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                                                           RESOURCE GUIDE TO ORGANIC &
                                                         SUSTAINABLE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
Appropria te Technology Tra ns fer for Rura l Area s                         HORTICULTURE RESOURCE LIST
            www.attra.ncat.org
     ATTRA is the national sustainable agriculture information center funded by the USDA’s Rural Business -- Cooperative Service.


By Steve Diver                                                            4.8    ATTRA Publications Relating to Pest
NCAT Agricultural Specialist                                                     Management
September 2001                                                         5.0       Vegetable Industry Resources
                                                                       6.0       Selected Vegetable Production Materials on
Table of Contents                                                                the Web
                                                                       7.0       Magazines & Newsletters on Vegetable
1.0          About This Resource List                                            Production and Market Gardening
  1.1        Who Should Use This Guide                                 8.0       Databases & Directory Links to Vegetable
  1.2        How to Use This Guide                                               Crops and Associated Production Practices
  1.3        About the Use of Web Resources                                      on the Web
  1.4        What is Sustainable Vegetable Production                  9.0       Organic Farming Primer
  1.5        What is Organic Vegetable Production                      10.0      Organic Certification and Marketing
2.0          The Farmer's Bookshelf:                                   11.0      Economics of Organic Vegetable Production
  2.1        Publications on Sustainable Vegetable                     12.0      Magazines & Newsletters on Organic
             Production, Market Gardening, and                                   Farming and Sustainable Agriculture
             Commercial Vegetable Production                           13.0      Publishers & Book Distributors
  2.2        Specialty, Ethnic and Minor Vegetable Crops
  2.3        Literature on Organic Agriculture
  2.4        Modern Literature on Organic Farming                      1.0       About This Resource List
  2.5        Literature on Sustainable Agriculture
  2.6        Literature on Alternative Farming Systems                 In 1994, ATTRA published a 47-page information
3.0          Soil Management                                           package titled Sustainable Vegetable Production. At
  3.11       Books & Bulletins on Soil Fertility                       the time it was a leading information source on
  3.12       Soil Fertility Web Links                                  organic and sustainable vegetable production.
  3.21       Print & Video Resources on Cover Crops                    However, in 1999 Dr. Vernon Grubinger, vegetable
  3.22       Cover Crop Web Links                                      specialist at the University of Vermont, came out
  3.23       UC-SAREP Cover Crop Resources                             with a comprehensive book on this subject,
  3.31       Books & Bulletins on Composts and                         Sustainable Vegetable Production From Start-Up to
             Manures                                                   Market. With the advent of Grubinger's book—
   3.32      Web Links on Composts and Manures                         published by the Natural Resource, Agriculture, and
   3.41      Books & Bulletins on Soil Organic Matter                  Engineering Service (NRAES) in Ithaca, New
   3.42      Soil Organic Matter Web Links                             York—we've discontinued the ATTRA information
   3.51      Books & Bulletins on Earthworms,                          package. We think the NRAES book does an
             Microbes, and Soil Biology                                excellent job of providing a comprehensive and
  3.52       Soil Biology Web Links                                    farmer-friendly overview of sustainable vegetable
4.0          IPM for Vegetables                                        production.
  4.1        Print & Video Resources on IPM
  4.2        IPM Web Links                                             In keeping with the ATTRA tradition to carve out a
  4.3        Print & Video Resources on Weed Control                   niche where no agricultural specialist has gone
             for Vegetables and Row Crops                              before, we elected to produce a resource guide of
   4.4       Weed Control Web Links                                    educational materials that supports the needs of
   4.5       Weather, Agriculture and IPM                              organic and sustainable vegetable farmers. Thus, we
   4.6       IPM Certification and Labeling                            offer this title—Resource Guide to Organic and
   4.7       IPM Databases & Search Engines                            Sustainable Vegetable Production.

                                           is a project of the National Center for Appropriate Technology
Farmers making a transition to sustainable farming        1.1     Who Should Use This Guide
need information on a wide variety of topicse.g.,
legumes as a source of nitrogen, cover crops,             Farmers and others who work in commercial
compost, non-chemical weed control, biointensive          agriculturee.g., Extension specialists, NRCS, crop
IPM, etc. This Guide provides a summary of some of        advisors, teachers, and researchers. The focus is
the best in-print and on-line sources around.             heavily oriented to practical approaches to organic
                                                          and sustainable farming.
Moreover, ATTRA specialists will continue to
address organic and sustainable production of             1.2     How to Use This Guide
specific vegetable crops—tomatoes, sweet corn,
onions, melons, asparagus—as well as                      Printed literature like books and bulletins are listed
complementary production technologies such as             first; these are followed by a selection of on-line
compost teas, baking soda as an alternative               resources. In some instances, a web version
fungicide, disease-suppressive potting mixes, use of      corresponds with the book and these have been
refractometers to measure sugar content, foliar           noted.
feeding, living mulches, flame weeding, etc.
                                                          Publishers and distributors that sell the books
Here it should be noted that farmers raising herbs or     reviewed here are listed in a special section at the
field-grown cut flowers face nearly identical             end of this resource guide. For details on sales price,
production requirements. Thus, when we talk about         shipping expenses, and ordering information, contact
cover crops or weed control or soil management for        the publishers.
vegetables, the same approach will work for field-
grown cut flowers and herbs.                              1.3     About the Use of Web Resources

A Partial Listing of ATTRA Publications and               The Internet has revolutionized the way information
Resources Related to Vegetable Production:                is distributed and obtained.

•   Overview of Organic Crop Production                   Whereas it used to take several weeks or months to
•   Manures for Organic Crop Production                   wait for a publication to arrive in the mail, with a few
•   Companion Planting: Basic Concepts &                  mouse clicks many of these items now instantly
    Resources                                             appear on your computer screen. Better yet, all these
•   Suppliers of Organic and/or Non-GE Seeds &            articles and bulletins are free. In addition, some
    Plants                                                items—including many Extension Service fact
•   Organic Plug and Transplant Production                sheets—are available only in electronic form. Thus,
•   Organic Potting Mixes                                 some portions of this resource list are more heavily
•   Season Extension Techniques for Market                oriented to web resources than others.
    Gardeners
                                                          If you have received this resource list but you don’t
•   Organic Allium Production
                                                          have a computer at home, please see your local
•   Organic Asparagus Production
                                                          librarian for assistance. Most rural libraries now
•   Organic Sweet Corn Production
                                                          have computer access.
•   Organic Sweet Potato Production
•   Organic Tomato Production                             How To Read Web Documents:
•   Specialty Lettuce and Greens: Organic
    Production                                            .HTML Hyper Text Markup Language; click and
•   Herb Overview                                               read online. Most common format.
•   Sustainable Cut Flower Production                     .PDF Portable Document Format; requires Adobe
•   Organic Certification & The National Organic                Acrobat Reader to download.
    Program
•   Organic Marketing Resources
•   Community Supported Agriculture
•   Direct Marketing
•   Farmers’ Markets

     ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production                           Page 2
1.4       What is Sustainable Vegetable Production          1.5       What is Organic Vegetable Production

For the purpose of an introduction, sustainable             In a nutshell, organic farming is based on the
agriculture can be characterized as follows:                following approaches and production inputs:

•     Sustainable agriculture is a goal rather than a       •     Strict avoidance of synthetic fertilizers and
      specific set of farming practices. Progress or              synthetic pesticides
      movement toward the goal may be viewed as a           •     Crop rotations, crop residues, mulches
      continuum.                                            •     Animal manures and composts
                                                            •     Cover crops and green manures
•     A sustainable farming system strives to be            •     Organic fertilizers and soil amendments
      productive and profitable, while at the same time     •     Biostimulants, humates, and seaweeds
      preserving environmental quality and making           •     Compost teas and herbal teas
      efficient use of nonrenewable resources.              •     Marine, animal, and plant by-products
                                                            •     Biorational, microbial, and botanical pesticides,
•     Sustainable agriculture is concerned about the              and other natural pest control products
      well-being of rural communities and the quality
      of life for families and farmworkers.                 In 1980, organic farming was defined by the USDA
                                                            as a system that excludes the use of synthetic
•     Though biological practices and products are          fertilizers, pesticides, and growth regulators.
      favored over chemical inputs, pesticides and          Organic certification emerged as a grassroots
      fertilizers may be used within an IPM                 production and marketing tool during the 1970s and
      framework.                                            1980s to ensure that foods labeled “organic” met
                                                            specified standards of production. The Organic
One of the quickest ways to grasp production                Foods Production Act, a section of the 1990 Farm
practices associated with sustainable vegetable             Bill, enabled the USDA to develop a national
production is to examine the guidelines and standards       program of universal standards, certification
for integrated farming systems, such as:                    accreditation, and food labeling.

•     Integrated Pest Management                            In April 2001, the USDA released the Final Rule of
•     Integrated Crop Management                            the National Organic Program. This federal law
•     Integrated Farm Management                            stipulates, in considerable detail, exactly what a
                                                            grower can and cannot do to produce and market a
In some instances, point systems are employed to            product as organic. Application for certification
certify the adoption of recommended best                    must be made, paperwork completed, fees paid, and
management practices. For example, a grower can             annual inspections undergone. To learn more about
earn points toward “certified IPM” status for sweet         the details of the certification process, see ATTRA's
corn through the use of cover crops, crop rotations,        Organic Certification & National Organic Program
nitrogen fertilizer applied in split application, etc.      information packet.

To guide decisions on ways to approach sustainable          A companion ATTRA publication—Overview of
farming, it is helpful to become knowledgeable about        Organic Crop Production—is recommended to gain
the principles of agroecology and sustainability.           a better understanding of the history, philosophy, and
Ultimately, each farmer adopts their own approach.          practices of organic farming.

Resource:                                                   Resource:

Introduction to Sustainable Agriculture &                   An Overview of Organic Crop Production
Agroecology                                                 By George Kuepper, ATTRA
ATTRA's Related Web Links Site                              http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/organiccrop.html
http://www.attra.org/rel.html



       ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production                            Page 3
2.0       The Farmer’s Bookshelf                                The New Organic Grower: A Master's Manual of
                                                                Tools and Techniques for the Home and Market
Here is a selection of some of the best resources for the       Gardener, 2nd Edition. 1995. By Eliot Coleman.
farmer's bookshelf. For-sale books are available from the       Chelsea Green Publishing Co., White River Junction,
sources listed in the Publishers & Distributors section.        VT. 340 p.
Out-of-print literature and reference titles (mainly in the
historical section) are available through Inter-Library Loan.      Eliot Coleman’s book The New Organic Grower has
                                                                   probably had more impact on the organic market
2.1       Publications on Sustainable Vegetable                    gardening movement in the United States than any
                                                                   other single publication. Coleman advocates the use
          Production, Market Gardening, and
                                                                   of walking tractors, wheel hoes, multi-row dibble
          Commercial Vegetable Production                          sticks, soil block transplants, and other tools and
                                                                   techniques that help make market gardening much
Sustainable Vegetable Production From Start-Up                     more efficient. The techniques he describes were
to Market. 1999. By Vernon P. Grubinger.                           honed from years of experience as a farmer, combined
NRAES-104. Natural Resource, Agriculture, and                      with traditional market gardening techniques from
Engineering Service, Ithaca, NY. 268 p.                            Europe. Yet he also injects the insights and wisdom of
                                                                   a pioneer in organics to help the reader acquire new
      Vernon Grubinger is an Extension Vegetable                   ways of thinking; e.g., plant positive production
      Specialist in Vermont. This book resulted from a             philosophy. This is a complete how-to-get-started
      vegetable production course he taught on sabbatical at       manual on conceptualizing and practicing commercial
      the University of Maine in 1996. Sustainable                 organic vegetable production. Highly recommended.
      Vegetable Production From Start-Up to Market is
      without a doubt the most comprehensive and modern         How to Grow More Vegetables, 5th Edition. 1995.
      textbook on sustainable vegetable production.             By John Jeavons. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, CA.
      Chapters address concepts and terminology associated      201 p.
      with sustainable and organic production philosophies,
      production practices (soil fertility management, on-         John Jeavons’s book How to Grow More Vegetables is
      farm composting, crop rotations, cover crops and             the classic text on the biointensive method of
      green manures, tillage and field preparation, seeds and      production. This is the production system that
      transplants, weed control, etc.) as well as business         emphasizes double digging, intensive spacing,
      planning and marketing. Special features include             companion planting, organic soil preparation, and high
      farmer profiles and lots and lots of useful tables and       yields in minimal space. Jeavons’s book is filled with
      sidebars. Farmer-friendly; highly recommended.               useful information and charts. The Ecology Action
                                                                   Institute founded by Jeavons publishes numerous
Sustainable Practices for Vegetable Production in                  booklets and research results on topics relating to
the South. 1996. By Mary Peet. Focus Publishing,                   biointensive production methods, organic fertilizers,
R. Pullins Co., Newburyport, MA. 174 p.                            cover crops, composts, small-scale production data,
                                                                   etc. Whereas the scale of production advocated by
      Sustainable Practices for Vegetable Production in the        Jeavons is too small for many growers, the principles
      South by Mary Peet is the result of a USDA                   are universally applicable.
      Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education
      (SARE) grant to North Carolina State University. This        For a list of Ecology Action titles, descriptions, and
      was the first attempt by a land-grant university to          ordering information, see:
      collate and synthesize information relevant to               http://solstice.crest.org/sustainable/ecology_action/
      sustainable vegetable production. Chapters provide           index.html
      overviews on production practices (soil management,
      cover crops, conservation tillage, and insect, disease,
      nematode, and weed management) followed by crop
      profiles on individual vegetable crops. The crop
      profiles provide a nice summary of standard
      production practices (botany, plant characteristics,
      planting, spacing, harvesting).

      A full-scale web version is available online at:
      http://www2.ncsu.edu/ncsu/cals/sustainable/peet/



       ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production                                  Page 4
Backyard Market Gardening: The Entre-                        Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th
preneur’s Guide to Selling What You Grow.                    Edition. 1997. By Donald N. Maynard and George
1993. By Andrew W. Lee. Good Earth Publications,             J. Hochmuth. John Wiley, New York, NY. 582 p.
Columbus, NC. 351 p.
                                                                Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers is the classic
    Andy Lee has over 20 years of market gardening              reference text for vegetable growers. It is jam-packed
    experience and is executive director of the Good Earth      with useful tables, data, calculations, and relevant
    Farm School in Virginia. Lee’s book has a nice              information on commercial production.
    section on farm equipment with black-and-white
    photos. Most of the book is geared to the marketing      The Organic Gardener’s Home Reference:
    and business side of market gardening.                   A Plant-by-Plant Guide to Growing Fresh,
                                                             Healthy Food. 1994. By Tanya Denckla.
The Flower Farmer: An Organic Grower’s                       A Garden Way Publishing Book. Storey
Guide to Raising and Selling Cut Flowers. 1997.              Communications, Inc., Pownal, VT. 273 p.
By Lynn Byczynski. Chelsea Green Publishing Co.,
White River Junction, VT. 207 p.                                The Organic Gardener’s Home Reference by Tanya
                                                                Denckla is a perfect complement to Knott's Handbook
    The Flower Farmer is an important contribution to the       for Vegetable Growers as a quick reference source on
    organic market gardening literature because field-          vegetable production. The Plant Charts summarize
    grown flowers are a common part of a crop mix for           production guidelines for 28 vegetable crops in an
    local sales. As editor of the Growing for Market            easy-to-read format, including: growth conditions;
    newsletter, Lynn Bycznski has a knack for writing           harvest; storage requirements; growing tips; selected
    about market gardening ideas and practices. The farm        varieties; common pests and diseases; and plant allies,
    profiles of cut flower growers around the U.S. are a         companions, and incompatibles. Other charts
    nice feature of her book.                                   summarize disease and insect control options, and
                                                                plant allies and companions.
Producing Vegetable Crops, 4th Edition. 1992. By
John M. Swiader, George W. Ware, and J.P.
McCollum. Interstate Publishers, Inc., Danville, IL.
626 p.

    Producing Vegetable Crops is one of the standard
    textbooks on commercial vegetable production. It
    draws heavily on data and recommendations published
    by the Cooperative Extension Service and Agricultural
    Experiment Stations. These textbooks serve as a good
    reference for any commercial vegetable grower,
    whether organic or conventional.

Vegetable Growing Handbook: Organic and
Traditional Methods, 4th Edition. 1990. By Walter
E. Splittstoesser. An AVI Book, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, New York. 362 p.

    Vegetable Growing Handbook is a second vegetable
    textbook worth noting. Though its coverage of
    organic farming methods is brief, the vegetable
    production summaries are well done and it contains a
    section on specialty vegetables.




     ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production                                Page 5
2.2       Specialty, Ethnic, and Minor Vegetable                    detailed information on 78 Oriental crops (including
                                                                    many greens like mizuna, aburana, komatsura, edible
          Crops
                                                                    chrysanthemums, yellow mustard); each entry includes
                                                                    steps of production from sowing and germination
Specialty vegetables, baby vegetables, heirlooms, colored
                                                                    through thinning, weeding, and harvest.
varieties, ethnic vegetables... market farmers like to raise
these minor crops and sell them at farmers markets and
other niche markets.                                             Cornucopia II: A Source Book of Edible Plants,
                                                                 2nd Edition. 1998. By Stephen Facciola. Kampong
                                                                 Publications, Vista, CA. 713 p.
World Vegetables: Principles, Production and
Nutritive Values, 2nd Edition. 1997. By Vincent E.                  Cornucopia is a superb compendium, as well as
Rubatzky and Mas Yamaguchi. International                           sourcebook, of edible plants. It contains descriptions
Thompson Science (Chapman & Hall), New York,                        and seed or nursery sources for approximately 3,000
NY. 853 p.                                                          species, with detailed cultivar listings for over 110
                                                                    major crops representing the most popular fruits,
      World Vegetables is a textbook on vegetables                  vegetables, nuts, herbs, grains, and mushrooms. It
      produced around the world, with comprehensive                 also contains a comprehensive bibliography and
      coverage of specialty and minor vegetable crops.              appendices that organize plants according to 60
                                                                    different food use categories or edible plant parts.
Specialty and Minor Crops Handbook, 2nd Edition.                    Truly a masterpiece!
1998. Small Farm Center. University of California,
Publication 3346. 184 p.                                         New Crops. Proceedings of National Symposia,
                                                                 Vols I–IV. Center for New Crops & Plant Products,
      This is a beautiful publication from University of         Purdue University.
      California that provides brief fact sheets for about 63
      minor vegetables. Each crop is summarized with a              The New Crops symposiums held in 1990, 1993, 1996
      color photo, market information, cultural information,        and 1999 were published in a series of hard-bound
      seed sources, and bibliography.                               proceedings that contain a wealth of information on
                                                                    new, specialty, and ethnic crops. All volumes are
Manual of Minor Vegetables. 1988. By James M.                       available for sale in print; however, the first three
Stephens. University of Florida. Florida                            volumes are also on-line.
Cooperative Extension, Bulletin SP-40. 123 p.
                                                                    Advances in New Crops (1990)
      The Manual of Minor Vegetables from University of             http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/
      Florida was one of the first attempts by land-grant           proceedings1990/v1-toc.html
      universities to offer informational materials on minor
      vegetable crops. It is mainly listed here as a reference
      source for southeastern U.S. farmers.                         New Crops (1993)
                                                                    http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/
Oriental Vegetables: The Complete Guide for                         CropInfoSources/NewCropsBook1993_info.html
Garden and Kitchen. 1991. By Joy Larkcom.
Kodansha International, New York. 232 p.                            Progress in New Crops (1996)
                                                                    http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/
      Oriental vegetables are popular in towns with Asian           CropInfoSources/NewCropsBook1996_info.html
      ethnic markets, and Joy Larkcom’s book is one of the
      best popular-press books on this topic. It contains        Vegetables and Fruits: A Guide to Heirloom
      detailed entries on over 100 varieties of Oriental         Varieties and Community-Based Stewardship.
      vegetables categorized into three sections: vegetables
                                                                 AFSIC
      that require temperate climates; those requiring
      subtropical climates; and herbs and water plants.          http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/
                                                                 AFSIC_pubs/heirloom/heirloom.htm
Let Nature Do The Growing. 1986. By Gajin
Tokuno. Japan Publications, Inc./Kodansha                           A wealth of resources from the National Agricultural
                                                                    Library containing bibliographical material, resource
International, Ltd., New York, NY. 279 p.
                                                                    organizations and seed sources, and historical
                                                                    documentation.
      Let Nature Do The Growing is a lesser-known text on
      organic vegetable production in Japan. It provides

       ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production                                  Page 6
2.3       Literature on Organic Agriculture                      The Holistic Agriculture Library
                                                                 http://www.soilandhealth.org/ [Agriculture Library]
Organic agriculture has a rich history of farmers,
researchers, and philosophers writing about holistic                The Soil And Health Library, a web library compiled
agriculture practices. As an introduction, five classic titles      by Steve Solomon in Tasmania,
that provide historical perspective are listed below.               features full-text on-line versions of out-of-print
                                                                    organic agriculture classics.
In addition, three resources are provided as access points
for further reading: (1) Tracing the Evolution of Organic-          Plowman's Folly (1943). By Edward Faulkner.
Sustainable Agriculture, a bibliography from the National
Agricultural Library, (2) the Soil and Health web library,          Chemicals, Humus and the Soil (1948). By Donald P.
an on-line collection of classic texts, and (3) Future              Hopkins.
Horizons, a literature review from University of Nebraska.
                                                                    Farming and Gardening For Health or Disease [later
                                                                    editions titled Soil and Health] (1945). By Sir Albert
An Agricultural Testament. 1943. By Sir Albert                      Howard.
Howard. Oxford University Press, New York and
London. 253 p.                                                      An Agricultural Testament (1943). By Sir Albert
                                                                    Howard.
The Living Soil. 1949. By Lady Eve Balfour. Faber
and Faber, LTD., London, England. 270 p.                            The Waste Products of Agriculture: Their Utilization
                                                                    as Humus (1931). By Sir Albert Howard and
                                                                    Yeshwant D. Wad.
Soils and Men: Yearbook of Agriculture 1938.
1938. USDA. United States Department of
                                                                    Soil Microorganisms and Higher Plants (1958).
Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 1232 p.                               By N.A. Krasil'nikov, Academy of Sciences of the
                                                                    USSR, Moscow.
Pay Dirt: Farming and Gardening with
Composts. 1945. By J.I. Rodale. Devin-Adair Co.,                    Fertility Farming (1951). By Newman Turner.
New York. 242 p.
                                                                 Future Horizons: Recent Literature in
Fertility Pastures: Herbal Leys as the Basis of                  Sustainable Agriculture. 1997. Extension and
Soil Fertility and Animal Husbandry. 1955. By                    Education Materials for Sustainable Agriculture,
Newman Turner. Faber and Faber, London. 204 p.                   Volume 6. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Center
                                                                 for Sustainable Agricultural Systems. 222 p.
                  ✼        ✼        ✼
                                                                    The Center for Sustainable Agriculture Systems at the
Tracing the Evolution of Organic/Sustainable                        University of Nebraska compiled this resource guide
Agriculture: A Selected and Annotated                               as part of a USDA-SARE grant. It reviews more than
Bibliography. 1988. By Jane Potter Gates.                           90 books on sustainable agriculture.
National Agricultural Library, Bibliographies and
                                                                    On-line and for-sale print versions are available on the
Literature of Agriculture (BLA) No. 72.                             Internet at:
http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/AFSIC_pubs/
tracing.htm                                                         Future Horizons: Recent Literature in
                                                                    Sustainable Agriculture
      The Alternative Farming Systems Information Center            http://ianrwww.unl.edu/ianr/csas/
      at the National Agricultural Library compiled this
                                                                    extvol6.htm
      bibliography in 1988, yet it is still one of the best
      collections of literature to draw from on the history of
      organic/sustainable agriculture.
                                                                 The Core Historical Literature of Agriculture
                                                                 http://chla.library.cornell.edu/

                                                                    Electronic collection of full-text agricultural books
                                                                    published between the early nineteenth century and the
                                                                    middle to late twentieth century. Dozens of classic
                                                                    titles!



       ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production                                  Page 7
2.4       Modern Literature on Organic Farming                    Global Perspectives on Agroecology and
                                                                  Sustainable Agricultural Systems. Vol. I and II.
1980 marked a new era in organic farming literature, since        1988. By Patricia Allen and Debra Van Dusen.
that was the year USDA published its landmark Report and          Proceedings of the Sixth International
Recommendations on Organic Farming. While alternative             Scientific Conference of IFOAM. Agroecology
press books written by farmers and farm advisors are              Program, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA.
abundant, the advent of scientific, university, and               730 p.
agricultural-society-sponsored conference proceedings and
textbooks have enhanced the literature of organic
                                                                  Environmentally Sound Agriculture. 1983. By
agriculture.
                                                                  William Lockeretz (ed.) Selected Proceedings from
                                                                  the Fourth International Conference of IFOAM held
Report and Recommendations on Organic                             in Cambridge, MA. Praeger Publishers, New York.
Farming. 1980. USDA Study Team. United States                     426 p.
Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. 94p.
                                                                  Crop Protection in Organic and Low-Input
      This is the landmark report that helped usher in a new
      era of scientific and policy support for organic            Agriculture. 1990. By Roger Unwin (ed.)
      agriculture at the USDA and associated agencies             Proceedings of a symposium organized by the British
      (land-grant universities, Cooperative Extension             Crop Protection Council held in Cambridge, UK.
      Service, Agricultural Experiment Stations, and              Monograph No. 45. BCPC, Farnham, Surrey,
      scientific agriculture societies). Five years later, the    England. 254 p.
      1985 Farm Bill enacted legislation that resulted in the
      Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education              The Economics of Organic Farming: An
      program, or SARE.                                           International Perspective. 1994. By Nicholas
                                                                  Lampkin and S. Padel (eds.) CAB International,
Organic Farming. 1990. By Nicolas Lampkin.
                                                                  Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 468 p.
Farming Press, Ipswich, United Kingdom.
701 p.
                                                                  Organic Agriculture: Economic and Ecological
      Nicolas Lampkin is on the faculty at the Welsh              Comparisons with Conventional Methods. 1978.
      Institute of Rural Studies associated with The              By Robert C. Oelhaf. Allanheld, Osmun, & Co.,
      University of Wales. Organic Farming is the most            Montclair, N.J. 271 p.
      prominent effort by a university professor to address
      organic agriculture. In addition, the European              Biological Husbandry: A Scientific Approach to
      ecological and organic farming literature—which             Organic Farming. 1981. By B. Stonehouse (ed.)
      Lampkin heavily draws upon—is a rich source of              Butterworths, London. 352 p.
      information.
                                                                  Towards a Holistic Agriculture: A Scientific
An Overview of Organic Crop Production                            Approach. 1987. By R.W. Widdowson.
By George Kuepper, ATTRA                                          Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK. 187 p.
http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/organiccrop.html

      George Kuepper’s ATTRA publication is one of the
                                                                  Agricultural Production and Nutrition. 1997. By
      best factsheet-type primers on organic production,          William Lockeretz (ed.) Proceedings of a conference
      providing principles, practices, and concepts that put it   held in Boston, Massachusetts. Tufts University,
      all together.                                               School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Medford,
                                                                  MA. 213 p.
The Organic Method Primer Update. 1993. By
Bargyla and Gylver Rateaver. The Rateavers, San                   The Importance of Biological Agriculture in a
Diego, CA. 596 p.                                                 World of Diminishing Resources. 1986. By
                                                                  Vogtmann Hartmut, et al. (eds.) Proceedings
Organic Farming: Current Technology and Its                       of the 5th International Scientific Conference of
Role in a Sustainable Agriculture. 1984. By D.F.                  IFOAM held at the University of Kassel
Bezdicek (ed.) Agronomy Society of America                        (Germany). Verlagsgruppe Witzenhausen,
Special Publication No. 46. ASA, CSSA, SSSA,                      Witzenhausen. 448 p.
Madison, WI. 192 p.

       ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production                               Page 8
2.5      Literature on Sustainable Agriculture                   Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agro-
                                                                 ecosystems. 1994. By Miguel Altieri. Haworth
By the mid-1980s, sustainable agriculture was a term             Press, Binghampton, NY. 185 p.
gaining wider usage. The 1985 Farm Bill—known as the
conservation farm bill—spearheaded the creation of the           Toward a More Sustainable Agriculture. 1986.
USDA-SARE program and Conservation Reserve Program               By Raymond P. Poincelot. AVI Pub. Co., Westport,
(CRP). ATTRA, the national sustainable farming                   Conn. 241 p.
information center that created this guide and related titles,
was another product of the 1985 Farm Bill.
                                                                 Sustainable Agriculture & Integrated Farming
In 1980, a person could put all of the important books           Systems. 1985. By Thomas C. Edens, Cynthia
relating to sustainable agriculture on one shelf. Today,         Fridgen, and Susan L. Battenfield (eds.) Michigan
there are so many academic books and symposium                   State University Press, East Lansing, MI. 344 p.
proceedings on sustainable agriculture that it would be
difficult for even a university library to keep current.         The Role of Microorganisms in a Sustainable
                                                                 Agriculture. 1986. By J.M. Lopez-Real and R.D.
Alternative Agriculture. 1989. National Research                 Hodges (eds.) A.B. Academic, Berkhamsted.
Council. National Academy Press, Washington,                     246 p.
D.C. 448 p.
                                                                 Environmentally Sound Agriculture. 1994.
Sustainable Agriculture in Temperate Zones.                      By Kenneth L. Campbell, et al. (eds.) Proceedings of
1990. By Charles A. Francis, Cornelia Butler Flora,              the Second Conference held in Orlando, Florida.
and Larry D. King. A Wiley-Interscience Publication,             American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St.
Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. 487 p.                               Joseph, MI. 578 p.

Agroecology: The Science of Sustainable                                 ✼                 ✼                  ✼
Agriculture, 2nd Edition. 1995. By Miguel Altieri.
Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 433 p.                              Sustainable Agriculture in Print Series
                                                                 Alternative Farming Systems Information Center,
Agroecology: Ecological Processes in Sustainable                 National Agricultural Library.
Agriculture. 1998. By Stephen R. Gliessman. Ann                  http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/sbjsusag.htm
Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI. 357 p.                                 #saip

                                                                    The Sustainable Agriculture in Print Series, consisting
Sustainable Agricultural Systems. 1990. By C.A.
                                                                    of three bibliographies compiled by the Alternative
Edwards, R. Lal, P. Madden, R.H. Miller and G.                      Farming Systems Information Center, provides
House (eds.) Soil and Water Conservation Society,                   bibliographic coverage of sustainable agriculture
Ankeny, IA. 696 p.                                                  literature from 1580 to 1999.

Sustainable Agriculture Systems. 1994. By J. L.
Hatfield and D. L. Karlen (eds.) Lewis Publishers,
Boca Raton, FL. 316 p.

Ecology and Integrated Farming Systems. 1995.
By D. M. Glen, M.P. Greaves, and H.M. Anderson
(eds.) John Wiley & Sons, New York. 329 p.

Sustainable Food Systems. 1983. By Dietrich
Knorr (ed.) AVI Pub. Co., Westport, Conn.
416 p.

Farming in Nature’s Image: An Ecological
Approach to Agriculture. 1992. By Judith D. Soule
and Jon K. Piper. Island Press, Washington, DC.
286 p.

      ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production                                   Page 9
2.6     Literature on Alternative Farming                                     Biodynamic Farming
        Systems
                                                           Biodynamic Farming Practice. 1992. By Fritz Sattler and
Ecological farming systems—Organic Farming,                Eckard von Wistinghausen. Bio-Dynamic Agricultural
Biodynamic Farming, Permaculture, Eco-Farming,             Association, Stourbridge, West Midlands, England. 336 p.
Nature Farming—evolved as an alternative to chemically
intensive agriculture. Each offers its own brand of        Grasp the Nettle: Making Biodynamic Farming and
philosophy and practical farming methodologies. Here are   Gardening Work. 1997. By Peter Proctor. Random
some noteworthy titles. See the publishers' catalogs and   House, Auckland, N.Z. 176 p.
website listings at the end of this guide for a
comprehensive look at what's available.                    Biodynamic Farming & Compost Preparation
                                                           By Steve Diver, ATTRA
                   Organic Farming                         http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/biodynamic.html

The New Organic Manifesto. 1986. By Lee Fryer. Earth                           Natural Farming
Foods Associates, Wheatland, MD. 180 p.
                                                           The One-Straw Revolution: An Introduction to Natural
Step by Step Organic Vegetable Gardening. 1992. By         Farming. 1978. By Masanobu Fukuoka. Rodale Press,
Shepherd Ogden. HarperCollins, New York. 299 p.            Emmaus, PA. 181 p.

