report summer training, UQU , umm al qura univ

1. Chapter 1
The Introduction
1.1 What IS R.S.A.F. ?
figure 1
The Royal Saudi Air Force (R.S.A.F.) , is the air force branch of
Saudi Arabian armed forces. The RSAF has developed from
a largely defensive military force into one with an advanced
offensive capability. The RSAF maintains the third largest fleet of
F-15s after the JASDF and the USAF.
The backbone of the RSAF is currently the Panavia Tornado, with
the Boeing F-15 Eagle also forming a major component. The
Tornado and many other aircraft were delivered under the
Al Yamamah contracts with British Aerospace (now BAE Systems).
The RSAF ordered various weapons in the 1990s, including
Sea Eagle anti-ship missiles, laser-guided bombs and gravity
bombs. Al-Salam, a successor to the Al Yamamah agreement will
see 72 Eurofighter Typhoons delivered by BAE.

2. 1.2 HISTORY
The RSAF was formed in the mid-1920s with British assistance. It
was re-organized in 1950 and began to receive American assistance
from 1952 including the use of Dhahran by the United States Air
Force.
The Saudi forces are equipped with mainly western hardware. Main
suppliers are companies in the United Kingdom and the United
States of America. Both the UK and the US are involved in training
programs conducted in Saudi Arabia.
For Middle Eastern standards the armed forces of Saudi Arabia are
relatively small. Its strength however is derived from advanced
technology and not from numerical superiority. This is why the
armed forces are under a continuing modernization program. The
backbone of the fighter force is formed by 134 Tornados from which
a batch of 48 Tornado IDS was ordered in 1993 under the
al-Yamamah II program and 72 F-15S aircraft delivered from the
mid-90s that operate besides the 41 F-15C/D aircraft delivered in
the early 90s. Aircraft training is executed on the Pilatus PC-9,
BAe Hawk, Boeing F-15D Eagle and the Northrop F-5F Tiger II. The
C-130 is the mainstay of the transport fleet and the Hercules is

3. assisted by CASA CN-235s. Reconnaissance is performed by 17sq
with their RF-5E and the Boeing E-3A is the Airborne Early Warning
platform operated by 18sq.
The VIP support fleet consists of a wide variety of civil registered
aircraft such as the Boeing B707, B737 and B747, Lockheed Tri-
Stars, MD11s and G1159A as well as Lockheed L-100-30. The HZ-
prefix used in the civilian registrations of these aircraft derived from
the former name of the territory (Hejaz)
1.3 THE BASES
The RSAF units are divided into Wings that are dispersed across the
seven air bases:
• RSAF Wing at Hafar Al-Batin
• RSAF Wing at Taif (My Training Site)
• RSAF Wing at Dhahran
• RSAF Wing at Riyadh
• RSAF Wing at Khamis Mushayt
• RSAF Wing at Al Kharj
• RSAF Wing at Tabuk
• RSAF Wing at Jeddah
figure 2
• RSAF Wing at Dhahran

4. 1.4 Training Plan
the site of my training wing in the Computer and Communications in
RSAF Wing at Taif , 5 days at week , was as follows :
site Duration
Visit sections and to identify its members . 2 days
Department of Computer Maintenance(Hardware,Software) . 3 days+1 week
Computer Networks. 2 weeks
Department of fast communication networks (Optical Fiber). 4 weeks

5. Chapter 2
Department of Computer Maintenance
2.1 in this Department what i did ?
In the time period that week, you passed to the maintenance of
a number of computers from their systems, and also hardware, was
let us know how to request a computer is a new robot, or one of the
damaged cards, from contracting companies, and how also to end
one of the devices already.
2.2 Computer Components
Computers are made of the following basic components:
1.Case with hardware inside: ( figure 3 )
1.1 Power Supply
The power supply comes with the case, but this
figure 3
component is mentioned separately since there are
various types of power supplies. The one you should get depends
on the requirements of your system. This will be discussed in more
detail later

6. 1.2 Motherboard ( figure 4 )
This is where the core components of your computer reside which
are listed below. Also the support cards for video, sound, networking
and more are mounted into this board.
figure 4
1.2.1 Microprocessor (figure 5)
This is the brain of your computer. It performs commands and
instructions and controls the operation of the computer.
figure 5

7. 1.2.2 Memory (figure 6)
The RAM in your system is mounted on the
motherboard. This is memory that must be
figure 6
powered on to retain its contents.
1.2.3 Drive controllers
The drive controllers control the interface of your system to your
hard drives. The controllers let your hard drives work by controlling
their operation. On most systems, they are included on the
motherboard, however you may add additional controllers for faster
or other types of drives.
1.3 Hard disk drive(s)(figure 7)
This is where your files are permanently stored on your computer.
Also, normally, your operating system is installed here.
Figure 7 (3.5 inch hdd)

8. 1.4 CD-ROM drive(s)
This is normally a read only drive where files are permanently
stored. There are now read/write CD-ROM drives that use special
software to allow users to read from and write to these drives.
1.5 Floppy drive(s)
A floppy is a small disk storage device that today typically has about
1.4 Megabytes of memory capacity.
1.6 Other possible file storage devices include DVD devices, Tape
backup devices, and some others.
2. Monitor
This device which operates like a TV set lets the user see how the
computer is responding to their commands.
3. Keyboard
This is where the user enters text commands into the computer.
4. Mouse
A point and click interface for entering commands which works well
in graphical environments.
These various parts will be discussed in the following sections.

