1. WATER,
ENERGY SOURCE

7. 1º The water cycle.
2º Hydroelectric power/Hydroelectric power plants
2.1. Definition.
2.2. Classification.
2.3. Hydroelectric process
2.4- Advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power.
3º Mayor reservoirs in the province of Málaga.
4º Participants

8. The water cicle
This cycle is made up of a few main parts:
evaporation (and transpiration)
precipitation
collection

9. EVAPORATION
• Evaporation is when the sun heats up water in
rivers, lakes or the oceans and turns it into
vapor or steam. The water vapor or steam
leaves it and goes into the air.

10. Condensation:
• Water vapor in the air gets cold and changes
back into liquid, forming clouds.

11. Precipitation:
• It´s occurs when so much • Hail
water has condensed that • Sleet
the air cannot hold it • Rain
anymore. The clouds get
heavy and water falls back to • Snow.
the earth in the form of :

12. Collection:
• When water falls back to earth as precipitation,
it may fall back in the oceans, lakes or rivers or
it may end up on land. When it ends up on
land, it will either soak into the earth and
become part of the “ground water” that plants
and animals use to drink or it may run over the
soil and collect in the oceans, lakes or rivers
where the cycle starts
ALL OVER AGAIN

13. http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=BBKEt_BX6xc&featur
e=related

15. DEFINITION
Hydroelectricity is the term
referring to electricity generated
by hydropower; the production of
electrical power through the use
of the gravitational force of
falling or flowing water.

16. Hydroelectric power
plants
Installations and equipment
that is used to convert the
energy of a stream of water
into electrical energy

20. Classification of
power plants

21. a) Run of river power plant.
b) Power plant water reserve.
1.- Central of regulation
2.- Pumping station

22. Run of river power plant
No reservoir. Capture a portion of the flow down the river
from a dam and bring it to the plant to be turbinado.
Later this flow is returned to the river.
Jump useful practically constant, and a flow rate varies,
depending on hydrology.
The installed power is directly related to flow into the river.
MINI usually, smaller and less energy.

23. The main elements are:
1 Dam.
2 Water uptake.
3 Derivatión channell.
4 Loading chamber.
5 Pipeline.
6 Building with
electromechanical
equipment.

25. Central of reservoir water
 In this type of hidroelectric central there stores a considerable amount of
water above the turbines, by constructing one or more dams that forms
artificial lakes. The reservoir can adjust the amount of water passing
through the turbines. With the reservoir electric energy can be produced
throughout all the year although the river is dry for several months.

26. Central of Regulation
 They are centrals with the possibility of collecting volumes of water in the
reservoir, which represent periods shorter or longer, than the average
annual flow contributions.
 Being able to impound water during certain periods of time, night, month
or dry year, and so on. Providing a great service in times of low
flows, regulating these conveniently for production.
 They adapt very well to meet peak consumption.

28. Pumping Station
 In this type of hidroelectric central the water is accumulated by pumping,
so that their performance can be compared as “accumulators” of
potencial energy.

29. Here you can see an image of a hydroelectrical power plant
and it’s components.

30. http://www.youtube.com/watch?featu
re=endscreen&NR=1&v=cKeveZgcxsU
• In this link you can see how a hydroelectrical
power plant works.
• First you have to build a dam near a river so the
water can pass through it creating electricity. S
the water passes through the dam it turns a
turbine which is conected to a generator, this
creates the electricity which then is stepped up or
down to the requiered voltage by transformers,
then the electricity is distributed by power lines.

34. • 1. Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be
produced at a constant rate.
• 2. If electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be
shut, stopping electricity generation. The water can be
saved for use another time when electricity demand is
high.
• 3. Dams are designed to last many decades and so can
contribute to the generation of electricity for many
years / decades.

35. • 4. The lake that forms behind the dam can be used for
water sports and leisure / pleasure activities. Often
large dams become tourist attractions in their own
right.
• 5. The lake's water can be used for irrigation
purposes.
• 6. The build up of water in the lake means that energy
can be stored until needed, when the water is
released to produce electricity.
• 7. When in use, electricity produced by dam systems
do not produce green house gases. They do not
pollute the atmosphere.

37. • 1. Dams are extremely expensive to build and must be built
to a very high standard.
• 2. The high cost of dam construction means that they must
operate for many decades to become profitable.
• 3. The flooding of large areas of land means that the natural
environment is destroyed.
• 4. People living in villages and towns that are in the valley
that is flooded, must move out. This means that they lose
their farms and businesses. In some countries, people are
forcibly removed so that hydro-power schemes can go
ahead.

