Urban Agriculture: Theory and Practice of Community Gardening

Urban Agriculture: Community Gardening Practices

By

Ryan Sloan

A Major Paper Submitted to the faculty of the

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Natural Resources

Major: Natural Resources

Committee

Dr. David L. Trauger, Chair; Dr. David P. Robertson, Dr. Alan D. Thornhill

November 7, 2009

Falls Church, VA

Key Words: community gardens, urban Agriculture, sustainability, conservation

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ 2

Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 5

URBAN AGRICULTURE ........................................................................................................... 6

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Defining Urban Agriculture ............................................................................................................ 6

Historical Analysis of Urban Agriculture ....................................................................................... 8

Urban Agriculture Practices ............................................................................................................ 9

COMMUNITY GARDEN THEORY ....................................................................................... 10

Defining Community Gardens ...................................................................................................... 10

Social and Cultural Components .................................................................................................. 11

Community Pride and Involvement ...................................................................................... 11

Empowerment of the Growers .............................................................................................. 11

Improved Health, Increased Recreation, Relaxation, Creativity Opportunities ................... 12

Community Growth Opportunities ....................................................................................... 12

Decreased Crime ................................................................................................................... 13

Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................... 14

Environmental and Ecological Components ................................................................................. 14

More Green Space and Heat Sinks ....................................................................................... 14

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ................................................................................................... 14

Natural Resource Sustainability ............................................................................................ 15

Economic and Political Components ............................................................................................ 15

Individual Economics ........................................................................................................... 15

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Additional Food Sources and Choices .................................................................................. 16

Employment Opportunities ................................................................................................... 16

Helping the U.S. Become Healthier and Potentially Lower Health Costs............................ 16

Local Community Food Security .......................................................................................... 17

COMMUNITY GARDEN PRACTICE .................................................................................... 18

Case Study: Nottoway Park Community Garden ......................................................................... 18

Why is Community Gardening Good for Fairfax County, Virginia ............................................. 18

Fairfax County Park System, Green Spring Gardens ........................................................... 19

Fairfax County Parks, Nottoway Park in Fairfax, Virginia .................................................. 20

Considerations for Nottoway Park’s Community Garden Plots ................................................... 21

Assessment of Nottoway Park Garden Plots, Summer-Fall 2009 ........................................ 21

Table 1. Composition of Plot Table and Percentages .......................................................... 24

Photo Series for Nottoway Park............................................................................................ 25

Encouraging the Practice in Other Areas of Fairfax County ........................................................ 25

Recommendations for Encouraging Community Gardens in Fairfax County .............................. 26

Partnering with Schools ........................................................................................................ 26

Involving Students ................................................................................................................ 27

Non-profits ............................................................................................................................ 27

Facilitated Volunteer Groups ................................................................................................ 27

National or State Grants ........................................................................................................ 28

Inventory and Analysis of Community Food Production ..................................................... 28

DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................................. 29

Challenges of Community Gardens .............................................................................................. 29

Benefits of Urban Agriculture ...................................................................................................... 32

Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 33

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Appendix A: Nottoway Park Assessment of Current Community Garden Practices .................. 35

Appendix B: Photo Series for Nottoway Park ............................................................................. 36

Set 1: Example Plots Growing Vegetables .......................................................................... 36

Set 2: Example Plot Growing Only Ornamentals ................................................................ 37

Set 3: Example Plots Growing Both Vegetables and Ornamentals ..................................... 38

Set 4: Example of Poorly Maintained Plots ......................................................................... 39

Set 5: Example of Bare or Overgrown Plots ........................................................................ 40

Appendix C: Photo of Outreach Opportunity Location ............................................................... 41

Works Cited .................................................................................................................................. 42

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Abstract

Urban Agriculture is a commonly implemented concept throughout the United States (US) and
internationally. Urban Agriculture varies in form and function from place to place and person to
person. From the community that needs Urban Agriculture as a source of food security to the
person who views Urban Agriculture a recreational hobby, to the idealist who works toward a
reduced carbon footprint; Urban Agriculture is many things to many different people.

This paper is intended to provide the reader with an overview of the concept of Urban
Agriculture, and specifically discuss the utility of implementing the Urban Agriculture practice
of community gardening within Fairfax County, a major metropolitan area of Virginia. The
challenges and benefits of the type of Urban Agriculture called community gardens are laid out.
The object was to identify possible reasons for the success or failure of gardens and identify
steps that could enhance an already functioning community garden while ultimately encouraging
the practice. The main sections of this paper are: an introductory section providing the
background on the concept of Urban Agriculture; an analysis of the practice of community
gardening; a discussion of the utility of implementing community garden practices in Vienna,
Virginia; and concluding remarks for adopting the paper’s recommendations and implementation
strategies for the Nottoway Park community garden, that could be applied elsewhere.

Audience:
Northern Virginia residents, other public, parks or other open spaces potentially interested in
Urban Agriculture techniques.

Outlets and Major Paper Products:
Major paper, powerpoint presentation for Major Paper Exam

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URBAN AGRICULTURE

Introduction

This section presents a synthesis of over-arching themes surrounding Urban Agriculture,
including: (1) an overview of the concept of Urban Agriculture; (2) an historical review of
Urban Agriculture, including where it is thought to originate; and (3) types of Urban Agriculture
practices found throughout the United States, with brief examples. The information in this
section is intended to provide a context and set the groundwork for a better understanding of the
components that make up Urban Agriculture. To fully understand the concept and the
subsequent Urban Agriculture practices, it is necessary to have knowledge of the terms,
techniques, policies that form Urban Agriculture.