Profitable Organic Farming. 1995. By John Newton.          The Natural Way of Farming: The Theory and Practice of
Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford, UK. 142 p.     Green Philosophy. 1987. By Masanobu Fukuoka. Japan
                                                           Publications, Kodansha International-USA through Harper
Organic Farming and Growing. 1994. By Francis Blake.       & Row, New York. 284 p.
Crowood Press, Gypsy Lane, Swindon, Wiltshire. 221 p.
                                                           The Road Back to Nature: Regaining the Paradise Lost.
                     Eco-Farming                           1987. By Masanobu Fukuoka. Japan Publications,
                                                           Kodansha International-USA through Harper & Row, New
Eco-Farm: An Acres U.S.A. Primer. 1991. By Charles         York, NY. 377 p.
Walters and C.J. Fenzau. Acres USA, Kansas City, MO.
450 p.                                                                          Nature Farming

Science in Agriculture. 1992. By Arden Andersen. Acres     Beneficial and Effective Microorganisms for a Sustainable
USA, Kansas City, MO. 370 p.                               World
                                                           Dr. Teruo Higa and Dr. James F. Parr
Non-Toxic Farming Handbook. 1998. By Philip Wheeler.       http://www.agriton.nl/higa.html
Acres, USA, Metarie, LA. 238 p.
                                                           Nature Farming and Microbial Applications. 2000. Xu,
The Biological Farmer. 2000. By Gary Zimmer. Acres         Hui-lian, James F. Parr, and Hiroshi Umemura (eds.) Food
USA, Austin, TX. 352 p.                                    Products Press, The Haworth Press, Binghamton, NY.
                                                           402 p.
                     Permaculture
                                                           Nature Farming and Effective Microorganisms
Introduction to Permaculture. 1991. By Bill Mollison       By Steve Diver, ATTRA
with Reny Mia Slay. Tagari Publications, Tyalgum           http://ncatark.uark.edu/~steved/Nature-Farm-EM.html
Australia. 198 p.
                                                                    Alternative Farming Systems Primers
Earth User's Guide to Permaculture. 1994. By Rosemary
Morrow and Rob Allsop. Kangaroo Press, Kenthurst,          Towards a Sustainable Agriculture. 1996. Steve Diver.
NSW Australia. 152 p.                                      New Renaissance, Vol. 6, No. 2.
                                                           http://www.ru.org/artagri.html
Introduction to Permaculture: Concepts and Resources
Steve Diver, ATTRA                                         Sustainable Agriculture: Definitions and Terms
http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/perma.html                  Mary Gold, AFSIC, National Agricultural Library
                                                           http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/AFSIC_pubs/srb9902.htm




      ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production                            Page 10
3.0       Soil Management                                         Start with the Soil. 1993. By Grace Gershuny.
                                                                  Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA. 274 p.
Soil management—with its attention to cover crops, crop
rotations, composts, soil biology, soil testing, mineral              Gershuny’s Start with the Soil is a nice complement to
fertilizers—is fundamental to agriculture. Prior to the               the primer noted above, Soul of the Soil. Though
1970s and 80s, farmers getting into organics relied                   written for an organic gardening audience (Rodale
primarily on old books and bulletins for information. Now,            Press), the information, tables, and data build on her
it would take a donkey cart to haul away the goldmine of              previous book.
useful print and web resources that awaits the beginner.
                                                                  Fertile Soil: A Grower’s Guide to Organic &
3.11      Books & Bulletins on Soil Fertility                     Inorganic Fertilizers. 1990. By Robert Parnes.
                                                                  agAccess, Davis, CA. 190 p.
Building Soils for Better Crops, 2nd Edition. 2000.
By Fred Magdoff and Harold van Es. Sustainable                        Robert Parnes was an advisor for several years in the
                                                                      well-known Woods End Agricultural Institute
Agriculture Network, Handbook Series No. 4.
                                                                      laboratory. Fertile Soil—first published as Organic
Sustainable Agriculture Publications, University of                   and Inorganic Fertilizers in 1986—is the other classic
Vermont. 240 p.                                                       soils manual from the 1980s that provides solid
                                                                      information to organic farmers. The tables on nutrient
      Building Soils for Better Crops, 2nd Edition (2000) by          value and estimated fertilizer requirement for organic
      Fred Magdoff and Harold van Es, soil scientists at              fertilizers in Parnes's book are the best alternative to
      University of Vermont and Cornell University                    standard N-P-K fertilizer guidelines.
      respectively, is a highly practical 230-page guide to
      ecological soil management. This is the best all-around     Edaphos: Dynamics of a Natural Soil System.
      manual from the land-grant agricultural colleges on
                                                                  1993. By Paul D. Sachs. The Edaphic Press,
      building and maintaining a healthy, productive soil.
      Topics addressed: organic matter, soil biology,
                                                                  Newbury, VT. 197 p.
      physical properties of soil, animal manures, cover
      crops, crop rotations, making and using composts,               Paul Sachs is the founder of North Country Organics
      reducing compaction, appropriate tillage systems,               in Bradford, VT, and Edaphos is an outgrowth of
      nutrient management, soil tests, and fertilizers. It also       Sachs's seminars and consulting work. Edaphos does
      features profiles of farmers implementing ecological            an excellent job of explaining soil science and soil
      soil management practices, and is accompanied by                management practices in simple terms, accompanied
      plenty of helpful illustrations and tables. The SAN             by useful tables and diagrams.
      series of handbooks are well done and farmer-friendly.
      Highly recommended.                                         Organic Soil Amendments and Fertilizers. 1992.
                                                                  By David E. Chaney and Laurie E. Drinkwater.
The Soul of Soil: A Guide to Ecological Soil                      DNAR Publication No. 21505. UC Sustainable
Management, 3rd Edition. 1995. By Grace                           Agriculture Research and Education Program,
Gershuny and Joseph Smillie. agAccess, Davis, CA.                 University of California, Division of Agriculture and
174 p.                                                            Natural Resources. 36 p.

      The Soul of Soil is the classic primer on ecological soil       UC-SAREP—The University of California's
      management, first published in 1983 as Grace                    Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education
      Gershuny's Master’s Thesis at the University of                 Program—produced this bulletin in 1992, yet it is still
      Vermont. The 1986 edition co-authored with Joseph               the best Extension Service publication on this topic. It
      Smillie is the one that became a primary information            uses tables, data, and diagrams to explain soil organic
      source for organic farmers in the 1980s and 90s. It is          matter and the wide range of organic amendments and
      jam-packed with useful concepts, tables, data, and              fertilizers that are used in organic farming.
      knowledge about soils, humus, compost, crop
      rotations, cover crops, green manures, and mineral          Western Fertilizer Handbook—Horticulture
      fertilizers. It belongs on the bookshelf of every           Edition. 1990. By Albert E. Ludwick. Interstate
      organic farm.                                               Publishers Inc., Danville, IL. 279 p.

                                                                      Farmers need access to all kinds of information,
                                                                      including standard fertility data. This is one of those
                                                                      handy guides used as an occasional reference source.

       ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production                                     Page 11
The Soil Management Series (PC-7398)                          Dr. Ehrenfried Pfeiffer, Biodynamic Pioneer
University of Minnesota Cooperative Extension
http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/                    Bio-Dynamic Gardening and Farming. [collected
cropsystems/DC7398.html                                       articles, ca. 1940 - 1961] Volume 1. 1983. By
                                                              Ehrenfried Pfeiffer. Mercury Press, Spring Valley,
   The University of Minnesota recently put out a new
   series of Extension bulletins:
                                                              New York. 126 p.

   1.   Soil Management (BU-7399)                             Bio-Dynamic Gardening and Farming. [collected
   2.   Compaction (BU-7400)                                  articles, ca. 1940 - 1961] Volume 2. 1983. By
   3.   Manure Management (BU-7401)                           Ehrenfried Pfeiffer. Mercury Press, Spring Valley,
   4.   Organic Matter Management (BU-7402)                   New York. 142 p.
   5.   Soil Biology and Soil Management (BU-7403)
                                                              Bio-Dynamic Gardening and Farming. [collected
   Each publication is organized according to the
                                                              articles, ca. 1940 - 1961]. Volume 3. 1984. By
   following sections:
                                                              Ehrenfried Pfeiffer. Mercury Press, Spring Valley,
   The Soil Manager - explains management options for         New York. 132 p.
   improving your soil.
   The Soil Scientist - reviews the soil science principles   Soil Fertility: Renewal and Preservation. 1983.
   that are important to production agriculture.              Ehrenfried Pfeiffer. Lanthorn, East Grinstead,
   Your Farm - helps you apply what you are reading to        Sussex, England. 200 p.
   your own farm.
   What's Next? - wraps up the chapter by helping you                       Eco-Farming Classics
   assess your operation and soil.
   Further Resources - lists people and publications to
   consult for more information.                              Agriculture in Transition. 2000. By Donald L.
                                                              Schriefer. Acres USA, Austin, TX. 238 p.
The Nature and Properties of Soils, 12th Edition.
1999. By Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil. Prentice              From the Soil Up. 2000. By Donald L. Schriefer.
Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 881 p.                          Acres USA, Austin, TX. 274 p.

   The Nature and Properties of Soils is probably the         The Biological Farmer. 2000. By Gary Zimmer.
   most authoritative and well-known university textbook      Acres USA, Austin, TX. 352 p.
   on soils. Dr. Ray Weil, a soil scientist at the
   University of Maryland, updated this classic with          Crop Roots  The Hidden Half. Circa 1990s. By
   modern photographs and illustrations as well as
                                                              Harold Willis. Midwestern Bio-Ag, Blue Mound,
   additional notes and information that addresses soil
                                                              WI. 106 p.
   management from a sustainable viewpoint. It is an
   excellent, comprehensive resource; a good reference
   book for the farmer's bookshelf.                           Non-Toxic Farming Handbook. 1998. By Philip
                                                              Wheeler and Ronald Ward. Acres USA, Metairie,
The Fertile Triangle: The Interrelationship of                LA. 238 p.
Air, Water, and Nutrients in Maximizing Soil
Productivity. 1991. By Benjamin Wolf. Food                    Nourishment Home Grown. 1992. By A.F.
Products Press, New York. 463 p.                              Beddoe. Agro-Bio Systems, Grass Valley, CA.
                                                              299 p.
Fertilizers and Their Use: A Pocket Guide for
Extension Officers, 4th edition                               Hands-On Agronomy. 1993. By Neal Kinsey and
Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO)                         Charles Walters. Acres USA, Kansas, MO. 352 p.
ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/fertuse.pdf
                                                              The Enlivened Rock Powders. 1994. By Harvey
                                                              Lisle. Acres USA, Kansas, MO. 194 p.




    ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production                            Page 12
3.12      Soil Fertility Web Links                             CCOF's Organic Practices and List of Materials
                                                               http://www.ccof.org/section8.htm
These first three items are the primary web locations for
sources of organic fertilizers and approved materials that         California Certified Organic Farmers (CCOF) is one
can be used in certified organic production.                       of the premier organic certification organizations in
                                                                   the country, in operation since 1973. The 1998 CCOF
                                                                   Handbook located on its website contains an
Sources for Organic Fertilizers and Amendments                     informative section on organic farming practices and a
ATTRA                                                              listing of approved materials.
http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/orgfert.html
                                                                   Use this site primarily as background reading to
    The ATTRA resource list on organic fertilizers is an           become familiar with typical categories of fertilizer
    extensive listing of dealers and suppliers carrying bulk       products and how they fit into a certified organic
    organic fertilizers. It is organized by category of            program. CCOF transferred the official task of
    fertilizer material:                                           evaluating and listing brand-name products to OMRI
                                                                   in 1997.
       Phosphate rock            Non-phosphate rock
       minerals                  minerals                      The following websites provide valuable information to
       Animal by-products        Plant by-products             farmers and Extension specialists who need information
       Marine products           Worms for vermicompost        and data on soil management, organic fertilizers, and
       Composts & blended        Compost inoculants &          related sustainable fertility topics.
       fertilizers               bioactivators
       Cover crop seeds          Bio-dynamic preparations
                                 & homeopathic                 Commercial Organic Nutrient Recommendations
                                 preparations                  University of Maine Soil Testing Lab
       Humates & humic           Hydrogen peroxide             http://anlab.umesci.maine.edu/handout/
       acids                                                   organ01.HTM
       Mycorrhizal               Microbial inoculants,
       inoculants                enzymes, biocatalysts             In these handy tables from University of Maine you
       Soluble organic fertilizers for drip irrigation &           can quickly see how many pounds of organic fertilizer
       greenhouse fertilization                                    per acre are needed to meet desired pounds of nutrient
                                                                   element per acre; e.g., 670 lbs fish meal equals 60 lbs
    Note: The ATTRA list was compiled in response to               N per acre, 890 lbs fish meal equals 80 lbs N per acre,
    queries from farmers on where to purchase bulk                 and 1100 lbs fish meal equals 100 lbs N per acre.
    organic fertilizers and amendments. It is not an               Examples are provided for 10 different organic
    official list of materials that can be used in certified       fertilizers relative to Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and
    organic production. To verify approved and restricted          Potassium.
    materials, consult the OMRI lists below.
                                                               An Introduction to Organic Fertilization in
OMRI's Brand Name Products Lists                               Saskatchewan
Organic Materials Review Institute                             Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food FARMFACTS
http://www.omri.org/brand_list.html                            http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/farm_man/crop_prod/
                                                               organicfert.asp
    OMRI is the Organic Materials Review Institute. It
    provides a technical review of organic crop production     Nutrient Content of Fertilizer and Organic
    materials (fertilizers and pest controls) supplied by
                                                               Materials
    manufacturers. Products that receive an Allowed or
                                                               NC State University Soil Science
    Regulated status can state that the product is "OMRI
                                                               [HTML]
    Listed" and may use the OMRI seal on packaging and
    literature.                                                http://ces.soil.ncsu.edu/soilscience/publications/
                                                               Soilfacts/AG-439-18/
    The Brand Name Products List on OMRI's website             [PDF]
    includes crop production materials organized               http://ces.soil.ncsu.edu/soilscience/publications/
    alphabetically by Generic Material, Supplier, and          Soilfacts/ AG-439-18/AG-439-18.pdf
    Product.
                                                                   Convenient tables with nutrient content of standard
                                                                   commercial fertilizers as well as organic fertilizers and
                                                                   manures.

       ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production                                  Page 13
Sustainable Soil Management                                     Soil Fertility Note 12: Fertilizing with Organic
By Preston Sullivan, ATTRA                                      Nutrients
http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/soilmgt.html                     North Carolina Department of Agriculture and
                                                                Consumer Services
      ATTRA's Sustainable Soil Management publication is        http://www.agr.state.nc.us/agronomi/sfn12.htm
      the most succinct and informative publication of its
      kind on the web. The concepts and practices               Guidelines for Organic Fertilization
      embedded in this publication provide the fundamental
                                                                University Of Vermont Extension System,
      building blocks for a deeper and more complete
      understanding of soils from a sustainable farming         Agricultural and Environmental Testing Lab
      perspective.                                              http://pss.uvm.edu/pss161/problem/handout.html

Alternative Soil Testing Laboratories                           Organic Crop Production
ATTRA                                                           Patrick Moore, The Evergreen State College
http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/soil-lab.html                    Pages 19−32, In: Organic Resource Manual
                                                                Washington State Department of Agriculture
      ATTRA's Alternative Soil Testing Laboratories             http://www.wa.gov/agr/fsah/organic/ofp.htm
      resource list organizes soil labs into two broad
      categories: (1) those that focus on biological assays     Nitrogen Management in Field Vegetables
      including organic matter, humus content, and              A Guide to Efficient Fertilisation
      microbial analysis, and (2) those that focus on mineral   HTML
      analysis and organic fertilizer recommendations. The      http://res2.agr.ca/stjean/info/ publicat1_e.htm
      resource section provides suppliers, books, and web
                                                                #Technical
      links that address alternative fertility concepts, soil
      quality, and on-farm methods of soil and foliar           PDF
      analysis.                                                 http://res2.agr.ca/stjean/recherche/azote_e.pdf

Organic Soil Amendments for Sustainable                         Manual on Integrated Soil Management and
Agriculture                                                     Conservation Practices
CTAHR, Univ. of Hawaii                                          FAO Land and Water Bulletin 8
http://agrss.sherman.hawaii.edu/staff/hue/                      ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/lw8e.pdf [9506 KB]
organic.html
                                                                Microbial Fertilizers in Japan
Soil Fertility Management for Organic Crops                     Michinori Nishio
University of California, Publication 7249                      Food and Fertilizer Technology Center
http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/7249.pdf                      Taipei City, Taiwan R.O.C
                                                                http://www.agnet.org/library/abstract/eb430.html
Soil Management and Soil Quality for Organic
Crops                                                           Use of Microbial Inoculants and Organic
University of California, Publication 7248                      Fertilizers in Agricultural Production
http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/7248.pdf                      Food and Fertilizer Technology Center
                                                                Taipei City, Taiwan R.O.C
5-Part Series on Soil Basics                                    http://www.agnet.org/library/article/eb394.html
UMass Extenion, University of Massachusetts
http://www.umassvegetable.org/soil_crop_pest_mgt/               Sustainable Nitrogen Management in Intensive
soil_nutrient_mgt.html                                          Vegetable Production
                                                                Food and Fertilizer Technology Center
•   Hairy Vetch as a Cover Crop                                 Taipei City, Taiwan R.O.C
•   Soil Basics I: Physical Properties of Soil                  http://www.agnet.org/library/abstract/eb442.html
•   Soil Basics II: Chemical Properties of Soil
•   Soil Basics III: Organic Matter, Key to Management
•   Soil Basics IV: Putting It All Together
•   Soil Basics V: Top Dressing and Side Dressing
                     Nitrogen


       ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production                              Page 14
Natural Resources Conservation Service, or NRCS, is
the USDA agency formerly known as Soil Conservation
Service, or SCS. The NRCS Soil Quality Institute gets
an A+ for the high-quality, farmer-friendly educational
materials they've published in recent years.