38. 5. The building of large dams can cause serious geological damage. For
example, the building of the Hoover Dam in the USA triggered a
number of earth quakes .
6. Although modern planning and design of dams is good, in the past
old dams have been known to be breached (the dam gives under the
weight of water in the lake). This has led to deaths and flooding.
• 7. Dams built blocking the progress of a river in one country usually
means that the water supply from the same river in the following
country is out of their control. This can lead to serious problems
between neighbouring countries.
• 8. Building a large dam alters the natural water table level. For
example, the building of the Aswan Dam in Egypt has altered the
level of the water table. This is slowly leading to damage of many of
its ancient monuments.

40. MAJOR RESERVOIRS
IN THE PROVINCE OF
MÁLAGA

41. SWAMP CAPACITY LOCALITY RIVER
Conde Guadalhorce 70 hm3 Ardales Ardales
Guadalhorce - 282 hm3 Campillos Guadalhorce
Guadalteba
La Concepción 56 hm3 Marbella Verde
La Viñuela 170 hm3 Viñuela Guaro
Guadalteba 153hm3 Campillos Guadalteba

42. RESERVOIR CONDE GUADALHORCE
• Reservoir water (14-02-2012): 14 hm3 - 64.29%
• Variation of the last week: 0hm3 - 00.00%
• Capacity: 70hm3
• Same week (2011): 60hm3 – 85.71%
• Same week (Average of ten years): 39hm3 – 56.86%
• Basin: Mediterránea Andaluza
• Province: Málaga
• Municipality: Ardales
• River: Ardales
• Type of dam: Gravity
• Year of construction: 1921
• Surface: 546 ha

44. RESERVOIR GUADALHORCE - GUADALTEBA
• Reservoir water ( 06/03/12): 246hm3 87.23%
• Variation of the last week: - 1hm3 -0.35%
• Capacity: 282 hm3
• Same week (2011): 275hm3 97.52%
• Same week (Averange of the ten years): 127hm3 45.05%
• Basin: Mediterránea Andaluza
• Province: Málaga
• Municipality: Campillos
• River: Guadalhorce
• Type of dam: Loose materials core clay
• Year of construction 1973
• Surface 780 ha

46. RESERVOIR LA CONCEPCIÓN
• Reservoir water ( 06/ 03/ 12): 51hm3 91.07%
• Variation of the last week: 0 hm3 0%
• Capacity: 56 hm3
• Same week (2011): 58 hm3 103.57%
• Same week (Averange of the ten years): 51 hm 3 91.43%
• Basin: Mediterránea Andaluza
• Province: Málaga
• Municipality: Marbella
• River: Verde
• Type of dam: Gravity
• Year of construction 1971
• Surface 214 ha

48. RESERVOIR LA VIÑUELA
• Reservoir water (06/ 03/12 ): 144hm3 84.71%
• Variation of the last week: -1 hm3 -0.59%
• Capacity: 170hm3
• Same week (2011): 147hm3 86.47%
• Same week (Averange of the ten years): 98hm3 58.18%
• Basin: Mediterránea Andaluza
• Province: Málaga
• Municipality: Viñuela
• River: Guaro
• Type of dam: Loose materials core clay
• Year of construction: 1986
• Surface: 565 ha

52. Tajo de la Encantada Dam
The Tajo de la Encantada Dam was desgined with two reservoirs at
different level, joined by a large water pipe. In the one on the lower
level there are several electricity-generating turbines and they are
operated with the water pressure from the upper reservoir (Villaverde
Dam, near the Bobastro ruins).
At night, when energy is less expensive, these turbines will become
drive motors and the lower water reservoir is pumped to the top. The
next day, the process starts draining the water supply. The business is
in the difference in price of electricity day and night.
The Tajo de la Encantada Dam is located on the edge of the tagus, in
the Chorro, municipality of Álora, where the hydroelectric company
has inmplemented the largest reversible hydroelectric in Spain, Salto
de la Encantada.

54. More About Tajo de la Encantada Dam
Dam Owner: Sevillana de Electricidad
River: Guadalhorce Municipality: Álora Province: Málaga
Reservoir Applications: Supply, Hydropower, Irrigation.
Hydrological Data
Surface of the river basin (km2): 1740.
Design flood peak discharge (m3/s): 2780
Reservoir Data
Reservoir surface (hectares): 34,40
Cappacity to NMN (hm3): 4,30
Cota of NMN (m): 202.50
Dam Facts
Dam Type: Gravity
Cota coronación (m): 205.00
Height from foundation (m): 38,20
Crest length (m): 178.00
Foundation cota (m): 166,80

57. -María Alexandrovna Andreeva
-Catherine Janen Blackman
-Alberto Cano Marañón
-Antonio Carmona Lozano
-Thomas Anders De Gregorio Christensen
-Antoni Della Monica Kopec
-Leonie Marie Krohne
-Lucía Patricia López Goddard
-Cecilia Martín Callejón
-Carlos Palicio Bedmar
-Francisco Rojas Real