Defining Urban Agriculture

Urban Agriculture in itself is a difficult term to define. It means different things to different
people. In defining ‘Urban Agriculture’, the term can be broken down first into two parts:
‘urban’ and ‘agriculture’. It is helpful to first look at how ‘urban’ is defined, as opposed to its
acronym ‘rural’. As the population increases, the ‘line’ that distinguishes urban from rural
becomes increasing blurred. There will undoubtedly be a continued expansion of our cities,
which will push the urban-boundary lines further out into lands that were historically farmland,
or considered rural. Areas that were once considered rural may become ‘urbanized’ in some
fashion or another, and the land previously used for farming and agriculture may become
developed. In these urban sprawl situations, the idea of planning for and/or implementing the
concept of Urban Agriculture may become more prevalent. One distinction used to set Urban
Agriculture apart from other agriculture is the term Urban and peri-urban Agriculture (UPA).
The term UPA is used to describe agriculture that takes place in suburban areas of cities. (25) In
some instances, it the differences between UPA and large-scale agricultural production are clear,
although this may not always be the case. For example, when cities are planned with large plots
of land to serve as agricultural centers to feed a portion of its population, whether or not this
practice is considered an application of the concept of UPA is debatable. In these instances, the

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definition becomes blurred. In other UPA scenarios, such as community gardens located in
urban areas, the distinction is better understood. For the purposes of this paper we will refer to
UPA as simply, Urban Agriculture.

The second and most critical part of Urban Agriculture is the term ‘agriculture’. Throughout the
world the term agriculture conjures up images of large swaths of land used for both growing
vegetables and fruits or for raising livestock. As the human population increases over time, it is
necessary for countries to dedicate land, human-power, and money to feed their people. Yet as
societies progress, it is fundamental that more inventive and effective methods of producing food
become available. Urban Agriculture also becomes “a modern-day system for combating hunger
and related food security issues, as well as an effective framework for creating and implementing
community development practices; demonstrated by the successful urban agricultural endeavors
found throughout the world.” (25)

So what exactly is the combination of ‘urban’ and ‘agriculture’? A defining aspect of Urban
Agriculture is that it evolves to address the conditions and needs of the implementers at that
time. A portion of the success and benefits of Urban Agriculture is contributed because the
concept and application is not static. As technology progresses, so do the efforts that allow for
better implementation of Urban Agriculture and its practices. As humans strive to develop more
sustainable environments in which to live, they also continue to stretch the boundaries of where,
how, to what extent, and in which ways the Urban Agriculture concept can be applied.

This paper will narrow the scope of the definition of Urban Agriculture to that which is directly
associated with producing food for individual use on private property or in community garden
plots. It should be noted that most researchers define Urban Agriculture in broader terms that
include production facilities. For example Urban Agriculture was defined “as the growing,
processing, and distribution of food and other products through intensive plant cultivation and
animal husbandry in and around cities.” (3) While this definition is certainly relevant to the
more specific topic presented in this paper, considering Urban Agriculture at this much larger
scale of operation is too broad for addressing the specific research statement in the context of this
paper. For this reason, an encompassing yet limited definition of Urban Agriculture is offered

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for the purpose of this paper:

Urban Agriculture: a potentially “complex system encompassing a spectrum of
interests, from a traditional core of activities associated with the production,
processing, marketing, distribution, and consumption, to a multiplicity of other
benefits and services that are less widely acknowledged and documented
[including]… recreation and leisure; economic vitality and business
entrepreneurship, individual health and well-being; community health and well-
being; landscape beautification; and environmental restoration and remediation.”
(4)

Historical Analysis of Urban Agriculture

It is beneficial to society to understand the concept and application of Urban Agriculture, it is
also important to have knowledge of the history of Urban Agriculture globally and within the
United States. Jac Smit describes a comprehensive history of Urban Agriculture in his
presentation to the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) in 2002. He states,
“The history of Urban Agriculture can be told beginning at any time and place in human
history.” (20) In his presentation, he referred to two well-known examples of Urban Agriculture
in human history, the first being Machu Picchu in 16th century Peru and the second being Paris in
19th century France.

Smit notes, that the application of Urban Agriculture in the city of Machu Picchu reveals a high
level of sophistication with regard to it use of Urban Agriculture. It is accepted that the remote
city enjoyed relative food security with advanced methods of producing agricultural products on
the steep mountainsides of its environment. In reference to the city’s self-reliance, he comments,
“recent studies document rather precise irrigation, terracing, waste management, microclimate
management and storage systems.” (20) The Urban Agriculture techniques and practices of
Machu Picchu were successful enough that even today their crop production systems are studied
and in some cases replicated.

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In the second example, evidence is presented that shows the influence Parisian Urban
Agriculture has had throughout the world. Post-industrial revolution Paris “generated explosive
growth in the 19th century, [as] the wetlands community or Marais reinvented agriculture to feed
the city.” (20) There is evidence of Parisian methods being used by Vietnamese immigrants
fleeing the war in their home country to West Africa, where the Vietnamese practices were
considered improvements to the Urban Agriculture model framed by colonization. The Parisian
influence is apparent when agricultural practices in places like California, Havana and Tanzania
are referred to as French biointensive agriculture.

According to Smit, in the United States, planned communities that have included or addressed
the concept of Urban Agriculture go back to the 17th and 18th centuries. To some extent,
Americans have always been in favor of implementing some form of Urban Agriculture
techniques and practices, although these have been implemented widely with little regulation.
Throughout American history, gardens used to produce food for the family have been prevalent
sources of food and recreation opportunities (ie. gardening). In fact, there was a time in
American history when it was considered patriotic to grow your own food. (24) For example,
during the wars years of World War II, the government asked many things of its citizens. The
government asked people to recycle materials, reduce waste, purchase bonds and plant what was
known as “Gardens for Victory” in a combined effort to allow more supplies to be sent to our
troops. Government and corporations promoted the use of victory gardens in all shapes and sizes.
Nearly 20 million Americans planted Victory Gardens, which produced up to 40 percent of all
the food that was consumed. (24) It was not until America’s dependence on automobiles and the
advent of the grocery store was there a marked changed in how Americans obtained their food,
including the ceasing of getting food from the backyard or barnyard.

Urban Agriculture Practices

Application of the concept of Urban Agriculture depends on many factors, such as the time,
place, as well as the individual or collective need. The types of individuals and needs for Urban
Agriculture may range from individual hobbyists to small community food production and
efforts.
There are many Urban Agriculture practices for food production, and each seems to have its own

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unique utility and benefits depending on circumstance. According to some literature, including
the city of Vancouver’s Southeast False Creek Urban Agriculture Strategy, urban agriculture
encompasses a broad diversity of agricultural practices in urban environments that include
Community Gardens, School Gardens, Backyard and other such Private Gardens, Public (State-
or Federally-managed) Land with Edible Landscaping, Commercial Greenhouses and some of
the more innovative techniques are Rooftop Gardens, Micro Livestock Operations, including
bees and insects, Aquaculture Operations and Greenhouses and/or Facilities Co-located within
Existing Buildings. The theories that this paper will focus on are the possible outcomes of the
implementation of a community garden.