NRCS Agronomy Technical Notes Series
Soil Quality Institute
http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/survey/SQI/
agronomy.shtml

        The Soil Quality Institute website, sponsored by
        NRCS, features on-line technical notes on soil
        management topics:

        Cover Crops; Conservation Crop Rotation;
        Effects on Soil Quality; Effects of Residue
        Management, No-Till on Soil Quality; Effects of
        Soil Quality on Nutrient Efficiency; Herbicides;
        Legumes and Soil Quality; Effects of Soil Erosion
        on Soil Productivity.

NRCS Soil Quality Information Sheets
Soil Quality Institute
http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/survey/SQI/
sqiinfo.html

        The Soil Quality Institute website, sponsored by
        NRCS, features on-line information sheets on soil
        quality topics:

        Erosion; Sediment Deposition on Cropland;
        Compaction; Salinization; Soil Biodiversity;
        Available Water Capacity; Pesticides; Indicators
        for Soil Quality Evaluation; Organic Matter; Soil
        Crusts; Aggregate Stability; Infiltration; Soil pH.

Soil Biology Primer
http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/survey/SQI/primer/
index.htm

    The highly regarded Soil Biology Primer is reviewed
    in the section on soil biology.

Soil Quality Test Kit
http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/survey/SQI/kit2.html

    An 82-page booklet describing procedures for 12 on-
    farm tests, an interpretive section for each test, data
    recording sheets, and a section on how to build the kit.




     ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production   Page 15
3.21     Print & Video Resources on Cover Crops                     SAREP program—was the first Extension Service
                                                                    bulletin to address the benefits of cover crops in the
                                                                    context of modern sustainable farming systems.
Cover crops are like the backbone, the linchpin, the
cornerstone… of any annual cropping system that seeks
to be sustainable or organic.                                   The following two booklets from Pennsylvania and Oregon
                                                                are a compilation of fact sheets on individual cover crop
Organic farmers rely on cover crops to perform multiple         species. Since the selection and use of cover crops is
roles and functions on the farm, including soil protection,     heavily influenced by growing season, climate, cropping
soil improvement, and insectary habitat. From a fertility       systems, and related geographical peculiarities, these two
angle, the cover crop seed can be viewed as a fertilizer        booklets provide a nice balance for growing conditions in
expense.                                                        the Northeastern and Northwestern United States.

When sustainable agriculture became a priority topic for        Northeast Cover Crop Handbook. 1994. By
USDA, land-grant universities, and non-profit institutions      Marianne Sarrantonio. Rodale Institute, Kutztown,
in the 1980s, cover crops were one of the first items to        PA. 118 p.
receive significant attention. Lots of time and energy have
gone into cover crop research, on-farm trials, and                  The Rodale Institute was a leader in cover crop
information dissemination.                                          research and on-farm trials in the 1980s and 90s. The
                                                                    Northeast Cover Crop Handbook is the culmination
Some of the key players that helped generate this new               of their extension information delivery from that era.
material on cover crops include the Sustainable Agriculture         Topics covered are: how to choose a cover crop right
Network (SAN), the University of California, and the                for your operation; building a rotation around cover
Rodale Institute.                                                   crops; choosing the best species for the whole farm;
                                                                    estimating the nitrogen contribution from a green
Managing Cover Crops Profitably, 2nd Edition.                       manure; looking at soil improvements from cover
1998. By the Sustainable Agriculture Network.                       crops; and lowering the cost of cover cropping. The
Sustainable Agriculture Publications, University of                 book is well written and easy to read with lots of
Vermont. 212 p.                                                     drawings and charts. The appendix contains detailed
                                                                    management practices for 20 cover crop species, cover
         Managing Cover Crops Profitably is a compre-               crop seed sources, and other information sources.
         hensive resource on cover crops— an essential
         desk reference! The introductory section includes      Cover Crops in Oregon (EM 8704)
         articles on uses and benefits of cover crops,          Oregon State University
         followed by chapters on 18 different cover crop
         species. Charts rate factors for each species              Oregon State University Extension Service published a
         including drought tolerance, nitrogen yield, and           50-page booklet on cover crops in 1998 titled Using
         seeding rates. The top six high-performing cover           Cover Crops in Oregon. Topics include the pros and
         crops for each region are discussed. Topics                cons of cover cropping; how to choose a cover crop;
         include: selection of the best species for your            cover crops in annual and perennial systems; how to
         location, planning profitable crop rotations, crop         estimate nitrogen contributions to a subsequent crop;
         yield benefits following cover crops, and fertilizer       and economic considerations of cover cropping.
         reduction realized from cover crops.                       The booklet provides detailed information on specific
                                                                    cover crops, including annual ryegrass, barley, oats,
         The full-text version can be viewed on the SAN             triticale, wheat, buckwheat, cereal rye, common vetch,
         website:                                                   crimson clover, fava bean, field pea, hairy vetch,
                                                                    rapeseed, red clover, subterranean clovers,
         Managing Cover Crops Profitably, 2nd Edition               Sudangrass, and sorghum-Sudangrass hybrids. In
         http://www.sare.org/handbook/mccp2/index.htm               addition, there is a fact sheet on cover crop weed
                                                                    suppression in annual rotations. (List price, $5.50
Cover Crops for California Agriculture. 1989.                       from Oregon State University Publications).
By P.R. Miller, et al. University of California,
Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources,                      The complete series of 18 individual facts sheets can
                                                                    also be found on the web in HTML and PDF formats:
Leaflet 21471. 24 p.
                                                                    Cover Crop Fact Sheets, Oregon State University
         This University of California leaflet—supported
                                                                    http://eesc.orst.edu/tango/pubsearch/0124.qry?function
         by the Jesse Smith Noyes Foundation, the UC
                                                                    =search
         Davis Student Experimental Farm, and the UC

       ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production                                   Page 16
Cover Crops for Vegetable Production in the                       still one of the best little primers on grasses and
Northeast. 1999. By Lee Stivers. Cornell                          legumes in print.
University Extension Service (142IB244). 12 p.
                                                               Creative Cover Cropping in Annual Farming
    A Cornell University publication on cover crops for        Systems—Video. 1993. Produced by the University
    vegetables that addresses: addition of organic matter to   of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural
    soils; improvement of soil tilth and remediation of        Resources.
    compaction; protection of soil from wind and water
    erosion; recycling plant nutrients; increasing the            A 24-minute video that shows a selection of cover
    biological activity of soil; retention of soil moisture;      crops used in various annual cropping systems for the
    and suppression of weeds, insects, pathogens, and             purpose of soil fertility and pest management. (List
    nematodes.                                                    price, $20; available through University of California)

Overview of Cover Crops and Green Manures.                     No-till Vegetables—Video. 1997. By Steve Groff.
2000. By Preston Sullivan and Steve Diver.                     Cedar Meadow Farm, Holtwood, PA.
Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas,
Fayetteville, AR. 12 p.                                           Steve Groff, a no-till vegetable farmer in
http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/ covercrop.html                    Pennslyvania, makes extensive use of cover crops in
                                                                  combination with no-till vegetable production to raise
                                                                  high-quality tomatoes, pumpkins, broccoli, snap beans,
    This ATTRA publication provides a summary of the
                                                                  and sweet corn. He uses specialized equipment like a
    principal uses and benefits of cover crops and green
                                                                  rolling stalk chopper to knock down and crimp the
    manures, followed by a listing of key resources.
                                                                  cover crops, thus allowing him to plant vegetables into
                                                                  a killed cover crop mulch. This cropping system
Sustainable Production of Fresh-Market                            requires post-emergent herbicides, but at greatly
Tomatoes with Organic Mulches. 1997. By Aref                      reduced rates compared to conventional production
Abdul-Baki and John R. Teasdale. USDA Farmers'                    systems. After several years of no-till production the
Bulletin No. 2279. 23 p.                                          soils are very mellow and easy to plant into. (Video
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/tomatoes.html                       price, $21.95 + $3.00 shipping from Cedar Meadow
                                                                  Farm).
    This USDA Farmers' Bulletin features the no-till
    vegetable cropping system developed by scientists at       Using Cover Crops in Conservation Production
    the USDA-ARS Vegetable Laboratory in Beltsville,           Systems—Video. 1997. By Seth Dabney, USDA-
    Maryland. This system relies on hairy vetch                ARS National Sedimentation Lab in Oxford, MS.
    established in the fall, followed by a mow-down
    treatment the following spring to prepare a no-till bed
                                                                  An 11-minute video on cover cropping systems in the
    to transplant tomatoes and other vegetable crops into.
                                                                  Deep South featuring clover species and no-till
                                                                  production methods. (Costs about $10 through
    Print copies may be ordered from:                             Shepherd Publications in Memphis, TN).
    USDA/ARS Vegetable Lab
    Rm. 213, B-10A
    BARC-West
    Beltsville, MD 20705
    mcgahan@ars.usda.gov

    On-line in PDF format at:
    http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/
    SustainableTomato.pdf

Feed the Soil. 1982. By Edwin McLeod. Organic
Agriculture Research Institute, Graton, CA. 209 p.

    The classic tale of Hylas the Hare who goes to work as
    a seasonal farmer, only to bump into Mr. Earthworm
    who teaches Hylas all about green manures and soil
    biology and the importance of “feeding the soil.” It is


     ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production                                    Page 17
3.22     Cover Crop Web Links                               Overview of Cover Crops and Green Manures.
                                                            ATTRA
                   Green Manures                            http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/covercrop.html
                                                            http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/PDF/covercrop.pdf
The Basics of Green Manuring
P. Warman                                                                Cover Crops – Vegetables
EAP Publication 51, Ecological Agriculture Projects
http://eap.mcgill.ca/Publications/EAP51.htm                 Commercial Vegetable Production: Cover Crops
                                                            for Vegetable Growers
Green Manures                                               Kansas State University, MF2343
Greenmount College of Agriculture and Horticulture,         http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/library/hort2/Samplers/
Northern Ireland                                            MF2343.htm
http://www.greenmount.ac.uk/organic/manures.htm
                                                                A 28-page fact sheet from K-State, published in 1998.
Catch Crops and Green Manuring in Ecological                    One of the better Extension publications on cover
Agriculture                                                     crops for vegetables geared to a specific region.
Proceedings of the Ecological Agriculture NJF-
Seminar 166                                                 Multiple Impacts Cover Crops
http://zeus.bibul.slu.se/documents/slu/                     John Luna, Oregon State University
ekologiskt_lantbruk/EKL05/EKL05Z.HTM                        http://ifs.orst.edu/pubs/
                                                            multiple_impacts_cover_cro.html
               Cover Crops – General
                                                                In addition to the Cover Crop Fact Sheets published
                                                                by Oregon State University, John Luna and associates
Managing Cover Crops Profitably, 2nd Edition                    have a special topics web page on use of cover crops
Sustainable Agriculture Network                                 in sustainable vegetable production; especially note
http://www.sare.org/handbook/mccp2/index.htm                    the research results on strip tillage.

Cover Crop Fact Sheets                                      Cover Crops for Sustainable Vegetable
Oregon State University                                     Production
http://eesc.orst.edu/tango/pubsearch/                       Debbie Roos
0124.qry?function=search                                    http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Canopy/1118/

Michigan Cover Crops                                        Cover Crops & Green Manure Crops for
Michigan State University & Kellogg Biological              Vegetable Farms
Station                                                     Ohio Vegetable Production Guide 2000
http://www.kbs.msu.edu/Extension/Covercrops/home            http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~ohioline/b672/
.htm                                                        b672_1.html

    An impressive and valuable collection of information    Cover Crops For Weed Control In Lettuce
    sheets and research reports on cover crops used in      New Alchemy Quarterly, No. 40
    association with vegetables and row crops.              Mark Schonbeck, Judy Browne, and Ralph
                                                            DeGregorio
Cover Crops                                                 http://www.fuzzylu.com/greencenter/q40/
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and                   weed9009.htm
Rural Affairs
http://www.gov.on.ca:80/OMAFRA/english/crops/               Cropping Systems of Intensive Desert Vegetable
facts/ cover_crops01/covercrops.htm                         Production
                                                            University of California, Riverside
•   Adaptation and Use of Cover Crops                       http://cnas.ucr.edu/~bps/hcoopextcrop.html
•   Choosing a Cover Crop
•   Cover Crop Types


       ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production                            Page 18
Cover Crops for Soil Improvement in                       An Evaluation of Cover Crops to Reduce the
Horticultural Crops                                       Potential for Environmental Damage from
Alan Ware, Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture        Intensively Cultivated Soils
http://www.kerrcenter.com/kerrweb/html/pub4.html          Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
                                                          http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsaf/rs/greenplan/resource/con
Summer Cover Crops for Tomato Production in               servation/035.htm
South Florida
http://www.imok.ufl.edu/veghort/pubs/workshop/                       Legumes and Crop Rotations
Bryan99.htm
                                                          Crop Rotations for Vegetables and Row Crops
Green Manure Crops in Organic Vegetable
                                                          Steve Diver, ATTRA
Production
                                                          http://ncatark.uark.edu/~steved/rotation.html
Danish Institute of Plant and Soil Science
http://zeus.bibul.slu.se/documents/njf/
                                                          Soil Improvement with Legumes including
utredn_rapporter/NUR114/NUR114N.HTM
                                                          Legumes in Crop Rotations
                                                          Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food
Cover Cropping in Potato Production
                                                          http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/land_wat_clim/soil
EAP Publication 71, Ecological Agriculture Projects
                                                          Scs0395.asp
http://eap.mcgill.ca/Publications/EAP71.htm
                                                          Organic Rotations Practiced
            Interseeding Cover Crops                      Ohio State University, Special Circular 174-00
                                                          http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~ohioline/ sc174/
Observations on Interseeding Cover Crops                  sc174_9.html
Vernon Grubinger, University of Vermont
http://ctr.uvm.edu/ctr/intrseed.htm                       Legume Green Manuring
                                                          Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development
Interseedings in Vegetable Production                     http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/agdex/100/2300202.html
Chantal Foulds, REAP Canada
http://eap.mcgill.ca/MagRack/SF/                          Crop Rotations in Organic Agriculture
Summer%2089%20D.htm                                       Andreas de Neergaard
                                                          http://www.kursus.kvl.dk/shares/ea/02Materials/
Relay Intercropping Brassicas into Chile and              Crop-rotations.PDF
Sweet Corn
New Mexico State University, Guide A–609                  An Organic Vegetable Crop Rotation Aimed at
http://cahe.nmsu.edu/pubs/_a/A-609.html                   Self-Sufficiency in Nitrogen
                                                          K. Thorup-Kristensen, Danish Institute of
  Catch Crops – Sucking Up Residual Nitrates              Agricultural Sciences
                                                          http://www.agrsci.dk/pvf/gronsager/ktk/
                                                          oeko%5Fgronsagssaedskifte/
A Farmer's Guide To Reducing Nutrient Loss
                                                          hp%2Dcrop%20rotation.html
Using Catch Crops
Janet Wallace, Nova Scotia Organic Growers
Association
http://gks.com/nccrp/Finalr.php3

Management of Residual Nitrogen with Cover
Crops
Technical Notes, Agronomy 38. Pullman Plant
Materials Center.
http://www.wsu.edu/pmc_nrcs/technotes/
agronomy/tntag38.htm



     ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production                        Page 19
3.23     UC-SAREP Cover Crop Resource                          Selecting the Right Cover Crop Gives Multiple
                                                               Benefits
The UC-SAREP program at University of California is a          UC-SAREP
leader in cover crop research and information                  http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/CCPubs/
dissemination. The massive resources UC-SAREP has              SelectingCoverCrop.html
devoted to the integration of cover crops into annual and
perennial cropping systems is astounding. These materials         A 4-page web article that discusses: adding and
are so extensive and informative, they deserve their own          conserving nitrogen, water use by cover crops, pest
special section.                                                  management, cover crops in annual cropping systems,
                                                                  self-reseeding cover crops, and potential advantages
UC SAREP Cover Crop Resource Page                                 and disadvantages of cover crops.
http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/sarep/ccrop/
                                                               Survey of Annual Crop Growers Regarding
    This is the database of all databases when it comes to     Cover Crops
    cover crops. Includes over 5,000 items gleaned from        UC-SAREP
    more than 600 separate sources, including journal          http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/newsltr/v7n3/sa-8.htm
    articles, conference proceedings, standard textbooks,
    unpublished data, and personal communications from
    researchers and farmers. The information in the
    database concerns the management and effects of more
    than 32 species of plants usable as cover crops. More
    than 400 different cover crop images are also available
    for on-line viewing.

