2. Review Point
• In our first slides we looked at a FORMbased way to consider verbs.
• We will now look at a different way to
consider verbs --- a functional, rolebased way.
3. Lexical and Auxiliary Verbs
• Verbs can be divided into two subcategories: lexical verbs and auxiliary
verbs.
• Together these form verb phrases.
4. Definition: Verb Phrase
• A verb phrase is a group of words that
consists of a lexical verb and all its
auxiliaries if there are any.
• If there are any adverbs between the
lexical verb and the auxiliaries, they are
part of the verb phrase.
5. Examples of verb phrases
•
•
•
•
•
Is
(The whale is under the ship.)
Is going
(My husband is going to Antarctica.)
Had
(Her sister had a rough time last night.)
Had known
(The dog had known his master for ten years!)
Did
(He did his homework.)
Did not want
(He did not want an aspirin.)
6. Lexical Verbs
• In a verb phrase, the lexical verb is the
furthest verb to the right. This verb is
sometimes called the “main” verb.
7. Examples of Lexical Verbs
•
•
•
•
•
•
Is (The whale is under the ship.)
Lexical verb? IS (-s form )
Is going (My husband is going to Antarctica.)
Lexical verb? GOING (-ing participle form)
Had (Her sister had a rough time last night.)
Lexical verb? HAD (past tense form)
Had known (The dog had known his master for ten years!)
Lexical verb? KNOWN (past participle form)
Did (He did his homework.)
Lexical verb? DID (past tense form).
Did not want (He did not want an aspirin.)
Lexical verb? WANT (base form)
8. Auxiliary Verbs
• Only verb phrases with 2 or more verbs
have auxiliary verbs.
• The auxiliary verbs are the verbs that
are not the lexical verbs.
• Auxiliary verbs serve many important
functions.
• Sometimes auxiliary verbs are called
“helping” verbs.
9. Examples of Auxiliary Verbs
•
•
•
•
•
•
Is (The whale is under the ship.)
Lexical verb? IS (-s form). NO AUXILIARY VERB.
Is going (My husband is going to Antarctica.)
Lexical verb? GOING (-ing participle form ). AUXILIARY VERB: IS (-s
form ).
Had (Her sister had a rough time last night.)
Lexical verb? HAD (past tense form). NO AUXILIARY VERB.
Had known (The dog had known his master for ten years!)
Lexical verb? KNOWN (past participle form). AUXILIARY VERB: HAD
(past tense form).
Did (He did his homework.)
Lexical verb? DID (past tense form). NO AUXILIARY VERB.
Did not want (He did not want an aspirin.)
Lexical verb? WANT (base form). AUXILIARY VERB: DID (past tense
form).
12. Examples: Primary Auxiliaries
She has (-s form of “to have”) known him
for ten years.
They did (past tense form of “to do”) not
like him very much.
I am (irregular additional present tense
form of “to be”) preparing a lesson!
13. The Verb To Do
• “Do” can be a primary auxiliary or a
lexical verb.
• It’s an important verb --- so learn it in all
its forms.
18. The Verb To Be
• “Be” can be a primary auxiliary or a
lexical verb.
• It’s a very important verb --- learn it!
19. Be
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Base: Be
Infinitive: To be
-S form: Is
Past tense forms: Was/Were
Ing participle form: Being
Past Participle form: Been
Also: Present tense forms: are/am/is
Note: is --- both the –s form AND present tense