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Early outcomes of laparoscopic
gastric resection for
adenocarcinoma
Eduardo A. Guzman MD
Alessio Pigazzi MD PhD
Joshua D.I. Ellenhorn MD
Laparoscopy for cancer
• A laparoscopic approach should not compromise the
quality of the surgery
• Laparoscopic procedures have been succesfully adopted
for colon cancer given equivalent oncologic outcomes
• Laparoscopic gastrectomy for cancer is commonly
performed in Asia and Europe
• Laparoscopic gastrectomy experience in North America
is limited
Extended lymphadenectomies
• Despite the results of randomized controlled
trials, extended lymphadenectomies are still
considered oncologically advantageous
procedures.
• Judgement should be used to avoid
consequential increases in morbidity and
mortality
• Routine performance of a distal pancreatectomy
and splenectomy should be avoided
Study aim
• Aim: To compare short term postoperative and
oncologic outcomes between laparoscopic and
open procedures for gastric adenocarcinoma
• Hypothesis: There is no difference in the rate of
positive surgical margins or number of enlarged
lymph nodes between laparoscopic and open
procedures for gastric cancer
Methods
• Retrospective review of City of Hope surgical
database 1999 - 2008
• 143 patients underwent a gastric resection
• 67 patients were identified in accordance with
the specified inclusion and exclusion criteria
Methods
• Inclusion criteria
– Gastric Adenocarcinoma
– Abdominal procedures
– Curative interventions
• Exclusion criteria
– Other cancers (GIST, tumors invading the stomach)
– Palliative procedures
– Esophagogastrectomies
– Thoracoabdominal approaches
Laparoscopic candidates
• Patients with no evidence of enlarged lymph
nodes on preoperative imaging (CT / EUS)
were identified as appropriate candidates for
the laparoscopic procedure
Lymphadenectomy
• D0 - No
lymphadenectomy
• D1 – Perigastric nodes
• D2 - Nodes along the
celiac, splenic and hepatic
arteries.
• D3 - Removal of para-
aortic and retroperitoneal
nodes
D2 lymphadenectomies
• A D2 lymphadenectomy was considered in all
patients with gastric cancer
• Some patients underwent a D1 instead due to
early stage tumors or comorbid conditions that
precluded a more extensive operation
Surgical technique
• Pneumoperitoneum and placement of trocars
• Omentectomy
• Mobilization of the greater curvature of the stomach
• Division of the right gastroepiploic vessels
• Dissection of hepatoduodenal ligament next to the liver
• Division of right gastric artery
• Docking of robot
• Dissection of all lymphatic tissue from hepatic, splenic
arteries and celiac plexus
• Division of left gastric artery at its base
• Gastric transection with wide margins
• Laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy or esophagojejunostomy
• Jejunostomy tube
• Removal of specimen
Laparoscopic gastrectomies for cancer
Robotics
• The Da’Vinci surgical robot was used to assist in the
perfromance of a D2 lymphadenectomy in a subset of
patients
• Robotics provided improved visualization, tremor control
and precise surgical dissection
• A D2 lymphadenectomy can also be performed purely
laparoscopically
149 gastric resections
1999 - 2008
67 patients
22 Laparoscopic 45 open
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Vs
D0 = 0
D1 =
D2 =
D0 = 1
D1 =
D2 =
Patient characteristics
Laparoscopic
(n=21)
Open
(n=44)
p-value
Age (mean) Xxx xxx xxx
Gender (% male) 67 64 0.842
BMI (median) 25 25
Put p
value
No difference among groups in patient demographics
TNM
Laparoscopic Open p-value
T status 0.2537
T1 43 % (27)
T2 (38) (55)
T3 (14) (18)
T4 (5) (0)
N status 0.004
N0 (81) (32)
N1 (19) (43
N2 (0) (11)
N3 (0) (14)
Given preoperative selection criteria, patients in the laparoscopic
group were more likely more likely to be node negative
Laparoscopic
(n=21)
Open (n=44) p-value
Stage 0.1156
0 0 (0) 1 (2)
I 13 (62) 15 (34)
II 7 33) 15 (34)