    One limitation—the database is regionally geared to
    the Mediterranean climate of California. Ideally, each
    region of the U.S. should enjoy such site-specific
    information.

Cover Cropping in Row and Field Crop Systems
UC-SAREP
http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/slideshows/
rfshow01.htm

    An on-line educational slide series that provides visual
    images and text describing the benefits and uses of
    cover cropping in annual crops like vegetables; 52
    slides.

Cover Crop Biology: A Mini-Review
Robert L. Bugg, UC-SAREP
http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/ccres/
35.htm

    A 10-page web article that reviews several aspects of
    cover crop biology: seeds, seedlings, root zone
    biology, nutrient uptake, the fate of cover-crop-
    derived nitrogen, community dynamics, and
    allelopathy.




       ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production                              Page 20
Eight Points to Remember
Samples of UC-SAREP Cover Crop Research
and Education Summaries                                  1.   For many farms, cover crops offer the only practical
                                                              means of supplying the organic matter needed to
                                                              maintain soil physical, chemical, and biological
                                                              properties. Barnyard manure and other manures
Release of Nitrogen From a Leguminous Cover                   cannot meet the requirements of extensive areas.
Crop and the Subsequent Utilization by Bell
Pepper                                                   2.   Cultivation decreases the amount of organic matter in
Richard Smith, Louise Jackson, and Phil Foster                the soil and increases soil erosion on sloping land.
Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education
Program, University of California                        3.   As organic matter decays, it provides nutrient elements
                                                              for succeding crops. Cover crop legumes substantially
http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/ccres/2.HTM
                                                              increase the nitrogen available to the subsequent crop.
Fall Planted Cover Crops May Improve Tomato              4.   The value of a cover crop is determined primarily by
Yields                                                        the amount of organic matter and nitrogen it will add
Gene Miyao and Paul Robins                                    to the soil. Therefore, use the crop that will produce
Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education                  the greatest growth in the particular region and the
Program, University of California                             alloted time.
http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/ccres/1999/
3.htm                                                    5.   Most winter cover crops should be planted with
                                                              irrigation, since early seeding is necessary for a good
                                                              stand and a lack of rain coupled with no irrigation can
Cover Crop Use in Vegetable Production
                                                              prevent satisfactory results.
in the Southern California Deserts
Chad Hutchinson and Milt McGiffen                        6.   Most winter cover crops should be seeded before the
Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education                  first of November. Seedbed preparation is important.
Program, University of California
http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/ccres/1999/           7.   The best way to work a cover crop in is with a heavy
4.htm                                                         cover crop disk. Two or three diskings may be
                                                              necessary. In an orchard, you need not completely
Non-Leguminous Cover Crops In Cool-Season                     incorporate the cover crop.
Vegetable Crop Systems
                                                         8.   Allow legume cover crops to grow as long as possible
Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education
                                                              before working them into the soil.
Program, University of California
http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/ccres/1996/           Source:
3.HTM
                                                         Cover Crops for California Agriculture. 1989. By P.R.
In-Field Insectaries for Vegetable Crops                 Miller, et al. University of California, Division of
Bill Chaney                                              Agriculture and Natural Resources, Leaflet 21471.
Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education             24 p.
Program, University of California
http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/ccres/1996/
7.HTM

Non-Leguminous Cover Crops To Reduce Nitrate
Leaching In Vegetable Cropping Systems
Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education
Program, University of California
http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/ccres/
1996/13.HTM




    ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production                               Page 21
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production
Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production

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Resource Guide to Organic and Sustainable Vegetable Production