COMMUNITY GARDEN THEORY

Defining Community Gardens

What are community gardens? The quick answer to this question may seem obvious.
Community gardens are a place where people can go to grow different plants, such as vegetables,
herbs, and flowers. While that statement is true, community gardens are much more. They are a
place where not only plants grow, but also a place where people and communities can grow
together.

The definition of ‘community gardens’ should not be one that restricts the endless possibilities of
utility. As stated earlier, community gardens can be many things and can have many different
meanings for many different people. While some people may be better at gardening than others,
in a community garden all the people can have something they can add. Likewise, the location
for a community garden also has almost endless possibilities. They can be found in abandoned
lots, old parking lots, parks, community centers, schools, and even shared rooftops.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Economic Research Service defined
community gardens as “any shared space where people come together to grow vegetables,
flowers, or plants.” (22) This paper will utilize that definition for the purpose of the further
discussion within this paper.

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Social and Cultural Components

Community Pride and Involvement

As a commuter county, where many of the residents commute to jobs located in the District of
Columbia (DC), Fairfax could benefit from the potential community cohesiveness and pride that
can result from community gardening practices. Although there are many ways in which a
community can be brought together, implementing community gardens can be one way to “offer
a focal point for neighborhood organizing, and can lead to community-based efforts to deal with
other social concerns.” (16) Community gardens give communities an actual sense of
community involvement that may otherwise never be possible. They allow people to work
together with their neighbors to achieve a common goal. In addition, they help facilitate and
provide community members opportunities to talk and share ideas.

Empowerment of the Growers

Community gardens can serve as a source of empowerment for many different individuals. In all
types of neighborhoods, there are people who may feel that they cannot accomplish or do things
independently or for themselves. These people may also rely entirely on another person or
government program for functions of basic livings needs, such as sustenance. It may be possible
for people with low self-esteem or little to no social capital to be assisted by community gardens
because these places may provide an outlet for achieving personal goals. Neighborhoods that
lack social connections or networks may also see no way of getting out of dangerous situations
with regards to blight and crime.

If people in these areas were able to use abandoned land to create community gardens, some
level of social capital may be attained. People in these areas may develop a better sense of self
worth through growing vegetables, herb or flowers in a community garden. A community
garden may allow people who have not felt that they have many personal successes or have not
had positive experiences in their lives to see that they are capable of being productive and that
they have something to offer and gain from society.

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Through community gardens, people may also have the opportunity to increase their access and
ability to communicate with their other neighbors. This communication is vital to strengthening
relationships that could serve to help an impoverished area gain a better self-identity. The new
neighborhood connections could also be a source of awareness, education, and knowledge. All
of which may help a community or an individual become more self-sustaining and independent.
This form of self-empowerment could lead to better overall citizenry in areas that are lacking.

Improved Health, Increased Recreation, Relaxation, Creativity Opportunities

Gardening could allow people to express themselves in how and what they decide to plant within
their plot. Since there is neither a right way, nor a wrong way to go about gardening, any method
respectful of others may be acceptable. Gardening in a sense then could be an activity that
actually encourages creativity, individuality, and different ways to approach things.

Some people in a community that have never had the opportunity to express a creative self could
be given the opportunity through individual decision making that comes with growing ones own
garden. The opportunity for stress relief is possible too. Gardening can give people an outlet to
take their minds off of the stresses of everyday life. Seeing the vegetables that they grow as an
outcome of their labor would be a very rewarding accomplishment for people who may feel that
they are not capable of accomplishing anything in life.

There also may be obvious reasons why community gardens can be beneficial to the overall
health of an individual i.e. getting exercise, but there are many more than just that. For example,
community gardening can become one of the reasons individuals in a community get up off of
the couch and go outdoors. The potential benefits stemming from this activity alone could be
huge. Getting out of the house and focusing energy on something creative like gardening could
be a potential outlet for stress as well. The health benefits including recreation and relaxation
opportunities surrounding gardening can apply to anyone.

Community Growth Opportunities

Community growth potential exists through community gardening in a couple of areas.
Community gardens can be strategically situated in communities as a central location or better

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yet, a location that utilizes abandoned lots. Abandoned lots come with their own set of
environmental risks, but the ability to transform them into something pleasant to the eye can be
useful in growing a community. Through the community garden, neighbors can work together
towards a common goal and also identify other ways they could work together to enhance and
grow their community.

Networks may be established that could lead to neighborhood groups that help to clean up low-
income areas or lower the crime rates in the area. A cleaner, greener and safer community with
more self-empowered people can always be useful in attracting new residents or business to a
community. Attracting new potential residents and businesses to an area will cause increased
community growth because the community becomes a more desirable place to live and/or work.

Decreased Crime

Safety is important to individuals and members of a community alike, although safety may not
actually be a major issue for most areas in Fairfax County. Many sources in literature about
community gardens provide antidotal evidence that there is a relationship between community
gardens and crime rates and community safety. The article, Cultivating Community Gardens:
The Role of Local Government in Creating Healthy, Livable Neighborhoods, for instance, found
that community gardens increase safety in communities (16). There is at minimum the
perception that community gardens may increase safety within the community. This antidotal
benefit, however, has not yet been shown to be peer-reviewed evidence through specific studies
to be necessarily true. For example, although researchers Gorham et al recognized there was a
perceived reduced risk from crime felt by members of communities with community gardens,
their study actually “indicated that the presence of a community garden was not a predictor of a
lower crime rate…[and There] were no crime number differences between the community
garden areas and the randomly selected areas.” (10) This particular study did conclude by
stating that interviews with members of the community did however reveal a positive
receptiveness to community gardens. Residents of that community also reported a sense of
“neighborhood revitalization, perceived immunity from crime, and neighbors emulating
gardening practices they saw at the community gardens.” (10)

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Educational Opportunities

Community gardens can be utilized as a teaching tool for children and adults, so they can better
understand where food comes from and even how to grow it on their own. They can be an
education and outreach tool for teaching children and adults the concept of natural resource
sustainability and how communities and individuals can be more self-sustainable in their actions
and practices. The opportunity for children to see that they are capable of contributing to a larger
goal, such as growing a vegetable for a classroom project, may also be a chance for a child who
may have low self-esteem to be boosted. Education programs can be developed or evolved as
community gardens are created, and each program may be tailored to meet the needs and type of
audience.