III 1 (5) 6 (14)
IV 0 (8) 7 (16)
There is no significant difference in the stage of disease between groups
Operative factors
Laparoscopic(n=
21)
No. of patients
(%)
Open (n=44)
No. of
patients
(%)
p-value
Surgical type 0.1378
Total 1( 5) 11 (25)
Proximal 3 (14) 6 (14)
Distal 17 (81) 27 (61)
Multiorgan resection 1 (5) 4 (9) 0.9086
No difference in type of surgery
Laparoscopic(n=21)
(%)
Open (n=44)
(%)
p-value*
Lymphadenectomy type 0.4379
D0
0 2
D1
33 20
D2
67 77
No difference in the percentage of patients who underwent an extended
lymphadenectomy
In one patient a lymphadenectomy was completely avoided secondary
to a T1 tumor and the presence of significant comorbid conditions
In 90x % of the laparoscopic patients, the lymphadenectomy was performed roboti
Operative outcomes
Laparoscopi
c
(n=21)
Open
(n=44)
p-value*
Surgery time (minutes), median
(range)
411 299 <0.0001
Estimated blood loss, median
(range)
200 383 0.0050
Laparoscopic procedures took longer but were associated with a lower blood loss
Oncologic outcomes
Laparoscopic(n=
21)
(%)
Open (n=44)
(%)
p-value*
Positive margins 0 2 0.4863
Number of lymph
nodes, mean
26 26 0.98
Number of lymph
nodes, mean D2
lymphadenectomy
cases
26 26 0.98
Oncologic outcomes
• A margin negative resection was able to be
accomplished in all but one patient.
• No difference in the median number of lymph nodes
retreived between lap and open
• For D2 lymphadenectomy procedures, there was no
difference in the median number of nodes harvested.
Postoperative outcomes
Laparosco
pic
(n=21)
Open
(n=44)
p-
valu
e*
Length of stay (days), median
(range)
7 (3-50)
10 (3-
60)
0.0034
% Weight loss at 1 month, median
(range)
5.7 8.0 0.49
Median length of stay was significantly shorter in laparoscopic gastrectomies
At one month after surgery the percentage of weight lost was not
significantly different between but there was a trend favoring the
laparoscopic group
Morbidity and Mortality
Laparosco
pic
(n=21)
Open
(n=44)
p-
valu
e*
Mortality, N (%) 0 (0) 1 (2) 0.4863
Complications, N (%) 8 (38) 20 (45) 0.4863
Arrhythmia 2 7
Delayed gastric emptying 1 4
Anastomotic leak 1 0
Duodenal stump leak 1 0
Other 5 23
No significant difference in morbidity and mortality among both groups
There was one death in the open arm
One leak occurred in the laparoscopic arm.
Cardiac arrythmias were the most common postoperative complication
Postoperative outcomes
• Median length of stay was shorter in the
laparoscopic group
• No difference in the median % wt loss at one
month
• No difference in the number of patients who
suffered a postoperative complication
• One mortality in the open group
Summary
• Laparoscopic gastrectomies were associated
with
• Decreased blood loss
• Decreased length of stay
– But
• Increased operative time
• There is no difference in the oncologic outcomes
of negative margin resection and number of
lymph nodes retreived
• An appropiate D2 lymphadenectomy can be
performed laparoscopically or robotically
Summary
• Extended lymphadenectomy remains an important
consideration in the surgical tx of gastric CA
• Laparoscopic gastric resections for cancer are being
introduced in North America
• In our study
– Oncologic outcomes were not compromised by the performance
of a laparoscopic procedure
– Robotic extended lymphadenectomies were used
– Lap procedures were associated with
• Increased op time
• Decreased blood loss
• Decreased length of Stay
Conclusion
• Lap gastrectomy is an oncologically adequate
alternative to open surgical resection
• Lap procedures can be associated with
improved short term postoperative outcomes
Future
• Increased use of laparoscopic gastric
resections
• Incorporation of robotics in surgical
oncology
• Multicenter randomized trials on
laparoscopic gastrectomies
Laparoscopic gastrectomies for cancer
Laparoscopic gastrectomies for cancer
Laparoscopic gastrectomies for cancer

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Laparoscopic gastrectomies for cancer