  • 1. 8 0 0 -3 4 6 -9 1 4 0 RESOURCE GUIDE TO ORGANIC & SUSTAINABLE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION Appropria te Technology Tra ns fer for Rura l Area s HORTICULTURE RESOURCE LIST www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA is the national sustainable agriculture information center funded by the USDA’s Rural Business -- Cooperative Service. By Steve Diver 4.8 ATTRA Publications Relating to Pest NCAT Agricultural Specialist Management September 2001 5.0 Vegetable Industry Resources 6.0 Selected Vegetable Production Materials on Table of Contents the Web 7.0 Magazines & Newsletters on Vegetable 1.0 About This Resource List Production and Market Gardening 1.1 Who Should Use This Guide 8.0 Databases & Directory Links to Vegetable 1.2 How to Use This Guide Crops and Associated Production Practices 1.3 About the Use of Web Resources on the Web 1.4 What is Sustainable Vegetable Production 9.0 Organic Farming Primer 1.5 What is Organic Vegetable Production 10.0 Organic Certification and Marketing 2.0 The Farmer's Bookshelf: 11.0 Economics of Organic Vegetable Production 2.1 Publications on Sustainable Vegetable 12.0 Magazines & Newsletters on Organic Production, Market Gardening, and Farming and Sustainable Agriculture Commercial Vegetable Production 13.0 Publishers & Book Distributors 2.2 Specialty, Ethnic and Minor Vegetable Crops 2.3 Literature on Organic Agriculture 2.4 Modern Literature on Organic Farming 1.0 About This Resource List 2.5 Literature on Sustainable Agriculture 2.6 Literature on Alternative Farming Systems In 1994, ATTRA published a 47-page information 3.0 Soil Management package titled Sustainable Vegetable Production. At 3.11 Books & Bulletins on Soil Fertility the time it was a leading information source on 3.12 Soil Fertility Web Links organic and sustainable vegetable production. 3.21 Print & Video Resources on Cover Crops However, in 1999 Dr. Vernon Grubinger, vegetable 3.22 Cover Crop Web Links specialist at the University of Vermont, came out 3.23 UC-SAREP Cover Crop Resources with a comprehensive book on this subject, 3.31 Books & Bulletins on Composts and Sustainable Vegetable Production From Start-Up to Manures Market. With the advent of Grubinger's book— 3.32 Web Links on Composts and Manures published by the Natural Resource, Agriculture, and 3.41 Books & Bulletins on Soil Organic Matter Engineering Service (NRAES) in Ithaca, New 3.42 Soil Organic Matter Web Links York—we've discontinued the ATTRA information 3.51 Books & Bulletins on Earthworms, package. We think the NRAES book does an Microbes, and Soil Biology excellent job of providing a comprehensive and 3.52 Soil Biology Web Links farmer-friendly overview of sustainable vegetable 4.0 IPM for Vegetables production. 4.1 Print & Video Resources on IPM 4.2 IPM Web Links In keeping with the ATTRA tradition to carve out a 4.3 Print & Video Resources on Weed Control niche where no agricultural specialist has gone for Vegetables and Row Crops before, we elected to produce a resource guide of 4.4 Weed Control Web Links educational materials that supports the needs of 4.5 Weather, Agriculture and IPM organic and sustainable vegetable farmers. Thus, we 4.6 IPM Certification and Labeling offer this title—Resource Guide to Organic and 4.7 IPM Databases & Search Engines Sustainable Vegetable Production. is a project of the National Center for Appropriate Technology
  • 2. Farmers making a transition to sustainable farming 1.1 Who Should Use This Guide need information on a wide variety of topicse.g., legumes as a source of nitrogen, cover crops, Farmers and others who work in commercial compost, non-chemical weed control, biointensive agriculturee.g., Extension specialists, NRCS, crop IPM, etc. This Guide provides a summary of some of advisors, teachers, and researchers. The focus is the best in-print and on-line sources around. heavily oriented to practical approaches to organic and sustainable farming. Moreover, ATTRA specialists will continue to address organic and sustainable production of 1.2 How to Use This Guide specific vegetable crops—tomatoes, sweet corn, onions, melons, asparagus—as well as Printed literature like books and bulletins are listed complementary production technologies such as first; these are followed by a selection of on-line compost teas, baking soda as an alternative resources. In some instances, a web version fungicide, disease-suppressive potting mixes, use of corresponds with the book and these have been refractometers to measure sugar content, foliar noted. feeding, living mulches, flame weeding, etc. Publishers and distributors that sell the books Here it should be noted that farmers raising herbs or reviewed here are listed in a special section at the field-grown cut flowers face nearly identical end of this resource guide. For details on sales price, production requirements. Thus, when we talk about shipping expenses, and ordering information, contact cover crops or weed control or soil management for the publishers. vegetables, the same approach will work for field- grown cut flowers and herbs. 1.3 About the Use of Web Resources A Partial Listing of ATTRA Publications and The Internet has revolutionized the way information Resources Related to Vegetable Production: is distributed and obtained. • Overview of Organic Crop Production Whereas it used to take several weeks or months to • Manures for Organic Crop Production wait for a publication to arrive in the mail, with a few • Companion Planting: Basic Concepts & mouse clicks many of these items now instantly Resources appear on your computer screen. Better yet, all these • Suppliers of Organic and/or Non-GE Seeds & articles and bulletins are free. In addition, some Plants items—including many Extension Service fact • Organic Plug and Transplant Production sheets—are available only in electronic form. Thus, • Organic Potting Mixes some portions of this resource list are more heavily • Season Extension Techniques for Market oriented to web resources than others. Gardeners If you have received this resource list but you don’t • Organic Allium Production have a computer at home, please see your local • Organic Asparagus Production librarian for assistance. Most rural libraries now • Organic Sweet Corn Production have computer access. • Organic Sweet Potato Production • Organic Tomato Production How To Read Web Documents: • Specialty Lettuce and Greens: Organic Production .HTML Hyper Text Markup Language; click and • Herb Overview read online. Most common format. • Sustainable Cut Flower Production .PDF Portable Document Format; requires Adobe • Organic Certification & The National Organic Acrobat Reader to download. Program • Organic Marketing Resources • Community Supported Agriculture • Direct Marketing • Farmers’ Markets ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 2
  • 3. 1.4 What is Sustainable Vegetable Production 1.5 What is Organic Vegetable Production For the purpose of an introduction, sustainable In a nutshell, organic farming is based on the agriculture can be characterized as follows: following approaches and production inputs: • Sustainable agriculture is a goal rather than a • Strict avoidance of synthetic fertilizers and specific set of farming practices. Progress or synthetic pesticides movement toward the goal may be viewed as a • Crop rotations, crop residues, mulches continuum. • Animal manures and composts • Cover crops and green manures • A sustainable farming system strives to be • Organic fertilizers and soil amendments productive and profitable, while at the same time • Biostimulants, humates, and seaweeds preserving environmental quality and making • Compost teas and herbal teas efficient use of nonrenewable resources. • Marine, animal, and plant by-products • Biorational, microbial, and botanical pesticides, • Sustainable agriculture is concerned about the and other natural pest control products well-being of rural communities and the quality of life for families and farmworkers. In 1980, organic farming was defined by the USDA as a system that excludes the use of synthetic • Though biological practices and products are fertilizers, pesticides, and growth regulators. favored over chemical inputs, pesticides and Organic certification emerged as a grassroots fertilizers may be used within an IPM production and marketing tool during the 1970s and framework. 1980s to ensure that foods labeled “organic” met specified standards of production. The Organic One of the quickest ways to grasp production Foods Production Act, a section of the 1990 Farm practices associated with sustainable vegetable Bill, enabled the USDA to develop a national production is to examine the guidelines and standards program of universal standards, certification for integrated farming systems, such as: accreditation, and food labeling. • Integrated Pest Management In April 2001, the USDA released the Final Rule of • Integrated Crop Management the National Organic Program. This federal law • Integrated Farm Management stipulates, in considerable detail, exactly what a grower can and cannot do to produce and market a In some instances, point systems are employed to product as organic. Application for certification certify the adoption of recommended best must be made, paperwork completed, fees paid, and management practices. For example, a grower can annual inspections undergone. To learn more about earn points toward “certified IPM” status for sweet the details of the certification process, see ATTRA's corn through the use of cover crops, crop rotations, Organic Certification & National Organic Program nitrogen fertilizer applied in split application, etc. information packet. To guide decisions on ways to approach sustainable A companion ATTRA publication—Overview of farming, it is helpful to become knowledgeable about Organic Crop Production—is recommended to gain the principles of agroecology and sustainability. a better understanding of the history, philosophy, and Ultimately, each farmer adopts their own approach. practices of organic farming. Resource: Resource: Introduction to Sustainable Agriculture & An Overview of Organic Crop Production Agroecology By George Kuepper, ATTRA ATTRA's Related Web Links Site http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/organiccrop.html http://www.attra.org/rel.html ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 3
  • 4. 2.0 The Farmer’s Bookshelf The New Organic Grower: A Master's Manual of Tools and Techniques for the Home and Market Here is a selection of some of the best resources for the Gardener, 2nd Edition. 1995. By Eliot Coleman. farmer's bookshelf. For-sale books are available from the Chelsea Green Publishing Co., White River Junction, sources listed in the Publishers & Distributors section. VT. 340 p. Out-of-print literature and reference titles (mainly in the historical section) are available through Inter-Library Loan. Eliot Coleman’s book The New Organic Grower has probably had more impact on the organic market 2.1 Publications on Sustainable Vegetable gardening movement in the United States than any other single publication. Coleman advocates the use Production, Market Gardening, and of walking tractors, wheel hoes, multi-row dibble Commercial Vegetable Production sticks, soil block transplants, and other tools and techniques that help make market gardening much Sustainable Vegetable Production From Start-Up more efficient. The techniques he describes were to Market. 1999. By Vernon P. Grubinger. honed from years of experience as a farmer, combined NRAES-104. Natural Resource, Agriculture, and with traditional market gardening techniques from Engineering Service, Ithaca, NY. 268 p. Europe. Yet he also injects the insights and wisdom of a pioneer in organics to help the reader acquire new Vernon Grubinger is an Extension Vegetable ways of thinking; e.g., plant positive production Specialist in Vermont. This book resulted from a philosophy. This is a complete how-to-get-started vegetable production course he taught on sabbatical at manual on conceptualizing and practicing commercial the University of Maine in 1996. Sustainable organic vegetable production. Highly recommended. Vegetable Production From Start-Up to Market is without a doubt the most comprehensive and modern How to Grow More Vegetables, 5th Edition. 1995. textbook on sustainable vegetable production. By John Jeavons. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, CA. Chapters address concepts and terminology associated 201 p. with sustainable and organic production philosophies, production practices (soil fertility management, on- John Jeavons’s book How to Grow More Vegetables is farm composting, crop rotations, cover crops and the classic text on the biointensive method of green manures, tillage and field preparation, seeds and production. This is the production system that transplants, weed control, etc.) as well as business emphasizes double digging, intensive spacing, planning and marketing. Special features include companion planting, organic soil preparation, and high farmer profiles and lots and lots of useful tables and yields in minimal space. Jeavons’s book is filled with sidebars. Farmer-friendly; highly recommended. useful information and charts. The Ecology Action Institute founded by Jeavons publishes numerous Sustainable Practices for Vegetable Production in booklets and research results on topics relating to the South. 1996. By Mary Peet. Focus Publishing, biointensive production methods, organic fertilizers, R. Pullins Co., Newburyport, MA. 174 p. cover crops, composts, small-scale production data, etc. Whereas the scale of production advocated by Sustainable Practices for Vegetable Production in the Jeavons is too small for many growers, the principles South by Mary Peet is the result of a USDA are universally applicable. Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) grant to North Carolina State University. This For a list of Ecology Action titles, descriptions, and was the first attempt by a land-grant university to ordering information, see: collate and synthesize information relevant to http://solstice.crest.org/sustainable/ecology_action/ sustainable vegetable production. Chapters provide index.html overviews on production practices (soil management, cover crops, conservation tillage, and insect, disease, nematode, and weed management) followed by crop profiles on individual vegetable crops. The crop profiles provide a nice summary of standard production practices (botany, plant characteristics, planting, spacing, harvesting). A full-scale web version is available online at: http://www2.ncsu.edu/ncsu/cals/sustainable/peet/ ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 4
  • 5. Backyard Market Gardening: The Entre- Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 4th preneur’s Guide to Selling What You Grow. Edition. 1997. By Donald N. Maynard and George 1993. By Andrew W. Lee. Good Earth Publications, J. Hochmuth. John Wiley, New York, NY. 582 p. Columbus, NC. 351 p. Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers is the classic Andy Lee has over 20 years of market gardening reference text for vegetable growers. It is jam-packed experience and is executive director of the Good Earth with useful tables, data, calculations, and relevant Farm School in Virginia. Lee’s book has a nice information on commercial production. section on farm equipment with black-and-white photos. Most of the book is geared to the marketing The Organic Gardener’s Home Reference: and business side of market gardening. A Plant-by-Plant Guide to Growing Fresh, Healthy Food. 1994. By Tanya Denckla. The Flower Farmer: An Organic Grower’s A Garden Way Publishing Book. Storey Guide to Raising and Selling Cut Flowers. 1997. Communications, Inc., Pownal, VT. 273 p. By Lynn Byczynski. Chelsea Green Publishing Co., White River Junction, VT. 207 p. The Organic Gardener’s Home Reference by Tanya Denckla is a perfect complement to Knott's Handbook The Flower Farmer is an important contribution to the for Vegetable Growers as a quick reference source on organic market gardening literature because field- vegetable production. The Plant Charts summarize grown flowers are a common part of a crop mix for production guidelines for 28 vegetable crops in an local sales. As editor of the Growing for Market easy-to-read format, including: growth conditions; newsletter, Lynn Bycznski has a knack for writing harvest; storage requirements; growing tips; selected about market gardening ideas and practices. The farm varieties; common pests and diseases; and plant allies, profiles of cut flower growers around the U.S. are a companions, and incompatibles. Other charts nice feature of her book. summarize disease and insect control options, and plant allies and companions. Producing Vegetable Crops, 4th Edition. 1992. By John M. Swiader, George W. Ware, and J.P. McCollum. Interstate Publishers, Inc., Danville, IL. 626 p. Producing Vegetable Crops is one of the standard textbooks on commercial vegetable production. It draws heavily on data and recommendations published by the Cooperative Extension Service and Agricultural Experiment Stations. These textbooks serve as a good reference for any commercial vegetable grower, whether organic or conventional. Vegetable Growing Handbook: Organic and Traditional Methods, 4th Edition. 1990. By Walter E. Splittstoesser. An AVI Book, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 362 p. Vegetable Growing Handbook is a second vegetable textbook worth noting. Though its coverage of organic farming methods is brief, the vegetable production summaries are well done and it contains a section on specialty vegetables. ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 5
  • 6. 2.2 Specialty, Ethnic, and Minor Vegetable detailed information on 78 Oriental crops (including many greens like mizuna, aburana, komatsura, edible Crops chrysanthemums, yellow mustard); each entry includes steps of production from sowing and germination Specialty vegetables, baby vegetables, heirlooms, colored through thinning, weeding, and harvest. varieties, ethnic vegetables... market farmers like to raise these minor crops and sell them at farmers markets and other niche markets. Cornucopia II: A Source Book of Edible Plants, 2nd Edition. 1998. By Stephen Facciola. Kampong Publications, Vista, CA. 713 p. World Vegetables: Principles, Production and Nutritive Values, 2nd Edition. 1997. By Vincent E. Cornucopia is a superb compendium, as well as Rubatzky and Mas Yamaguchi. International sourcebook, of edible plants. It contains descriptions Thompson Science (Chapman & Hall), New York, and seed or nursery sources for approximately 3,000 NY. 853 p. species, with detailed cultivar listings for over 110 major crops representing the most popular fruits, World Vegetables is a textbook on vegetables vegetables, nuts, herbs, grains, and mushrooms. It produced around the world, with comprehensive also contains a comprehensive bibliography and coverage of specialty and minor vegetable crops. appendices that organize plants according to 60 different food use categories or edible plant parts. Specialty and Minor Crops Handbook, 2nd Edition. Truly a masterpiece! 1998. Small Farm Center. University of California, Publication 3346. 184 p. New Crops. Proceedings of National Symposia, Vols I–IV. Center for New Crops & Plant Products, This is a beautiful publication from University of Purdue University. California that provides brief fact sheets for about 63 minor vegetables. Each crop is summarized with a The New Crops symposiums held in 1990, 1993, 1996 color photo, market information, cultural information, and 1999 were published in a series of hard-bound seed sources, and bibliography. proceedings that contain a wealth of information on new, specialty, and ethnic crops. All volumes are Manual of Minor Vegetables. 1988. By James M. available for sale in print; however, the first three Stephens. University of Florida. Florida volumes are also on-line. Cooperative Extension, Bulletin SP-40. 123 p. Advances in New Crops (1990) The Manual of Minor Vegetables from University of http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ Florida was one of the first attempts by land-grant proceedings1990/v1-toc.html universities to offer informational materials on minor vegetable crops. It is mainly listed here as a reference source for southeastern U.S. farmers. New Crops (1993) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ Oriental Vegetables: The Complete Guide for CropInfoSources/NewCropsBook1993_info.html Garden and Kitchen. 1991. By Joy Larkcom. Kodansha International, New York. 232 p. Progress in New Crops (1996) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ Oriental vegetables are popular in towns with Asian CropInfoSources/NewCropsBook1996_info.html ethnic markets, and Joy Larkcom’s book is one of the best popular-press books on this topic. It contains Vegetables and Fruits: A Guide to Heirloom detailed entries on over 100 varieties of Oriental Varieties and Community-Based Stewardship. vegetables categorized into three sections: vegetables AFSIC that require temperate climates; those requiring subtropical climates; and herbs and water plants. http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/ AFSIC_pubs/heirloom/heirloom.htm Let Nature Do The Growing. 1986. By Gajin Tokuno. Japan Publications, Inc./Kodansha A wealth of resources from the National Agricultural Library containing bibliographical material, resource International, Ltd., New York, NY. 279 p. organizations and seed sources, and historical documentation. Let Nature Do The Growing is a lesser-known text on organic vegetable production in Japan. It provides ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 6
  • 7. 2.3 Literature on Organic Agriculture The Holistic Agriculture Library http://www.soilandhealth.org/ [Agriculture Library] Organic agriculture has a rich history of farmers, researchers, and philosophers writing about holistic The Soil And Health Library, a web library compiled agriculture practices. As an introduction, five classic titles by Steve Solomon in Tasmania, that provide historical perspective are listed below. features full-text on-line versions of out-of-print organic agriculture classics. In addition, three resources are provided as access points for further reading: (1) Tracing the Evolution of Organic- Plowman's Folly (1943). By Edward Faulkner. Sustainable Agriculture, a bibliography from the National Agricultural Library, (2) the Soil and Health web library, Chemicals, Humus and the Soil (1948). By Donald P. an on-line collection of classic texts, and (3) Future Hopkins. Horizons, a literature review from University of Nebraska. Farming and Gardening For Health or Disease [later editions titled Soil and Health] (1945). By Sir Albert An Agricultural Testament. 1943. By Sir Albert Howard. Howard. Oxford University Press, New York and London. 253 p. An Agricultural Testament (1943). By Sir Albert Howard. The Living Soil. 1949. By Lady Eve Balfour. Faber and Faber, LTD., London, England. 270 p. The Waste Products of Agriculture: Their Utilization as Humus (1931). By Sir Albert Howard and Yeshwant D. Wad. Soils and Men: Yearbook of Agriculture 1938. 1938. USDA. United States Department of Soil Microorganisms and Higher Plants (1958). Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 1232 p. By N.A. Krasil'nikov, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. Pay Dirt: Farming and Gardening with Composts. 1945. By J.I. Rodale. Devin-Adair Co., Fertility Farming (1951). By Newman Turner. New York. 242 p. Future Horizons: Recent Literature in Fertility Pastures: Herbal Leys as the Basis of Sustainable Agriculture. 1997. Extension and Soil Fertility and Animal Husbandry. 1955. By Education Materials for Sustainable Agriculture, Newman Turner. Faber and Faber, London. 204 p. Volume 6. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Center for Sustainable Agricultural Systems. 222 p. ✼ ✼ ✼ The Center for Sustainable Agriculture Systems at the Tracing the Evolution of Organic/Sustainable University of Nebraska compiled this resource guide Agriculture: A Selected and Annotated as part of a USDA-SARE grant. It reviews more than Bibliography. 1988. By Jane Potter Gates. 90 books on sustainable agriculture. National Agricultural Library, Bibliographies and On-line and for-sale print versions are available on the Literature of Agriculture (BLA) No. 72. Internet at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/AFSIC_pubs/ tracing.htm Future Horizons: Recent Literature in Sustainable Agriculture The Alternative Farming Systems Information Center http://ianrwww.unl.edu/ianr/csas/ at the National Agricultural Library compiled this extvol6.htm bibliography in 1988, yet it is still one of the best collections of literature to draw from on the history of organic/sustainable agriculture. The Core Historical Literature of Agriculture http://chla.library.cornell.edu/ Electronic collection of full-text agricultural books published between the early nineteenth century and the middle to late twentieth century. Dozens of classic titles! ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 7