Environmental and Ecological Components

More Green Space and Heat Sinks

Community gardens can add natural beauty to an area by increasing the amount of green space.
They can also benefit the environment by providing heat sinks for cities with high volumes of
paved areas. High volumes of paved areas are particularly present in urban areas and major
metropolises, including the metropolitan District of Columbia area. The theory exists which
suggests the more paved areas that a city has, the hotter the area is. These areas of with inflated
temperatures could have negative effects on a local or global environment. If some of the
unused or abandoned land could be turned into useful community gardens, the potential exists
for heat sinks to be created. Rooftops that could withstand a rooftop garden could be utilized as
well. The more green spaces that are located throughout the city, the greater the effect can be in
offsetting any temperature increases due to high volumes of paved areas.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Community gardens can reduce the need for out-of-town produce to be shipped in. Producing
local food resources for sale or distribution locally could create less of a carbon footprint for the
community overall because food has less travel distance from the farm or place of production to
the dinner plate. The community’s need to purchase foods, which have been shipped from

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numerous areas throughout the United States or the globe, could be lessened. This could also
reduce the community’s greenhouse gas emissions because of the transportation modes and
distances will be different for food grown locally in community gardens. Although the assertion
that by creating one community garden in a given area, there will be a resulting noticeable
reduction in the total amount of greenhouse gas is debatable, it would be difficult to argue
against the statement that avoiding even one trip to the grocery will reduce at least some
greenhouse gas emissions.

Natural Resource Sustainability

One of the most important to points in this paper is that it is through community gardening that
people can learn the value of sustainability. Individuals in the community can learn through
community gardening practices that if they can do something as simple as growing vegetables,
they can also do much more in an effort to becoming more self-sustainable. Although it was
mentioned previously, it is important to reiterate the importance of the general understanding that
a need to be more self-sustaining can be met through community gardening. If people learn to be
less reliant on grocery stores and fast food restaurants for their food, then they can take that
important first step into being more self-sustaining.

Being more dependent on one’s self and more responsible for our own individual actions could
have an overall effect on our ability to reduce our dependency on a number of outside resources.
Based on personal experiences, it doesn’t take a monumental life-changing event to dramatically
shift the way daily routines can be altered for the better. Growing food for use with family,
friends, and individual use can have the potential to change how decisions about other needs are
met and utilized.

Economic and Political Components

Individual Economics

In theory the practice of community gardening could have the potential to reduce the overall
amount of income that a person puts towards the amount of food they buy annually, if only
marginally. If individuals and families in a community are able to save a little money on overall

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food costs, than that money has the potential to be out to something else that is useful. Money
saved through utilizing food grown at community gardens, for example, may instead be applied
to expenses in addressing other basic human needs or even may be invested back into the
community.

Additional Food Sources and Choices

Community Gardens could not only reduce the amount of money that is spent on different foods,
but community gardening also has the potential to provide fresh vegetables and herbs to low-
income areas that may not have otherwise had that or any other option. A community garden
could also aid in making sure that adults and children in impoverished areas do not go to bed
hungry. The less hungry that people are, the better they will be able to contribute positively in
their communities and the more successful that children will be at school. Community gardens
can become a way in which access to fresh vegetables can be reasonable and equal for all
members of a community.

Employment Opportunities

There also exists the potential for a community to offer employment in one way or another at a
community center or community garden. While most of the people at a community garden will
most certainly be volunteers, there is an opportunity for employment in larger urban agriculture
and community garden operations. Even if the garden falls on public land operated by a local
government, the opportunity to employ people or a group of people to oversee the maintenance
of the gardens is reasonable. For example, the Fairfax County Park system has a Garden Plots
Coordinator who manages the Green Springs Gardens’ garden plots. Even if it is only one more
employed person in a community at a position that may not have existed before the introduction
of community garden, the community garden has still resulted in even a small employment
benefit.

Helping the U.S. Become Healthier and Potentially Lower Health Costs

The community garden has the potential to offer a better, more healthy selection of foods to
communities that have become dependent on fast food as a major source of nutrition. If more of

16

the daily-recommended servings of fruits and vegetables can be met through the producing these
food resources in a community garden, then there is a possibility for lowering overall health
costs. If people are eating more fruits and vegetables, the theory is that over-time, they will
generally be more healthy and lower incidences of disease. This could potentially lower the
health care burden on a community health care facility. Healthier people in a community could
help the overall amount of money that a community can spend on other important service areas,
such as education.

Local Community Food Security

Localized Urban Agriculture efforts, such as community gardening practices, play an important
role in addressing and providing for local community food security. Community gardens can
increase the Fairfax County community’s local food security by producing food for the market
which is locally available and need not be imported. Community gardens represent just one
Urban Agriculture practice which aid food security specifically by “increasing the availability of
high-quality, affordable food within a community, offering farmers an opportunity to maintain
economic viability by supplying the local market with fresh foods, strengthening economic and
social ties between farms and urban residents, and channeling a larger share of residents’ food
spending back to the local economy.” (22) According to the United State Department of
Agriculture’s (USDA) Assessment of Community Food Production Resources, “strengthening
your community’s agricultural system can [also], over the long term, boost the effectiveness of
Federal food assistance and education programs.” (22)

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COMMUNITY GARDEN PRACTICE

Case Study: Nottoway Park Community Garden

There are many ways in which citizens, community
leaders, local governments, and individuals can
continue to utilize community gardens in Fairfax
County, such as the initiative already underway in
Nottoway Park. There are also opportunities to expand
the existing community garden systems in Fairfax
County. Expanding the application of community
gardens will allow more people to reap the benefits of
this practice. This section describes community
gardening in Fairfax County, including an evaluation of Figure 1. Map of Fairfax County
one of the current community gardens in Nottoway
Park.