  • 1. Early outcomes of laparoscopic gastric resection for adenocarcinoma Eduardo A. Guzman MD Alessio Pigazzi MD PhD Joshua D.I. Ellenhorn MD
  • 2. Laparoscopy for cancer • A laparoscopic approach should not compromise the quality of the surgery • Laparoscopic procedures have been succesfully adopted for colon cancer given equivalent oncologic outcomes • Laparoscopic gastrectomy for cancer is commonly performed in Asia and Europe • Laparoscopic gastrectomy experience in North America is limited
  • 3. Extended lymphadenectomies • Despite the results of randomized controlled trials, extended lymphadenectomies are still considered oncologically advantageous procedures. • Judgement should be used to avoid consequential increases in morbidity and mortality • Routine performance of a distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy should be avoided
  • 4. Study aim • Aim: To compare short term postoperative and oncologic outcomes between laparoscopic and open procedures for gastric adenocarcinoma • Hypothesis: There is no difference in the rate of positive surgical margins or number of enlarged lymph nodes between laparoscopic and open procedures for gastric cancer
  • 5. Methods • Retrospective review of City of Hope surgical database 1999 - 2008 • 143 patients underwent a gastric resection • 67 patients were identified in accordance with the specified inclusion and exclusion criteria
  • 6. Methods • Inclusion criteria – Gastric Adenocarcinoma – Abdominal procedures – Curative interventions • Exclusion criteria – Other cancers (GIST, tumors invading the stomach) – Palliative procedures – Esophagogastrectomies – Thoracoabdominal approaches
  • 7. Laparoscopic candidates • Patients with no evidence of enlarged lymph nodes on preoperative imaging (CT / EUS) were identified as appropriate candidates for the laparoscopic procedure
  • 8. Lymphadenectomy • D0 - No lymphadenectomy • D1 – Perigastric nodes • D2 - Nodes along the celiac, splenic and hepatic arteries. • D3 - Removal of para- aortic and retroperitoneal nodes
  • 9. D2 lymphadenectomies • A D2 lymphadenectomy was considered in all patients with gastric cancer • Some patients underwent a D1 instead due to early stage tumors or comorbid conditions that precluded a more extensive operation
  • 10. Surgical technique • Pneumoperitoneum and placement of trocars • Omentectomy • Mobilization of the greater curvature of the stomach • Division of the right gastroepiploic vessels • Dissection of hepatoduodenal ligament next to the liver • Division of right gastric artery • Docking of robot • Dissection of all lymphatic tissue from hepatic, splenic arteries and celiac plexus • Division of left gastric artery at its base • Gastric transection with wide margins • Laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy or esophagojejunostomy • Jejunostomy tube • Removal of specimen
  • 12. Robotics • The Da’Vinci surgical robot was used to assist in the perfromance of a D2 lymphadenectomy in a subset of patients • Robotics provided improved visualization, tremor control and precise surgical dissection • A D2 lymphadenectomy can also be performed purely laparoscopically
  • 13. 149 gastric resections 1999 - 2008 67 patients 22 Laparoscopic 45 open Inclusion and exclusion criteria Vs D0 = 0 D1 = D2 = D0 = 1 D1 = D2 =
  • 14. Patient characteristics Laparoscopic (n=21) Open (n=44) p-value Age (mean) Xxx xxx xxx Gender (% male) 67 64 0.842 BMI (median) 25 25 Put p value No difference among groups in patient demographics
  • 15. TNM Laparoscopic Open p-value T status 0.2537 T1 43 % (27) T2 (38) (55) T3 (14) (18) T4 (5) (0) N status 0.004 N0 (81) (32) N1 (19) (43 N2 (0) (11) N3 (0) (14) Given preoperative selection criteria, patients in the laparoscopic group were more likely more likely to be node negative