  • 8. 2.4 Modern Literature on Organic Farming Global Perspectives on Agroecology and Sustainable Agricultural Systems. Vol. I and II. 1980 marked a new era in organic farming literature, since 1988. By Patricia Allen and Debra Van Dusen. that was the year USDA published its landmark Report and Proceedings of the Sixth International Recommendations on Organic Farming. While alternative Scientific Conference of IFOAM. Agroecology press books written by farmers and farm advisors are Program, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA. abundant, the advent of scientific, university, and 730 p. agricultural-society-sponsored conference proceedings and textbooks have enhanced the literature of organic Environmentally Sound Agriculture. 1983. By agriculture. William Lockeretz (ed.) Selected Proceedings from the Fourth International Conference of IFOAM held Report and Recommendations on Organic in Cambridge, MA. Praeger Publishers, New York. Farming. 1980. USDA Study Team. United States 426 p. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. 94p. Crop Protection in Organic and Low-Input This is the landmark report that helped usher in a new era of scientific and policy support for organic Agriculture. 1990. By Roger Unwin (ed.) agriculture at the USDA and associated agencies Proceedings of a symposium organized by the British (land-grant universities, Cooperative Extension Crop Protection Council held in Cambridge, UK. Service, Agricultural Experiment Stations, and Monograph No. 45. BCPC, Farnham, Surrey, scientific agriculture societies). Five years later, the England. 254 p. 1985 Farm Bill enacted legislation that resulted in the Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education The Economics of Organic Farming: An program, or SARE. International Perspective. 1994. By Nicholas Lampkin and S. Padel (eds.) CAB International, Organic Farming. 1990. By Nicolas Lampkin. Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 468 p. Farming Press, Ipswich, United Kingdom. 701 p. Organic Agriculture: Economic and Ecological Nicolas Lampkin is on the faculty at the Welsh Comparisons with Conventional Methods. 1978. Institute of Rural Studies associated with The By Robert C. Oelhaf. Allanheld, Osmun, & Co., University of Wales. Organic Farming is the most Montclair, N.J. 271 p. prominent effort by a university professor to address organic agriculture. In addition, the European Biological Husbandry: A Scientific Approach to ecological and organic farming literature—which Organic Farming. 1981. By B. Stonehouse (ed.) Lampkin heavily draws upon—is a rich source of Butterworths, London. 352 p. information. Towards a Holistic Agriculture: A Scientific An Overview of Organic Crop Production Approach. 1987. By R.W. Widdowson. By George Kuepper, ATTRA Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK. 187 p. http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/organiccrop.html George Kuepper’s ATTRA publication is one of the Agricultural Production and Nutrition. 1997. By best factsheet-type primers on organic production, William Lockeretz (ed.) Proceedings of a conference providing principles, practices, and concepts that put it held in Boston, Massachusetts. Tufts University, all together. School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Medford, MA. 213 p. The Organic Method Primer Update. 1993. By Bargyla and Gylver Rateaver. The Rateavers, San The Importance of Biological Agriculture in a Diego, CA. 596 p. World of Diminishing Resources. 1986. By Vogtmann Hartmut, et al. (eds.) Proceedings Organic Farming: Current Technology and Its of the 5th International Scientific Conference of Role in a Sustainable Agriculture. 1984. By D.F. IFOAM held at the University of Kassel Bezdicek (ed.) Agronomy Society of America (Germany). Verlagsgruppe Witzenhausen, Special Publication No. 46. ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Witzenhausen. 448 p. Madison, WI. 192 p. ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 8
  • 9. 2.5 Literature on Sustainable Agriculture Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agro- ecosystems. 1994. By Miguel Altieri. Haworth By the mid-1980s, sustainable agriculture was a term Press, Binghampton, NY. 185 p. gaining wider usage. The 1985 Farm Bill—known as the conservation farm bill—spearheaded the creation of the Toward a More Sustainable Agriculture. 1986. USDA-SARE program and Conservation Reserve Program By Raymond P. Poincelot. AVI Pub. Co., Westport, (CRP). ATTRA, the national sustainable farming Conn. 241 p. information center that created this guide and related titles, was another product of the 1985 Farm Bill. Sustainable Agriculture & Integrated Farming In 1980, a person could put all of the important books Systems. 1985. By Thomas C. Edens, Cynthia relating to sustainable agriculture on one shelf. Today, Fridgen, and Susan L. Battenfield (eds.) Michigan there are so many academic books and symposium State University Press, East Lansing, MI. 344 p. proceedings on sustainable agriculture that it would be difficult for even a university library to keep current. The Role of Microorganisms in a Sustainable Agriculture. 1986. By J.M. Lopez-Real and R.D. Alternative Agriculture. 1989. National Research Hodges (eds.) A.B. Academic, Berkhamsted. Council. National Academy Press, Washington, 246 p. D.C. 448 p. Environmentally Sound Agriculture. 1994. Sustainable Agriculture in Temperate Zones. By Kenneth L. Campbell, et al. (eds.) Proceedings of 1990. By Charles A. Francis, Cornelia Butler Flora, the Second Conference held in Orlando, Florida. and Larry D. King. A Wiley-Interscience Publication, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. 487 p. Joseph, MI. 578 p. Agroecology: The Science of Sustainable ✼ ✼ ✼ Agriculture, 2nd Edition. 1995. By Miguel Altieri. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 433 p. Sustainable Agriculture in Print Series Alternative Farming Systems Information Center, Agroecology: Ecological Processes in Sustainable National Agricultural Library. Agriculture. 1998. By Stephen R. Gliessman. Ann http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/sbjsusag.htm Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI. 357 p. #saip The Sustainable Agriculture in Print Series, consisting Sustainable Agricultural Systems. 1990. By C.A. of three bibliographies compiled by the Alternative Edwards, R. Lal, P. Madden, R.H. Miller and G. Farming Systems Information Center, provides House (eds.) Soil and Water Conservation Society, bibliographic coverage of sustainable agriculture Ankeny, IA. 696 p. literature from 1580 to 1999. Sustainable Agriculture Systems. 1994. By J. L. Hatfield and D. L. Karlen (eds.) Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 316 p. Ecology and Integrated Farming Systems. 1995. By D. M. Glen, M.P. Greaves, and H.M. Anderson (eds.) John Wiley & Sons, New York. 329 p. Sustainable Food Systems. 1983. By Dietrich Knorr (ed.) AVI Pub. Co., Westport, Conn. 416 p. Farming in Nature’s Image: An Ecological Approach to Agriculture. 1992. By Judith D. Soule and Jon K. Piper. Island Press, Washington, DC. 286 p. ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 9
  • 10. 2.6 Literature on Alternative Farming Biodynamic Farming Systems Biodynamic Farming Practice. 1992. By Fritz Sattler and Ecological farming systems—Organic Farming, Eckard von Wistinghausen. Bio-Dynamic Agricultural Biodynamic Farming, Permaculture, Eco-Farming, Association, Stourbridge, West Midlands, England. 336 p. Nature Farming—evolved as an alternative to chemically intensive agriculture. Each offers its own brand of Grasp the Nettle: Making Biodynamic Farming and philosophy and practical farming methodologies. Here are Gardening Work. 1997. By Peter Proctor. Random some noteworthy titles. See the publishers' catalogs and House, Auckland, N.Z. 176 p. website listings at the end of this guide for a comprehensive look at what's available. Biodynamic Farming & Compost Preparation By Steve Diver, ATTRA Organic Farming http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/biodynamic.html The New Organic Manifesto. 1986. By Lee Fryer. Earth Natural Farming Foods Associates, Wheatland, MD. 180 p. The One-Straw Revolution: An Introduction to Natural Step by Step Organic Vegetable Gardening. 1992. By Farming. 1978. By Masanobu Fukuoka. Rodale Press, Shepherd Ogden. HarperCollins, New York. 299 p. Emmaus, PA. 181 p. Profitable Organic Farming. 1995. By John Newton. The Natural Way of Farming: The Theory and Practice of Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford, UK. 142 p. Green Philosophy. 1987. By Masanobu Fukuoka. Japan Publications, Kodansha International-USA through Harper Organic Farming and Growing. 1994. By Francis Blake. & Row, New York. 284 p. Crowood Press, Gypsy Lane, Swindon, Wiltshire. 221 p. The Road Back to Nature: Regaining the Paradise Lost. Eco-Farming 1987. By Masanobu Fukuoka. Japan Publications, Kodansha International-USA through Harper & Row, New Eco-Farm: An Acres U.S.A. Primer. 1991. By Charles York, NY. 377 p. Walters and C.J. Fenzau. Acres USA, Kansas City, MO. 450 p. Nature Farming Science in Agriculture. 1992. By Arden Andersen. Acres Beneficial and Effective Microorganisms for a Sustainable USA, Kansas City, MO. 370 p. World Dr. Teruo Higa and Dr. James F. Parr Non-Toxic Farming Handbook. 1998. By Philip Wheeler. http://www.agriton.nl/higa.html Acres, USA, Metarie, LA. 238 p. Nature Farming and Microbial Applications. 2000. Xu, The Biological Farmer. 2000. By Gary Zimmer. Acres Hui-lian, James F. Parr, and Hiroshi Umemura (eds.) Food USA, Austin, TX. 352 p. Products Press, The Haworth Press, Binghamton, NY. 402 p. Permaculture Nature Farming and Effective Microorganisms Introduction to Permaculture. 1991. By Bill Mollison By Steve Diver, ATTRA with Reny Mia Slay. Tagari Publications, Tyalgum http://ncatark.uark.edu/~steved/Nature-Farm-EM.html Australia. 198 p. Alternative Farming Systems Primers Earth User's Guide to Permaculture. 1994. By Rosemary Morrow and Rob Allsop. Kangaroo Press, Kenthurst, Towards a Sustainable Agriculture. 1996. Steve Diver. NSW Australia. 152 p. New Renaissance, Vol. 6, No. 2. http://www.ru.org/artagri.html Introduction to Permaculture: Concepts and Resources Steve Diver, ATTRA Sustainable Agriculture: Definitions and Terms http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/perma.html Mary Gold, AFSIC, National Agricultural Library http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/AFSIC_pubs/srb9902.htm ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 10
  • 11. 3.0 Soil Management Start with the Soil. 1993. By Grace Gershuny. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA. 274 p. Soil management—with its attention to cover crops, crop rotations, composts, soil biology, soil testing, mineral Gershuny’s Start with the Soil is a nice complement to fertilizers—is fundamental to agriculture. Prior to the the primer noted above, Soul of the Soil. Though 1970s and 80s, farmers getting into organics relied written for an organic gardening audience (Rodale primarily on old books and bulletins for information. Now, Press), the information, tables, and data build on her it would take a donkey cart to haul away the goldmine of previous book. useful print and web resources that awaits the beginner. Fertile Soil: A Grower’s Guide to Organic & 3.11 Books & Bulletins on Soil Fertility Inorganic Fertilizers. 1990. By Robert Parnes. agAccess, Davis, CA. 190 p. Building Soils for Better Crops, 2nd Edition. 2000. By Fred Magdoff and Harold van Es. Sustainable Robert Parnes was an advisor for several years in the well-known Woods End Agricultural Institute Agriculture Network, Handbook Series No. 4. laboratory. Fertile Soil—first published as Organic Sustainable Agriculture Publications, University of and Inorganic Fertilizers in 1986—is the other classic Vermont. 240 p. soils manual from the 1980s that provides solid information to organic farmers. The tables on nutrient Building Soils for Better Crops, 2nd Edition (2000) by value and estimated fertilizer requirement for organic Fred Magdoff and Harold van Es, soil scientists at fertilizers in Parnes's book are the best alternative to University of Vermont and Cornell University standard N-P-K fertilizer guidelines. respectively, is a highly practical 230-page guide to ecological soil management. This is the best all-around Edaphos: Dynamics of a Natural Soil System. manual from the land-grant agricultural colleges on 1993. By Paul D. Sachs. The Edaphic Press, building and maintaining a healthy, productive soil. Topics addressed: organic matter, soil biology, Newbury, VT. 197 p. physical properties of soil, animal manures, cover crops, crop rotations, making and using composts, Paul Sachs is the founder of North Country Organics reducing compaction, appropriate tillage systems, in Bradford, VT, and Edaphos is an outgrowth of nutrient management, soil tests, and fertilizers. It also Sachs's seminars and consulting work. Edaphos does features profiles of farmers implementing ecological an excellent job of explaining soil science and soil soil management practices, and is accompanied by management practices in simple terms, accompanied plenty of helpful illustrations and tables. The SAN by useful tables and diagrams. series of handbooks are well done and farmer-friendly. Highly recommended. Organic Soil Amendments and Fertilizers. 1992. By David E. Chaney and Laurie E. Drinkwater. The Soul of Soil: A Guide to Ecological Soil DNAR Publication No. 21505. UC Sustainable Management, 3rd Edition. 1995. By Grace Agriculture Research and Education Program, Gershuny and Joseph Smillie. agAccess, Davis, CA. University of California, Division of Agriculture and 174 p. Natural Resources. 36 p. The Soul of Soil is the classic primer on ecological soil UC-SAREP—The University of California's management, first published in 1983 as Grace Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Gershuny's Master’s Thesis at the University of Program—produced this bulletin in 1992, yet it is still Vermont. The 1986 edition co-authored with Joseph the best Extension Service publication on this topic. It Smillie is the one that became a primary information uses tables, data, and diagrams to explain soil organic source for organic farmers in the 1980s and 90s. It is matter and the wide range of organic amendments and jam-packed with useful concepts, tables, data, and fertilizers that are used in organic farming. knowledge about soils, humus, compost, crop rotations, cover crops, green manures, and mineral Western Fertilizer Handbook—Horticulture fertilizers. It belongs on the bookshelf of every Edition. 1990. By Albert E. Ludwick. Interstate organic farm. Publishers Inc., Danville, IL. 279 p. Farmers need access to all kinds of information, including standard fertility data. This is one of those handy guides used as an occasional reference source. ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 11
  • 12. The Soil Management Series (PC-7398) Dr. Ehrenfried Pfeiffer, Biodynamic Pioneer University of Minnesota Cooperative Extension http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/ Bio-Dynamic Gardening and Farming. [collected cropsystems/DC7398.html articles, ca. 1940 - 1961] Volume 1. 1983. By Ehrenfried Pfeiffer. Mercury Press, Spring Valley, The University of Minnesota recently put out a new series of Extension bulletins: New York. 126 p. 1. Soil Management (BU-7399) Bio-Dynamic Gardening and Farming. [collected 2. Compaction (BU-7400) articles, ca. 1940 - 1961] Volume 2. 1983. By 3. Manure Management (BU-7401) Ehrenfried Pfeiffer. Mercury Press, Spring Valley, 4. Organic Matter Management (BU-7402) New York. 142 p. 5. Soil Biology and Soil Management (BU-7403) Bio-Dynamic Gardening and Farming. [collected Each publication is organized according to the articles, ca. 1940 - 1961]. Volume 3. 1984. By following sections: Ehrenfried Pfeiffer. Mercury Press, Spring Valley, The Soil Manager - explains management options for New York. 132 p. improving your soil. The Soil Scientist - reviews the soil science principles Soil Fertility: Renewal and Preservation. 1983. that are important to production agriculture. Ehrenfried Pfeiffer. Lanthorn, East Grinstead, Your Farm - helps you apply what you are reading to Sussex, England. 200 p. your own farm. What's Next? - wraps up the chapter by helping you Eco-Farming Classics assess your operation and soil. Further Resources - lists people and publications to consult for more information. Agriculture in Transition. 2000. By Donald L. Schriefer. Acres USA, Austin, TX. 238 p. The Nature and Properties of Soils, 12th Edition. 1999. By Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil. Prentice From the Soil Up. 2000. By Donald L. Schriefer. Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 881 p. Acres USA, Austin, TX. 274 p. The Nature and Properties of Soils is probably the The Biological Farmer. 2000. By Gary Zimmer. most authoritative and well-known university textbook Acres USA, Austin, TX. 352 p. on soils. Dr. Ray Weil, a soil scientist at the University of Maryland, updated this classic with Crop Roots  The Hidden Half. Circa 1990s. By modern photographs and illustrations as well as Harold Willis. Midwestern Bio-Ag, Blue Mound, additional notes and information that addresses soil WI. 106 p. management from a sustainable viewpoint. It is an excellent, comprehensive resource; a good reference book for the farmer's bookshelf. Non-Toxic Farming Handbook. 1998. By Philip Wheeler and Ronald Ward. Acres USA, Metairie, The Fertile Triangle: The Interrelationship of LA. 238 p. Air, Water, and Nutrients in Maximizing Soil Productivity. 1991. By Benjamin Wolf. Food Nourishment Home Grown. 1992. By A.F. Products Press, New York. 463 p. Beddoe. Agro-Bio Systems, Grass Valley, CA. 299 p. Fertilizers and Their Use: A Pocket Guide for Extension Officers, 4th edition Hands-On Agronomy. 1993. By Neal Kinsey and Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) Charles Walters. Acres USA, Kansas, MO. 352 p. ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/fertuse.pdf The Enlivened Rock Powders. 1994. By Harvey Lisle. Acres USA, Kansas, MO. 194 p. ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 12
  • 13. 3.12 Soil Fertility Web Links CCOF's Organic Practices and List of Materials http://www.ccof.org/section8.htm These first three items are the primary web locations for sources of organic fertilizers and approved materials that California Certified Organic Farmers (CCOF) is one can be used in certified organic production. of the premier organic certification organizations in the country, in operation since 1973. The 1998 CCOF Handbook located on its website contains an Sources for Organic Fertilizers and Amendments informative section on organic farming practices and a ATTRA listing of approved materials. http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/orgfert.html Use this site primarily as background reading to The ATTRA resource list on organic fertilizers is an become familiar with typical categories of fertilizer extensive listing of dealers and suppliers carrying bulk products and how they fit into a certified organic organic fertilizers. It is organized by category of program. CCOF transferred the official task of fertilizer material: evaluating and listing brand-name products to OMRI in 1997. Phosphate rock Non-phosphate rock minerals minerals The following websites provide valuable information to Animal by-products Plant by-products farmers and Extension specialists who need information Marine products Worms for vermicompost and data on soil management, organic fertilizers, and Composts & blended Compost inoculants & related sustainable fertility topics. fertilizers bioactivators Cover crop seeds Bio-dynamic preparations & homeopathic Commercial Organic Nutrient Recommendations preparations University of Maine Soil Testing Lab Humates & humic Hydrogen peroxide http://anlab.umesci.maine.edu/handout/ acids organ01.HTM Mycorrhizal Microbial inoculants, inoculants enzymes, biocatalysts In these handy tables from University of Maine you Soluble organic fertilizers for drip irrigation & can quickly see how many pounds of organic fertilizer greenhouse fertilization per acre are needed to meet desired pounds of nutrient element per acre; e.g., 670 lbs fish meal equals 60 lbs Note: The ATTRA list was compiled in response to N per acre, 890 lbs fish meal equals 80 lbs N per acre, queries from farmers on where to purchase bulk and 1100 lbs fish meal equals 100 lbs N per acre. organic fertilizers and amendments. It is not an Examples are provided for 10 different organic official list of materials that can be used in certified fertilizers relative to Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and organic production. To verify approved and restricted Potassium. materials, consult the OMRI lists below. An Introduction to Organic Fertilization in OMRI's Brand Name Products Lists Saskatchewan Organic Materials Review Institute Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food FARMFACTS http://www.omri.org/brand_list.html http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/farm_man/crop_prod/ organicfert.asp OMRI is the Organic Materials Review Institute. It provides a technical review of organic crop production Nutrient Content of Fertilizer and Organic materials (fertilizers and pest controls) supplied by Materials manufacturers. Products that receive an Allowed or NC State University Soil Science Regulated status can state that the product is "OMRI [HTML] Listed" and may use the OMRI seal on packaging and literature. http://ces.soil.ncsu.edu/soilscience/publications/ Soilfacts/AG-439-18/ The Brand Name Products List on OMRI's website [PDF] includes crop production materials organized http://ces.soil.ncsu.edu/soilscience/publications/ alphabetically by Generic Material, Supplier, and Soilfacts/ AG-439-18/AG-439-18.pdf Product. Convenient tables with nutrient content of standard commercial fertilizers as well as organic fertilizers and manures. ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 13