This section also includes a discussion of
potential opportunities to expand community
gardening in Fairfax County.

Why is Community Gardening Good
for Fairfax County, Virginia

Community gardens clearly have been shown to
have far-reaching benefits. In Northern
Virginia, and more specifically in Fairfax
County, there is much need and perhaps even a
large desire for community garden opportunities
so that residents can benefit from this Urban
Agriculture practice. One sector of Fairfax

Figure 2. Conceptual Development for Nottoway Park
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County that was responsive to the practice of garden plots was within the Fairfax County Park
system. Park administrators, whether consciously aware or not of the multitude of benefits from
community gardens, planned for land use allotments in many of their county parks to provide the
opportunity for residents to rent garden plots.
The Fairfax County Park system, particularly the Nottoway Park, provides an excellent case to
understand in what way and why Fairfax County is utilizing community gardening practices.
Nottoway Park can even be used as a case to showcase how to improve and continue these
opportunities in the future.

The following subsections provide an overview of the Fairfax County Park system, as well as
specific details about the garden plots in Nottoway Park.

Fairfax County Park System, Green Spring Gardens

The Fairfax County Park system provides an
opportunity to rent a garden plot. The garden
plots are located throughout several of the
Fairfax County parks. The garden plots are
open to rent for residents within Fairfax
County. The Fairfax County Park system
refers to the program as Green Springs
Gardens. The rented plots are typically 30
feet by 20 feet, with some slight variations in
size between locations, such as in Grist Mill
Park the several plots are 10 feet by 20 feet.
(6) Throughout the paper there are several
photos of garden plots in Fairfax County.
The garden plots can be used for a variety of
Figure 3. Google Maps Satellite View of Garden Plots
purposes, like growing vegetables and/or
Source: Google Screen Shot Plots
ornamentals. Growing vegetables in the http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&tab=wl

garden plots is the most predominant

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utilization of the space, as determined by an evaluation of the garden plots in Nottoway Park
conducted in the summer of 2009.
The plots within the county parks are rented to residents who apply on an annual basis and for a
minimal fee. The plots are also rented on a first come first serve basis. (6)

As is the case with many community garden areas, there are guidelines that govern the garden
plots in the Green Springs Gardens in Fairfax County Parks. However, these guidelines will
often act more as a rule than as a law. Violating any of the rules is not necessarily a criminal or
civic matter, but rather a Fairfax County Park system matter. The FCPA however does retain the
right to evict a person found in violation of the rules. (6) Establishment of rules for community
gardens is essential to the efficient functions of a community garden area.

The administrators establish the rules, which in this case is the Fairfax County Park Authority
(FCPA), in cooperation and coordination with the plot renters and other interested citizens who
have attended past working meetings. The Garden Plot Rules and Guidelines have been revised
for the 2010 season. A complete and final version of these rules and guidelines is included in
Appendix B.

Fairfax County Parks, Nottoway Park in Fairfax, Virginia

The specific plots that were part of the research leading to the development of this paper were
located within Nottoway Park in Vienna, Virginia. The location of Nottoway Park in relation to
the City of Fairfax and the Town of Vienna is found in Appendix A, Map of Fairfax County. A
map of the entire Nottoway Park is in Appendix C, including a Google Maps satellite view of the
park.
Nottoway Park has 148 garden plots available for rent to Fairfax County residents. All of the
plots are rented and there has been a waiting list to rent a plot in Nottoway Park for at least the
last two years. In Appendix D, the garden plot site map shows each of the plots available for
rent by number. Appendix D also contains a satellite view of the Nottoway Park garden plots
specifically, where it is possible to see the first glimpse of how the gardening varies from plot to
plot. Nottoway Park maintains three water-dispensing areas for the garden plot renters, as a
portion of the garden plot rental fee goes to pay for the water dispensed.

20

Considerations for Nottoway Park’s Community Garden Plots

Nottoway Park represents a good example of how
community gardening practices can be
implemented. The Nottoway Park garden plots can
be a case study one approach to implementing
community gardens in Fairfax County, and perhaps
in other counties in Northern Virginia. The
Nottoway park garden plots can also be used to
Figure 4. Example Plots Growing Only Vegetables provide recommendations and prescribed other
opportunities to improve current practices in the Fairfax County Park System. In Nottoway Park,
there is an opportunity to better utilize the existing garden plots and/or expand the number of
plots. Food production within the existing plots can also be expanded.

Assessment of Nottoway Park Garden Plots, Summer-Fall 2009

During the late summer of 2009, the garden plots in
Nottoway Park were evaluated. Each plot was
assessed based on a series of five questions (an
example data sheet/question form is found in Appendix
A.

Figure 5. Example Plot Growing Both Vegetables
and Ornamentals

The questions used to assess the current community garden practices in Nottoway Park were:
1. Has the plot been rented?
2. Does the plot appear to be maintained and/or tended for?
3. Does the tenant appear to be actively gardening in their plot?
4. Is the tenant utilizing the plot for growing vegetables?
5. Is the tenant growing vegetables and ornamentals in the plot?
6. Is the tenant utilizing the plot for gardening only ornamentals?

21

Any additional notes about individual plots were
also captured at the closing of the data sheet.
This information was initially collected in August
2009. The information and data sheets from the
August 2009 assessment were reviewed again in
September 2009. A second assessment was
conducted in late-September where all of the plots
Figure 6. Example Plot Growing Only Ornamentals
were revisited to determine if any information
collected in August had changed. There were no noticeable changes in the type of activity
conducted in the plots and no significantly identifiable change in the make-up of the garden plots
from August to late-September. Photos were also taken of each of the individual plots in
September.

A map of Nottoway Park’s garden plots with
color highlighting based in the assessment
conducted is found below, Map of Nottoway Park
Assessment Results. In this map, the garden plots
that were viably growing at least some edible
vegetable plants and no ornamentals are shaded in
green. Plots shaded in pink were determined to
Figure 7. Example of Poorly Maintained Plot
only be growing ornamentals. Some plots were
growing both vegetables and ornamentals and have been shaded in yellow.