  • 16. Laparoscopic (n=21) Open (n=44) p-value Stage 0.1156 0 0 (0) 1 (2) I 13 (62) 15 (34) II 7 33) 15 (34) III 1 (5) 6 (14) IV 0 (8) 7 (16) There is no significant difference in the stage of disease between groups
  • 17. Operative factors Laparoscopic(n= 21) No. of patients (%) Open (n=44) No. of patients (%) p-value Surgical type 0.1378 Total 1( 5) 11 (25) Proximal 3 (14) 6 (14) Distal 17 (81) 27 (61) Multiorgan resection 1 (5) 4 (9) 0.9086 No difference in type of surgery
  • 18. Laparoscopic(n=21) (%) Open (n=44) (%) p-value* Lymphadenectomy type 0.4379 D0 0 2 D1 33 20 D2 67 77 No difference in the percentage of patients who underwent an extended lymphadenectomy In one patient a lymphadenectomy was completely avoided secondary to a T1 tumor and the presence of significant comorbid conditions In 90x % of the laparoscopic patients, the lymphadenectomy was performed roboti
  • 19. Operative outcomes Laparoscopi c (n=21) Open (n=44) p-value* Surgery time (minutes), median (range) 411 299 <0.0001 Estimated blood loss, median (range) 200 383 0.0050 Laparoscopic procedures took longer but were associated with a lower blood loss
  • 20. Oncologic outcomes Laparoscopic(n= 21) (%) Open (n=44) (%) p-value* Positive margins 0 2 0.4863 Number of lymph nodes, mean 26 26 0.98 Number of lymph nodes, mean D2 lymphadenectomy cases 26 26 0.98
  • 21. Oncologic outcomes • A margin negative resection was able to be accomplished in all but one patient. • No difference in the median number of lymph nodes retreived between lap and open • For D2 lymphadenectomy procedures, there was no difference in the median number of nodes harvested.
  • 22. Postoperative outcomes Laparosco pic (n=21) Open (n=44) p- valu e* Length of stay (days), median (range) 7 (3-50) 10 (3- 60) 0.0034 % Weight loss at 1 month, median (range) 5.7 8.0 0.49 Median length of stay was significantly shorter in laparoscopic gastrectomies At one month after surgery the percentage of weight lost was not significantly different between but there was a trend favoring the laparoscopic group
  • 23. Morbidity and Mortality Laparosco pic (n=21) Open (n=44) p- valu e* Mortality, N (%) 0 (0) 1 (2) 0.4863 Complications, N (%) 8 (38) 20 (45) 0.4863 Arrhythmia 2 7 Delayed gastric emptying 1 4 Anastomotic leak 1 0 Duodenal stump leak 1 0 Other 5 23 No significant difference in morbidity and mortality among both groups There was one death in the open arm One leak occurred in the laparoscopic arm. Cardiac arrythmias were the most common postoperative complication
  • 24. Postoperative outcomes • Median length of stay was shorter in the laparoscopic group • No difference in the median % wt loss at one month • No difference in the number of patients who suffered a postoperative complication • One mortality in the open group
  • 25. Summary • Laparoscopic gastrectomies were associated with • Decreased blood loss • Decreased length of stay – But • Increased operative time • There is no difference in the oncologic outcomes of negative margin resection and number of lymph nodes retreived • An appropiate D2 lymphadenectomy can be performed laparoscopically or robotically
  • 26. Summary • Extended lymphadenectomy remains an important consideration in the surgical tx of gastric CA • Laparoscopic gastric resections for cancer are being introduced in North America • In our study – Oncologic outcomes were not compromised by the performance of a laparoscopic procedure – Robotic extended lymphadenectomies were used – Lap procedures were associated with • Increased op time • Decreased blood loss • Decreased length of Stay
  • 27. Conclusion • Lap gastrectomy is an oncologically adequate alternative to open surgical resection • Lap procedures can be associated with improved short term postoperative outcomes
  • 28. Future • Increased use of laparoscopic gastric resections • Incorporation of robotics in surgical oncology • Multicenter randomized trials on laparoscopic gastrectomies