  • 14. Sustainable Soil Management Soil Fertility Note 12: Fertilizing with Organic By Preston Sullivan, ATTRA Nutrients http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/soilmgt.html North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services ATTRA's Sustainable Soil Management publication is http://www.agr.state.nc.us/agronomi/sfn12.htm the most succinct and informative publication of its kind on the web. The concepts and practices Guidelines for Organic Fertilization embedded in this publication provide the fundamental University Of Vermont Extension System, building blocks for a deeper and more complete understanding of soils from a sustainable farming Agricultural and Environmental Testing Lab perspective. http://pss.uvm.edu/pss161/problem/handout.html Alternative Soil Testing Laboratories Organic Crop Production ATTRA Patrick Moore, The Evergreen State College http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/soil-lab.html Pages 19−32, In: Organic Resource Manual Washington State Department of Agriculture ATTRA's Alternative Soil Testing Laboratories http://www.wa.gov/agr/fsah/organic/ofp.htm resource list organizes soil labs into two broad categories: (1) those that focus on biological assays Nitrogen Management in Field Vegetables including organic matter, humus content, and A Guide to Efficient Fertilisation microbial analysis, and (2) those that focus on mineral HTML analysis and organic fertilizer recommendations. The http://res2.agr.ca/stjean/info/ publicat1_e.htm resource section provides suppliers, books, and web #Technical links that address alternative fertility concepts, soil quality, and on-farm methods of soil and foliar PDF analysis. http://res2.agr.ca/stjean/recherche/azote_e.pdf Organic Soil Amendments for Sustainable Manual on Integrated Soil Management and Agriculture Conservation Practices CTAHR, Univ. of Hawaii FAO Land and Water Bulletin 8 http://agrss.sherman.hawaii.edu/staff/hue/ ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/lw8e.pdf [9506 KB] organic.html Microbial Fertilizers in Japan Soil Fertility Management for Organic Crops Michinori Nishio University of California, Publication 7249 Food and Fertilizer Technology Center http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/7249.pdf Taipei City, Taiwan R.O.C http://www.agnet.org/library/abstract/eb430.html Soil Management and Soil Quality for Organic Crops Use of Microbial Inoculants and Organic University of California, Publication 7248 Fertilizers in Agricultural Production http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/7248.pdf Food and Fertilizer Technology Center Taipei City, Taiwan R.O.C 5-Part Series on Soil Basics http://www.agnet.org/library/article/eb394.html UMass Extenion, University of Massachusetts http://www.umassvegetable.org/soil_crop_pest_mgt/ Sustainable Nitrogen Management in Intensive soil_nutrient_mgt.html Vegetable Production Food and Fertilizer Technology Center • Hairy Vetch as a Cover Crop Taipei City, Taiwan R.O.C • Soil Basics I: Physical Properties of Soil http://www.agnet.org/library/abstract/eb442.html • Soil Basics II: Chemical Properties of Soil • Soil Basics III: Organic Matter, Key to Management • Soil Basics IV: Putting It All Together • Soil Basics V: Top Dressing and Side Dressing Nitrogen ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 14
  • 15. Natural Resources Conservation Service, or NRCS, is the USDA agency formerly known as Soil Conservation Service, or SCS. The NRCS Soil Quality Institute gets an A+ for the high-quality, farmer-friendly educational materials they've published in recent years. NRCS Agronomy Technical Notes Series Soil Quality Institute http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/survey/SQI/ agronomy.shtml The Soil Quality Institute website, sponsored by NRCS, features on-line technical notes on soil management topics: Cover Crops; Conservation Crop Rotation; Effects on Soil Quality; Effects of Residue Management, No-Till on Soil Quality; Effects of Soil Quality on Nutrient Efficiency; Herbicides; Legumes and Soil Quality; Effects of Soil Erosion on Soil Productivity. NRCS Soil Quality Information Sheets Soil Quality Institute http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/survey/SQI/ sqiinfo.html The Soil Quality Institute website, sponsored by NRCS, features on-line information sheets on soil quality topics: Erosion; Sediment Deposition on Cropland; Compaction; Salinization; Soil Biodiversity; Available Water Capacity; Pesticides; Indicators for Soil Quality Evaluation; Organic Matter; Soil Crusts; Aggregate Stability; Infiltration; Soil pH. Soil Biology Primer http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/survey/SQI/primer/ index.htm The highly regarded Soil Biology Primer is reviewed in the section on soil biology. Soil Quality Test Kit http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/survey/SQI/kit2.html An 82-page booklet describing procedures for 12 on- farm tests, an interpretive section for each test, data recording sheets, and a section on how to build the kit. ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 15
  • 16. 3.21 Print & Video Resources on Cover Crops SAREP program—was the first Extension Service bulletin to address the benefits of cover crops in the context of modern sustainable farming systems. Cover crops are like the backbone, the linchpin, the cornerstone… of any annual cropping system that seeks to be sustainable or organic. The following two booklets from Pennsylvania and Oregon are a compilation of fact sheets on individual cover crop Organic farmers rely on cover crops to perform multiple species. Since the selection and use of cover crops is roles and functions on the farm, including soil protection, heavily influenced by growing season, climate, cropping soil improvement, and insectary habitat. From a fertility systems, and related geographical peculiarities, these two angle, the cover crop seed can be viewed as a fertilizer booklets provide a nice balance for growing conditions in expense. the Northeastern and Northwestern United States. When sustainable agriculture became a priority topic for Northeast Cover Crop Handbook. 1994. By USDA, land-grant universities, and non-profit institutions Marianne Sarrantonio. Rodale Institute, Kutztown, in the 1980s, cover crops were one of the first items to PA. 118 p. receive significant attention. Lots of time and energy have gone into cover crop research, on-farm trials, and The Rodale Institute was a leader in cover crop information dissemination. research and on-farm trials in the 1980s and 90s. The Northeast Cover Crop Handbook is the culmination Some of the key players that helped generate this new of their extension information delivery from that era. material on cover crops include the Sustainable Agriculture Topics covered are: how to choose a cover crop right Network (SAN), the University of California, and the for your operation; building a rotation around cover Rodale Institute. crops; choosing the best species for the whole farm; estimating the nitrogen contribution from a green Managing Cover Crops Profitably, 2nd Edition. manure; looking at soil improvements from cover 1998. By the Sustainable Agriculture Network. crops; and lowering the cost of cover cropping. The Sustainable Agriculture Publications, University of book is well written and easy to read with lots of Vermont. 212 p. drawings and charts. The appendix contains detailed management practices for 20 cover crop species, cover Managing Cover Crops Profitably is a compre- crop seed sources, and other information sources. hensive resource on cover crops— an essential desk reference! The introductory section includes Cover Crops in Oregon (EM 8704) articles on uses and benefits of cover crops, Oregon State University followed by chapters on 18 different cover crop species. Charts rate factors for each species Oregon State University Extension Service published a including drought tolerance, nitrogen yield, and 50-page booklet on cover crops in 1998 titled Using seeding rates. The top six high-performing cover Cover Crops in Oregon. Topics include the pros and crops for each region are discussed. Topics cons of cover cropping; how to choose a cover crop; include: selection of the best species for your cover crops in annual and perennial systems; how to location, planning profitable crop rotations, crop estimate nitrogen contributions to a subsequent crop; yield benefits following cover crops, and fertilizer and economic considerations of cover cropping. reduction realized from cover crops. The booklet provides detailed information on specific cover crops, including annual ryegrass, barley, oats, The full-text version can be viewed on the SAN triticale, wheat, buckwheat, cereal rye, common vetch, website: crimson clover, fava bean, field pea, hairy vetch, rapeseed, red clover, subterranean clovers, Managing Cover Crops Profitably, 2nd Edition Sudangrass, and sorghum-Sudangrass hybrids. In http://www.sare.org/handbook/mccp2/index.htm addition, there is a fact sheet on cover crop weed suppression in annual rotations. (List price, $5.50 Cover Crops for California Agriculture. 1989. from Oregon State University Publications). By P.R. Miller, et al. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, The complete series of 18 individual facts sheets can also be found on the web in HTML and PDF formats: Leaflet 21471. 24 p. Cover Crop Fact Sheets, Oregon State University This University of California leaflet—supported http://eesc.orst.edu/tango/pubsearch/0124.qry?function by the Jesse Smith Noyes Foundation, the UC =search Davis Student Experimental Farm, and the UC ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 16
  • 17. Cover Crops for Vegetable Production in the still one of the best little primers on grasses and Northeast. 1999. By Lee Stivers. Cornell legumes in print. University Extension Service (142IB244). 12 p. Creative Cover Cropping in Annual Farming A Cornell University publication on cover crops for Systems—Video. 1993. Produced by the University vegetables that addresses: addition of organic matter to of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural soils; improvement of soil tilth and remediation of Resources. compaction; protection of soil from wind and water erosion; recycling plant nutrients; increasing the A 24-minute video that shows a selection of cover biological activity of soil; retention of soil moisture; crops used in various annual cropping systems for the and suppression of weeds, insects, pathogens, and purpose of soil fertility and pest management. (List nematodes. price, $20; available through University of California) Overview of Cover Crops and Green Manures. No-till Vegetables—Video. 1997. By Steve Groff. 2000. By Preston Sullivan and Steve Diver. Cedar Meadow Farm, Holtwood, PA. Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas, Fayetteville, AR. 12 p. Steve Groff, a no-till vegetable farmer in http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/ covercrop.html Pennslyvania, makes extensive use of cover crops in combination with no-till vegetable production to raise high-quality tomatoes, pumpkins, broccoli, snap beans, This ATTRA publication provides a summary of the and sweet corn. He uses specialized equipment like a principal uses and benefits of cover crops and green rolling stalk chopper to knock down and crimp the manures, followed by a listing of key resources. cover crops, thus allowing him to plant vegetables into a killed cover crop mulch. This cropping system Sustainable Production of Fresh-Market requires post-emergent herbicides, but at greatly Tomatoes with Organic Mulches. 1997. By Aref reduced rates compared to conventional production Abdul-Baki and John R. Teasdale. USDA Farmers' systems. After several years of no-till production the Bulletin No. 2279. 23 p. soils are very mellow and easy to plant into. (Video http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/tomatoes.html price, $21.95 + $3.00 shipping from Cedar Meadow Farm). This USDA Farmers' Bulletin features the no-till vegetable cropping system developed by scientists at Using Cover Crops in Conservation Production the USDA-ARS Vegetable Laboratory in Beltsville, Systems—Video. 1997. By Seth Dabney, USDA- Maryland. This system relies on hairy vetch ARS National Sedimentation Lab in Oxford, MS. established in the fall, followed by a mow-down treatment the following spring to prepare a no-till bed An 11-minute video on cover cropping systems in the to transplant tomatoes and other vegetable crops into. Deep South featuring clover species and no-till production methods. (Costs about $10 through Print copies may be ordered from: Shepherd Publications in Memphis, TN). USDA/ARS Vegetable Lab Rm. 213, B-10A BARC-West Beltsville, MD 20705 mcgahan@ars.usda.gov On-line in PDF format at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/ SustainableTomato.pdf Feed the Soil. 1982. By Edwin McLeod. Organic Agriculture Research Institute, Graton, CA. 209 p. The classic tale of Hylas the Hare who goes to work as a seasonal farmer, only to bump into Mr. Earthworm who teaches Hylas all about green manures and soil biology and the importance of “feeding the soil.” It is ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 17
  • 18. 3.22 Cover Crop Web Links Overview of Cover Crops and Green Manures. ATTRA Green Manures http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/covercrop.html http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/PDF/covercrop.pdf The Basics of Green Manuring P. Warman Cover Crops – Vegetables EAP Publication 51, Ecological Agriculture Projects http://eap.mcgill.ca/Publications/EAP51.htm Commercial Vegetable Production: Cover Crops for Vegetable Growers Green Manures Kansas State University, MF2343 Greenmount College of Agriculture and Horticulture, http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/library/hort2/Samplers/ Northern Ireland MF2343.htm http://www.greenmount.ac.uk/organic/manures.htm A 28-page fact sheet from K-State, published in 1998. Catch Crops and Green Manuring in Ecological One of the better Extension publications on cover Agriculture crops for vegetables geared to a specific region. Proceedings of the Ecological Agriculture NJF- Seminar 166 Multiple Impacts Cover Crops http://zeus.bibul.slu.se/documents/slu/ John Luna, Oregon State University ekologiskt_lantbruk/EKL05/EKL05Z.HTM http://ifs.orst.edu/pubs/ multiple_impacts_cover_cro.html Cover Crops – General In addition to the Cover Crop Fact Sheets published by Oregon State University, John Luna and associates Managing Cover Crops Profitably, 2nd Edition have a special topics web page on use of cover crops Sustainable Agriculture Network in sustainable vegetable production; especially note http://www.sare.org/handbook/mccp2/index.htm the research results on strip tillage. Cover Crop Fact Sheets Cover Crops for Sustainable Vegetable Oregon State University Production http://eesc.orst.edu/tango/pubsearch/ Debbie Roos 0124.qry?function=search http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Canopy/1118/ Michigan Cover Crops Cover Crops & Green Manure Crops for Michigan State University & Kellogg Biological Vegetable Farms Station Ohio Vegetable Production Guide 2000 http://www.kbs.msu.edu/Extension/Covercrops/home http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~ohioline/b672/ .htm b672_1.html An impressive and valuable collection of information Cover Crops For Weed Control In Lettuce sheets and research reports on cover crops used in New Alchemy Quarterly, No. 40 association with vegetables and row crops. Mark Schonbeck, Judy Browne, and Ralph DeGregorio Cover Crops http://www.fuzzylu.com/greencenter/q40/ Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and weed9009.htm Rural Affairs http://www.gov.on.ca:80/OMAFRA/english/crops/ Cropping Systems of Intensive Desert Vegetable facts/ cover_crops01/covercrops.htm Production University of California, Riverside • Adaptation and Use of Cover Crops http://cnas.ucr.edu/~bps/hcoopextcrop.html • Choosing a Cover Crop • Cover Crop Types ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 18
  • 19. Cover Crops for Soil Improvement in An Evaluation of Cover Crops to Reduce the Horticultural Crops Potential for Environmental Damage from Alan Ware, Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture Intensively Cultivated Soils http://www.kerrcenter.com/kerrweb/html/pub4.html Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture and Fisheries http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsaf/rs/greenplan/resource/con Summer Cover Crops for Tomato Production in servation/035.htm South Florida http://www.imok.ufl.edu/veghort/pubs/workshop/ Legumes and Crop Rotations Bryan99.htm Crop Rotations for Vegetables and Row Crops Green Manure Crops in Organic Vegetable Steve Diver, ATTRA Production http://ncatark.uark.edu/~steved/rotation.html Danish Institute of Plant and Soil Science http://zeus.bibul.slu.se/documents/njf/ Soil Improvement with Legumes including utredn_rapporter/NUR114/NUR114N.HTM Legumes in Crop Rotations Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food Cover Cropping in Potato Production http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/land_wat_clim/soil EAP Publication 71, Ecological Agriculture Projects Scs0395.asp http://eap.mcgill.ca/Publications/EAP71.htm Organic Rotations Practiced Interseeding Cover Crops Ohio State University, Special Circular 174-00 http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~ohioline/ sc174/ Observations on Interseeding Cover Crops sc174_9.html Vernon Grubinger, University of Vermont http://ctr.uvm.edu/ctr/intrseed.htm Legume Green Manuring Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development Interseedings in Vegetable Production http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/agdex/100/2300202.html Chantal Foulds, REAP Canada http://eap.mcgill.ca/MagRack/SF/ Crop Rotations in Organic Agriculture Summer%2089%20D.htm Andreas de Neergaard http://www.kursus.kvl.dk/shares/ea/02Materials/ Relay Intercropping Brassicas into Chile and Crop-rotations.PDF Sweet Corn New Mexico State University, Guide A–609 An Organic Vegetable Crop Rotation Aimed at http://cahe.nmsu.edu/pubs/_a/A-609.html Self-Sufficiency in Nitrogen K. Thorup-Kristensen, Danish Institute of Catch Crops – Sucking Up Residual Nitrates Agricultural Sciences http://www.agrsci.dk/pvf/gronsager/ktk/ oeko%5Fgronsagssaedskifte/ A Farmer's Guide To Reducing Nutrient Loss hp%2Dcrop%20rotation.html Using Catch Crops Janet Wallace, Nova Scotia Organic Growers Association http://gks.com/nccrp/Finalr.php3 Management of Residual Nitrogen with Cover Crops Technical Notes, Agronomy 38. Pullman Plant Materials Center. http://www.wsu.edu/pmc_nrcs/technotes/ agronomy/tntag38.htm ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 19
  • 20. 3.23 UC-SAREP Cover Crop Resource Selecting the Right Cover Crop Gives Multiple Benefits The UC-SAREP program at University of California is a UC-SAREP leader in cover crop research and information http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/CCPubs/ dissemination. The massive resources UC-SAREP has SelectingCoverCrop.html devoted to the integration of cover crops into annual and perennial cropping systems is astounding. These materials A 4-page web article that discusses: adding and are so extensive and informative, they deserve their own conserving nitrogen, water use by cover crops, pest special section. management, cover crops in annual cropping systems, self-reseeding cover crops, and potential advantages UC SAREP Cover Crop Resource Page and disadvantages of cover crops. http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/sarep/ccrop/ Survey of Annual Crop Growers Regarding This is the database of all databases when it comes to Cover Crops cover crops. Includes over 5,000 items gleaned from UC-SAREP more than 600 separate sources, including journal http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/newsltr/v7n3/sa-8.htm articles, conference proceedings, standard textbooks, unpublished data, and personal communications from researchers and farmers. The information in the database concerns the management and effects of more than 32 species of plants usable as cover crops. More than 400 different cover crop images are also available for on-line viewing. One limitation—the database is regionally geared to the Mediterranean climate of California. Ideally, each region of the U.S. should enjoy such site-specific information. Cover Cropping in Row and Field Crop Systems UC-SAREP http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/slideshows/ rfshow01.htm An on-line educational slide series that provides visual images and text describing the benefits and uses of cover cropping in annual crops like vegetables; 52 slides. Cover Crop Biology: A Mini-Review Robert L. Bugg, UC-SAREP http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/ccres/ 35.htm A 10-page web article that reviews several aspects of cover crop biology: seeds, seedlings, root zone biology, nutrient uptake, the fate of cover-crop- derived nitrogen, community dynamics, and allelopathy. ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 20
  • 21. Eight Points to Remember Samples of UC-SAREP Cover Crop Research and Education Summaries 1. For many farms, cover crops offer the only practical means of supplying the organic matter needed to maintain soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. Barnyard manure and other manures Release of Nitrogen From a Leguminous Cover cannot meet the requirements of extensive areas. Crop and the Subsequent Utilization by Bell Pepper 2. Cultivation decreases the amount of organic matter in Richard Smith, Louise Jackson, and Phil Foster the soil and increases soil erosion on sloping land. Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education Program, University of California 3. As organic matter decays, it provides nutrient elements for succeding crops. Cover crop legumes substantially http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/ccres/2.HTM increase the nitrogen available to the subsequent crop. Fall Planted Cover Crops May Improve Tomato 4. The value of a cover crop is determined primarily by Yields the amount of organic matter and nitrogen it will add Gene Miyao and Paul Robins to the soil. Therefore, use the crop that will produce Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education the greatest growth in the particular region and the Program, University of California alloted time. http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/ccres/1999/ 3.htm 5. Most winter cover crops should be planted with irrigation, since early seeding is necessary for a good stand and a lack of rain coupled with no irrigation can Cover Crop Use in Vegetable Production prevent satisfactory results. in the Southern California Deserts Chad Hutchinson and Milt McGiffen 6. Most winter cover crops should be seeded before the Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education first of November. Seedbed preparation is important. Program, University of California http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/ccres/1999/ 7. The best way to work a cover crop in is with a heavy 4.htm cover crop disk. Two or three diskings may be necessary. In an orchard, you need not completely Non-Leguminous Cover Crops In Cool-Season incorporate the cover crop. Vegetable Crop Systems 8. Allow legume cover crops to grow as long as possible Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education before working them into the soil. Program, University of California http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/ccres/1996/ Source: 3.HTM Cover Crops for California Agriculture. 1989. By P.R. In-Field Insectaries for Vegetable Crops Miller, et al. University of California, Division of Bill Chaney Agriculture and Natural Resources, Leaflet 21471. Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education 24 p. Program, University of California http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/ccres/1996/ 7.HTM Non-Leguminous Cover Crops To Reduce Nitrate Leaching In Vegetable Cropping Systems Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education Program, University of California http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/ccrop/ccres/ 1996/13.HTM ATTRA // Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable Production Page 21