kinds of users from consumers, to clinicians to
scientists. Ex. Medline plus (www.medlineplus.gov)


Differences between Traditional
and Digital Libraries
47

Traditional Libraries Digital libraries
Acquisition and maintenance of collections Acquisition and maintenance of collections
Cataloging and classification of items in Cataloging and classification of items in
collection to make them more accessible to collection to make them more accessible to
users. users.
Serving as a place where individuals can go to Seeking of information online can be easier or
seek information with assistance, including harder (depending on level of computer skills,
information on computers. searching skill and distractions)
Providing work or studying space (particularly No limitation on space to work can be an
in universities). advantage and disadvantage.
Information in multiple copies (replaceable) Although multiple users can access at once.
Copies are constantly changing
Less worry about Quality of publications Internet publishing may not always be quality
Items are static (easier cataloging and stable Cataloging is more difficult due to changing
archiving) nature, and access to entire journal is lost when
subscription is terminated.

Issues with digital libraries
48

 Access:
 Digital libraries must ensure documents have
persistent identifiers (URL), so that if the document
moves, it is still obtainable.
 Interoperability:
 Ensure that resources with heterogeneous metadata
can be accessed.
 Intellectual property:
 Establishment of who owns the information.
 Preservation:
 Life expectancy of Storage material type and longevity
 Changes in technology of storage media


49 Search strategies

Have you ever had some
difficulties searching for
information using the
internet ??


Planning for Your Search
50

 Determine your GOAL from search:
Pao’s 4 stages of search (Information Need, Question,
Request) How to translate that into clinical/research
needs.
 Determine the SCOPE of the search:
Decide on the comprehensiveness of answer, and level
of evidence needed (RCT, systemic review, case
report?).

 Identify the KEY WORDS or concepts:
From previous articles, or alternative expressions
 Determine the DATABASE you need
to search in (General, Organization, Journal, ect)

Background info
51

General Search
 Google

 Wikipedia

 Google Books

 Youtube


General Search is good for
52
finding…

 Introductions
 Basic Definitions
 Location of Reliable information
 List of references
 Numerical data


Search Strategies and Tips 1
53

 Using „AND‟ narrows a search: results must include
both terms, e.g.:
 Dental AND “Online Information”

 Using „OR‟ broadens a search: results can include
either term, e.g.:
 Planning OR Management
 Benefits OR Strengths OR Advantages
 Dental OR “Online information”


54

 Using „NOT‟ specifies a term must not appear in the
results, e.g.:
 Cancer NOT oral

 When searching for phrases, enclose using: “….. ” ,
e.g.:
 “ Lung Cancer”
 “ Behavioral Economics ”


55
 Think before you start – concept map / brain storm

 Start with the catalogue – database – internet (or at least
use all of the tools)

 Develop a search strategy and be prepared to change it!

 Record all the details of all your references as you go
You will need this information for your in text citations
and reference lists

 Remember one useful book / article leads to others
 References (back in time)
 Cited By (forward in time)


Too much or too little?
56

Too Much Information Not enough information

 Is your topic too  Is your search too
broad? specific?
 Narrow your topic  Check your spelling!
using more specific  Use TRUNCATION and
terms OR operators
 Use AND, NOT  Are you looking in the
 Use date limiters / right place
search limiters  Maybe there isn‟t
much on the topic


57

Dental e-Resources


58

Google
www.google.com


Getting started
59

Type a keyword into the basic search box or
click on “Advanced search” for more searching
options


Advanced search
60

Enter keywords into the various advanced
search fields to narrow the result


Advanced search
61

Limit your research to a specific author,
publication or a time period


Advanced search
62

Find more relevant information by limiting
result to a specific field of a study


Search Result
63

Find other paper similar to search result by
clicking on the “Related Articles” link


64

PubMed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=PubMed


Pubmed-Main page
http://pubmed.gov
65


Searching
66

1. Type a word or phrase into the query box, including
subject, author and/or journal.

2. Combine search terms with connector words:
“AND”, “OR” or “NOT” using upper case letters.

3. Use * at the end of the word (e.g., mimic*) if you
want to search for different endings of mimic,
mimicking, mimics, etc.

Results list
67


Accessing Full-Text
Many PubMed citations have links to the full-
68
text of articles through PubMed Central


69

King Saud University
Library

ScienceDirect

Scopus – Elsevier

Blackwell Synergy


70 Open-Access Journals

The Open Dentistry Journal
BMC Oral Health
Dental Research Journal
The Brazilian Dental Journal
The Internet Journal of Dental Science
Contemporary Clinical Dentistry
Saudi Dental Journal

Directory of open access journals


71

Dental Societies

Saudi Dental Society
American Dental Association


Patient Educational Websites
72

 http://www.healthfinder.gov/prevention/ViewTo
pic.aspx?topicID=47
 http://www.dentalsite.com/
 http://www.simplyteeth.com/
 http://www.dentalhealth.org.uk/
 http://www.askapatient.com/
 http://www.floss.com


73 Reference Managers


Reference Managers
74

 Reference management software, citation
management software or personal
bibliographic management software is
software for scholars and authors to use for
recording and utilizing bibliographic citations
(references).
 Once a citation has been recorded, it can be
used time and again in generating
bibliographies, such as lists of references in
scholarly books, articles and essays.

75

 Reference management software collects a much
smaller database, of the publications that have been
used or are likely to be used by a particular author or
group, and such a database can easily be housed on
an individual's personal computer.
 Ex.
 Open Source: Aigaion · Bebop · BibDesk · Bibus ·
Connotea · I, Librarian · JabRef · Pybliographer · refbase ·
refdb · Referencer · Wikindx · Zotero · J!Research
 Retail: Biblioscape · Bookends · EndNote · Mendeley ·
Papers · ProCite · Reference Manager · RefWorks · Sente
 Web Based: Aigaion · Bebop · CiteULike · Connotea ·
GradeGuru Citation Manager · I, Librarian · Mendeley ·
refbase · refdb · BibSonomy · J!Research


When you come to the end of your rope, tie a knot
76 and hang on.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
ealmadi@ksu.edu.sa

Searching Dental E-Sources

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