Several plots did not appear to be tended to,
or were poorly maintained. These poorly
maintained or bare plots are shaded in grey on
the map below.

Figure 8. Example of Bare or Overgrown Plot

22

Figure 9. Map of Nottoway Park Assessment Results

23

Based on this walk-around, first-hand, but peripheral assessments of the Nottoway Park garden
plots, 117 out of 142 available plots were determined to be growing at least some edible plants.
The edibles were typically common garden vegetables, such as tomatoes, peppers, and lettuce.
Some gardens also were growing herbs though. Tomatoes were by far the most common
vegetable grown in the most amounts of garden plots.

Figure 10. Pie Chart of Utilization of Plots in Nottoway Park

The utilization of garden plots in Nottoway Park by type is graphically depicted in Figure10.
Table 1 also details the number of plots recorded in each of the four categories. The percentage
of plots growing at least some vegetable plants is 90% of the total plots available for rent at
Nottoway Park.

Table 1.  Composition of Plot Table and Percentages

Number   Percentage of
Composition of Plot of Plots Total Plots
Ornamentals 3 2%
Vegetables 90 63%
Both Vegetables & Ornamentals 27 19%
Poorly Maintained or Bare 22 15%

Total Number of Plots 142

24

Photo Series for Nottoway Park

Several series of photos are contained in Appendix B, Photo Series for Nottoway Park. These
photos were taken in the summer of 2009, mostly in August 2009. The first photo series depicts
some of the plots growing edible vegetables. The next photo series depicts plots that appear to
be only utilized for growing ornamentals. Some plots grew a mixture of both ornamentals as
well as vegetables, and photos of these types of plots are included also in Appendix B. Plots that
did not appear to be tended to or those that were poorly maintained are depicted in the fourth
photo series. The last photo series provides examples of plots that were bare or overgrown.
Although a photo was taken at each plot location as part of the assessment of gardening practices
in Nottoway Park, figure 9 only presents the type of utilization and plots in the park. All photos
were taken by Ryan Sloan, Virginia Polytechnic University.

Encouraging the Practice in Other Areas of Fairfax County

There are many ways to encourage the development of additional community gardens and/or
garden plots in other vacant and/or open space within Fairfax County. Areas “where neighbors
can gather to cultivate plants, vegetables and fruit” do not need to be limited to the Fairfax
County Park system. (16)

Many of the barriers to creating viable and
successful community gardens “can be overcome
with local government engagement.” (16) The
involvement of local government can be critical
in the planning and initiation of a new
community garden. Local governments can
provide many of the resources that are needed to

Figure 11. Photo of one existing outreach opportunity to start a community garden, at the small, medium
promote urban agriculture
or large-scale. When local governments get
involved, they can often help to lessen the start-up costs and other barriers to success, “such as
liability expenses, code restrictions and lack of resources.” (16)

25

The residents in the community will have a multitude of benefits from new opportunities to
participate in community gardens, and the community at large as well as the local government
can also benefit in addition to the individual growers. For example, many urbanized areas have a
lack of open space. Community gardens can provide that open space, particularly in minority
and low income areas which may have a disproportionately lower amount of open space per
capita. This can be a social equality issue where local government can step in to mitigate the
disparity in an inexpensive way by utilizing unused land by creating community gardens and
beautifying the area. (16)

Recommendations for Encouraging Community Gardens in Fairfax County

Some recommendations on ways to reduce or eliminate the common barriers to implementing
new community gardens are provided below.

Partnering with Schools

The opportunity to partner with the Fairfax County Public School should also be pursued for
additional opportunities to expand community gardening practices in Fairfax County. School
systems can be an excellent place to start community gardens. There have been many benefits
found for students and schools who participate in the practice of community gardens. (19)

Schools also can be partnered with to provide education and outreach opportunities to the
students. For example, “hands-on exposure to community gardens can teach students about the
source of fresh produce, demonstrate community stewardship and introduce the importance of
environmental sustainability.” (16) An environmental science and ecosystem sustainability
curriculum or aspect of a current curriculum can be developed to educate students and provide a
unique outlet for learning.

Education can extend beyond the traditional classroom as well, such as hosting after-school,
storytelling, and even adult-learning sessions in the community gardens. In Fairfax County,
expanded community garden opportunities could provide additional opportunities for residents to

26

participate in a wide range of activities and community projects such as “after-school programs
for children, activities for the elderly and a resource for food banks and shelters.” (16)

Involving Students

Fairfax County can begin planning for potential places for start new community gardens by
surveying available resources to work on the initiative. For example, local high school students
and college students could be used potentially to perform some preliminary planning work. In a
Portland, Oregon community garden initiative, college students from Portland State University
were used to inventory “all city-owned land that could be used for community gardens and other
urban-agriculture initiatives.” (16)

Non-profits

Fairfax County could encourage a municipality-funded non-profit organization to support
development and maintenance of community gardens. This was done in Chicago with the
nonprofit NeighborSpace and was successful. NeighborSpace “acts as a land-trust for
community gardens.” (16) NeighborSpace is funded by the city of Chicago, District of Chicago,
and the Cook County Forest Preserve District who then accept liability for the garden sites,
which now is over 50 sites. In this example, the local government has reduced the start-up costs
and liability burdens that can be barriers to the development of community gardens. Fairfax
County’s local government could employ a similar strategy in Virginia.

Facilitated Volunteer Groups

Local government can help to facilitate the organization of volunteers groups to create
community gardens in Fairfax County. Volunteer groups can be very helpful in community
garden efforts. Volunteers can be organized during the initial planning and setting up of new
community gardens, which can be a rewarding experience for the volunteers as well as a benefit
to the community. Volunteers can also be used to help maintain the gardens once they are
established. For example, volunteers help to maintain the structure and order in the community
gardens in Nottoway Park, such as through their participation in creating new Garden Plots Rules
for 2010 (refer to Appendix B).

27

National or State Grants

Taking advantage of any national or state grants, which may be available, is also an opportunity
for Fairfax County to expand on community gardening opportunities. Grant funding can be
applied to defray the start-up costs and get community gardening projects off-the-ground. The
Portland/Multnomah Food Policy Council (FPC) utilized available grants, for example, to fund
the creation of gardens in Oregon. (16)

Inventory and Analysis of Community Food Production

An inventory and analysis could be conducted in Fairfax County to assess and analyze the food
production resources generated locally. The inventory and analysis could be particularly focused
on the food production resources that are generated from local community gardening practices.
The Fairfax County could use a methodology for the assessment, which is similar to the
assessment that was completed for by the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Community Food Security Assessment Toolkit. (22) The assessment could be conducted with
the assistance of an educational institution, like Virginia Polytechnic University’s National
Capital Region or another university within close proximity or access to Fairfax County. The
assessment could inform the community about the food production resource currently generated
in the county. The assessment may also reveal gaps and opportunities for producing more local
food resources in Fairfax County. These gaps may also provide the citizens, community
members, and local government with direction on addressing the potential opportunities for
producing more food resources locally. The assessment could be focused on the following
questions:
1. Does the county have any community gardens?
2. Do any of the schooled have school gardens?
3. Are there any school-based garden programs producing food resources which are in-turn
consumed by the students of a school?
4. Do to the local schools purchase food from local producers and suppliers?
5. Are locally produced/grown foods available at local distributors and suppliers; retailers;
and/or restaurants?
6. Are local food resources used at other institutional facilities or food service outlets? (ie.
colleges, hospitals, prisons)
7. Are there low-income areas in the county, and do low-income households have a
reasonable opportunity to participate in community gardens or other local food
production practices?

28

These questions are derived from the questions analyzed by the USDA as part of the Community
Food Security Assessment Toolkit. (22) Researching and responding to these questions through
an inventory, assessment, analysis, and results-based approach could produce findings for
Fairfax County to then focus future efforts on encourage locally produced food resources in the
County.

DISCUSSION

Challenges of Community Gardens

There are a number of challenges that some Urban Agriculture practices are faced with, and in
some instances these challenges may outweigh the benefits. The challenges range from conflicts
with neighbors and soil contamination concerns to overcoming legal restraints. Many of the
main hurdles for most people who decide to grow their own food, whether it is vegetables can be
the restrictions placed on them through municipal codes and state laws. If the urban farmer
chooses to sell their food they will certainly face challenges from Federal food and drug
regulations as well. “Agricultural activity in urban areas almost always contravenes some zoning
regulation or by-law. Parks were never intended as grazing grounds for livestock, and the owners
of vacant land are rarely pleased to see it sprouting corn and beans.” (17)

Aside from legal challenges, there exist unknown variables that can come into account as well.
In an urban setting there is usually a person or persons in the area that has an idea of how an area
should look. These concerned citizens may elevate concerns on what types of activities are
acceptable. Tensions may be heightened between individuals in the community if the concept
and application of urban agriculture is frowned upon. It is easy to see how growing vegetables in
an otherwise well-groomed and manicured neighborhood may draw the ire of neighbors. In fact,
it may not only offend neighbors.

Economic challenges are nearly always present as well. Many of the community garden
techniques require sizable amount money to start the process. While it may not cost much to
plant tomatoes in your own backyard, larger operations that could require water access, drainage

29

and specialized tools can easily become costly. In contrast to the economic limitations that may
be present for larger community projects, even smaller operations could face similar limitations
given the economic climate of the community.

The potential for pollution and soil contamination issues are often present as well when
implementing gardens in urban areas. Many people are not aware of their vulnerability to such
issues at the on-set. There is always a possibility the soil that is now being used for growing
vegetables, at another point in time may have been used as a place to dump harmful chemicals.
People should always send soil samples to laboratories to have them tested for the possibility of
potentially hazardous pollutants present in their soils. If soils are contaminated there is always
the possibility of addressing and/or circumventing the issue by building boxes on top of the soil
for gardening or trucking in local topsoil. Employing these strategies can reduce or eliminate the
contamination threat. Unfortunately, many people may not be educated on this issue and even if
they are, it may not be possible to raise the funds to cover the costs.

While it may not be widely known, some gardening and composting practices could produce foul
smelling odors. Odor issues could become classified as a public nuisance if severe enough.
Composting garden trimmings in backyards or shared composting in community areas can also
be controversial. The issue of odor is always present in compost operations that may cause
tension between neighbors. Health concerns are present as well in composting operations.
Composting bins can produce molds and fungus that can contribute or cause allergic reactions in
some people. (5) There is also an ever-present worry stemming from pathogens related to
decaying compost and it’s recommended that some waste materials, such as food wastes from
people who may be sick not be used. (5) The issue of waste disposal from gardening is also a
concern that raises issues within the law in regards to human health. Recently, there have been a
few outbreaks of disease that has been transmitted from animals to human, such as swine flu or
avian flu, which may draw questions about disease if the gardens were to start attracting wildlife
that is not normally present.

While the benefits from reusing wastewater or grey water to irrigate crops may be a benefit in
some aspects, it also raises health concerns. Mwale notes that the World Health Organization

30

(WHO) has indentified reused water as the single largest environmental pollutant killer in the
world. (17)

In any agricultural setting there is a risk of losing crops to wildlife. Many of the threats can be
combated with fences and traps, which in turn will consume time and money. For some food
raiders, pesticides and other chemicals are needed to mitigate the problem. Pesticides can be
dangerous in an urban setting, due to the amount of people and pets that are in the area. The
chances of an individual misusing or someone accidentally getting into the pesticides are serious
concerns, which are often raised. It is also plausible that urban areas could potentially have an
incident that an endangered species comes into contact with a pesticide, fence, or a trap. The
outcome of killing an Endangered Species that is raiding an gardening area could involve a
violation of the Endangered Species Act, a major Federal offense. (1) While it may be unlikely
that a conflict with a Federal statute could arise from small gardening operations, it remains a
possibility that there is a greater likelihood that a state of local regulation could be violated
resulting in some penalty.

It remained that the main hurdle for most individuals and communities is the lack of
infrastructure components needed to produce good results from applying techniques and
practices of community gardening. Aside from the labor needed for Urban Agriculture, there are
also structural and economic needs. Using the Urban Agriculture practice of community gardens
as an example, there will be many needs and challenges to implementation, which must be
overcome for the effort to be successful. In the case of community gardening, for instance, some
of the needs that must be met are where and how to acquire materials needed for gardens, such as
gardening tools, wood and other building materials to create either permanent or temporary areas
and structures for food production. There are also needs for topsoil and fertilizer, both of which
can be found local or trucked in. Composting food waste into fertilizer is one way of gain a
more sustainable source of fertilizer, as is the use of grey water and rainwater. Other materials
that may be needed include fencing or traps to keep out animals that may take food. The
availability of utilities such as electricity could also be a concern for many community gardening
operations. If the needs for materials and utilization are met in a sustainable manner, community
gardens can provide many benefits.

31

Benefits of Urban Agriculture

The list of potential benefits of community gardens are not confined to individuals, but can
include entire sections of a city or even an entire nation can reap the benefits. The benefits (and
costs for that matter) are often characterized as part of one of three categories: economic, social,
and ecological. (18) Although some general and also some more specific benefits are described
here, all of these benefits are part of a larger effort to provide food security, better nutrition, and
relieve some economic stress, while adding to the overall health of individual and communities.

Some of the benefits of a sustainable gardening system include the ability to “incorporate social-
justice issues into a more localized system; Alleviate constraints on people’s access to adequate,
nutritious food; Develop the economic capacity of local people to purchase food; Train people to
grow, process, and distribute this food; Maintain adequate land to produce a high proportion of
locally required food; Educate people, who have been increasingly removed from food
production, to participate in, and respect, its generation; and Integrate environmental stewardship
into this process.” (12)

Community gardening can be beneficial to families and communities by bringing them together
to work towards raising food for each other. (13) Community gardening helps people realize a
direct connection to where their food originates. Communities are creating a better environment
for themselves, by increasing productive green space. Community gardening can also work as a
catalyst for individuals and communities to become more stable with a greater sense of
entitlement by controlling their own food security and combating hunger. Community gardening
also offers skills that teach people how to be more self reliant and ending dependency on others
for basic life needs. (13)

Community gardening can contribute to increasing the biodiversity of urban areas impacting the
overall urban ecosystem. With more plants growing in the urban areas, there is a possibility of
helping to remove pollutants in air and water system. In addition, community gardening is also a
way for people to reduce their overall carbon footprint. It can also contribute to the reduction of

32

soil loss and siltation of waterways. Urban Agriculture has the ability for individuals to decrease
the amount of waste they produce through composting and reuse of wastewater. (13)

In some cases around the country, an economic benefit of tax incentives can be found for Urban
Agriculture techniques. Legislation in New York City provides a tax incentive for owners and
developers of green roof systems in the form of a tax credit. The intent of the credit is to assist
the individuals who install such systems with the associated costs. The legislation is called the
Green Roof Tax Abatement. According to the legislation, owners who install green roofs that
cover a minimum of half of the roof space are entitled to a one-year credit of up to $100,000
dollars. (11 )

The benefits and challenges that surround community gardens can be overwhelming. I suggest
that these should not be hindrances, but rather unending opportunities for individuals to become
more sustainable. The example of Fairfax County’s community gardens is just one small
instance of the range of possibilities that exist and are increasing daily.

Conclusion

One of the exciting aspects of becoming more sustainable through community gardening is that
the techniques are being improved upon constantly. While getting a project started or
designating a piece of land for a garden may be the hardest step, the potential benefits are eye
opening. In community gardens such as Nottoway Park, citizens must not simply be content to
know that there is a space available if necessary. Citizens must be proactive in making sure that
all of the space is being utilized to it’s fullest. As long as there is enough space it is crucial for
the success of the garden that the public be aware that if they want a garden plot it is available.
Keeping the public interested in the community garden will be necessary to make sure the land
designation stays and that the land remains safe and productive.

While the Nottoway Park community garden is fairly self sufficient and appears to be running
smoothly there are a few issues that could be addressed to increase the productivity and exposure
of the garden.

33

From 2007 through 2009 the author has been on a waiting list to get a garden plot in Nottoway
park. It is clear from my visual survey that there is at least 22 plots that are either bare or poorly
maintained that could have been utilized. This speaks to a issue with proper management of the
space that is available in the garden. While there may be outside limitations restricting the
effective management of the individual plots, a better management and plot allocation is needed.
One of the limitations that could be restricting the efficiency of the garden could be public
awareness or interest. The park has built very large interpretive signs that could be used to
generate interest, while simultaneously educating the public about the community gardening. It
is not hard to see that with a few small management changes and the proper utilization of
existing signage, the park could drum up more support and interest in the community garden.
The garden area of the park may not be the main focus of the park management, but interest in
the park and visitorship surely is and both could benefit from the changes suggested above. The
key to success is to empower individuals to become more self sufficient.

34

Appendix A: Nottoway Park Assessment of Current Community Garden
Practices

Example Data Sheet/Question Form
Plot Number: ______________
1. Has the plot been rented?

Yes No

2. Does the plot appear to be maintained and/or tended for?

Yes No

3. Does the tenant appear to be actively gardening in their plot?

Yes No

4. Is the tenant utilizing the plot for growing vegetables?

Yes No

5. Is the tenant growing vegetables and ornamentals in the plot?

Yes No

6. Is the tenant utilizing the plot for gardening only ornamentals?

Yes No

Notes About the Plot:

35

Appendix B: Photo Series for Nottoway Park

Set 1: Example Plots Growing Vegetables

Photo 1.

Photo 2.

36

Set 2: Example Plot Growing Only Ornamentals

Photo 1.

37

Set 3: Example Plots Growing Both Vegetables and Ornamentals

Photo 1.

Photo 2.

38

Set 4: Example of Poorly Maintained Plots

Photo 1.

Photo 2.

39

Set 5: Example of Bare or Overgrown Plots

Photo 1.

Photo 2.

All photos were taken by Ryan Sloan, Virginia Polytechnic University, 2009.

40

Appendix C: Photo of Outreach Opportunity Location

This is a photo of an information board located at the entrance to the Nottoway Park community
garden area. Information about Urban Agriculture and benefits of the practice of community
gardening for food production could be included in this informational kiosk. The information
could be a form of education and outreach for members of the community.

Photo was taken by Ryan Sloan, Virginia Polytechnic University, 2009.

41

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