9. 2.3 Format and installation Operating system
in the department we used microsoft Operating system , in this part
i will talking about windows 7 .
To format your hard disk during Windows 7 installation, you'll need to
start, or boot, your computer using the Windows 7 installation disc or
USB flash drive.
1. Turn on your computer so that Windows starts normally, insert
the Windows 7 installation disc or USB flash drive, and then
shut down your computer.
2. Restart your computer.
3. Press any key when prompted, and then follow the instructions
that appear.
4. On the Install Windows page, enter your language and other
preferences, and then click Next.
5. On the Please read the license terms page, if you accept the
license terms, click I accept the license terms, and then click
Next.

10. 6. On the Which type of installation do you want? page, click
Custom.
7. On the Where do you want to install Windows? page, click
Drive options (advanced).
8. Click the partition that you want to format and click Format.
• If you have more than one partition on this hard drive
and want to get rid them to make one big drive again,
then select a partition and click on the Delete option for
each partition. Once you have deleted all of the
partitions, select the Unallocated Space partition and
click Format.
9. Pick the formatting option that you want.
10.When you've finished formatting, click Next.
11.Follow the instructions to finish installing Windows 7, which
include naming your computer and setting up an initial user
account.
• If you do not want to reinstall Windows 7, you can cancel
the installation at this point and keep your newly
formatted drives.

11. 2.4 what after format?
after formatting a computer we connected it to the domain server
and installation some of application , an application it different form
wing to another wing , for example about an application :
. Microsoft office
. winzip/winrar/7zip
. Symantec AntiVirus (very importance)
. PDF reader
. Other (By section)
2.5 End life of a computer
in the wing the information it is very importance , so how End life of
a computer ?
> Fill out a form to destroy computer
> The writings of figures kinds models
> And finally the destruction hdd the destruction of its main
components.

12. Chapter 3
Computer Networks
3.1 in this Department what i did ?
In this section we have delivered more than data Center building at
the wing of the network, and also learned how to do the work of
cables hooked up to switches.
And also participated in the networking project for the new database.
The backbone of the networks in the wing is Unshielded twisted pair
(UTP) cable , And cells of the system come on Cisco system .
3.2 What Is UTP Cable?
UTP, or Unshielded Twisted Pair, is a type of
cable used in telecommunications and
computer networks. It consists of different
numbers of copper wire that have been
Figure 8
twisted into matching pair. It differs from
screened and shielded twisted pair, in that the individual pair are not
protected with additional protection from interference. Each copper

13. wire is insulated, and the groups of twisted pair have a sheathing
holding them together, but no additional insulation is provided. UTP
comes in many different types and sizes, and is primarily used as
node cabling, meaning it runs from a backbone unit to the individual
components on the network.
3.2.1 TYPES OF UTP CABEL
UTP comes in different types called Categories, often abbreviated
as "Cat". The most common are Cat 3, Cat 5e, and Cat 6. The
higher the category number, the more twists per foot in the pair, and
the better protection from interference. Cat 3 is usually used for
home telephone systems. Cat 5e is the industry standard for
computer networks and large telephone systems. Cat 6 is an
improvement on Cat 5e and is starting to become the favorite for
new installs due to its increased speed and protection from
interference.

14. 3.2.2 SIZES OF UTP CABEL
UTP can also come in many different sizes based upon the number
of pairs. Cat 3 used for telephones often come in two pair, as that is
all that is needed for a basic telephone system. Standard Cat 5 or 6
network cables are eight twisted pair. Backbone cables that run from
floor to floor in large buildings are often 25 pair cables. The 25 pair
can be bundled to make cables with as many as 1,400 pair.
3.2.3 FUNCTION OF UTP CABEL
Each pair consists of a tip wire (wrapped in a solid color like green)
and a ring wire that is striped (like green/white). The tip colors are
blue, orange, green, brown, and slate. The ring colors are white, red,
black, yellow, and violet. Each pair does different things depending
on the number of pair and the application. Whatever the use, the
cables carry electrical signals between devices, which allows
communication.

15. 3.2.4 Considerations
UTP is a cost-effective way to create communication between
devices. For this reason, it is the most popular cable in the world. Its
lack of shielding, however, can create problems in certain situations.
If the cable is installed near large electrical equipment or densely
wired areas, it is susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI)
or crosstalk, a major reason for his selection as the backbone in the
BASE networks. EMI and crosstalk can degrade the cable's speed.
For that reason, UTP is not the standard in densely populated areas
like Europe.
3.3 usually use of utp cable
> Straight Cable
> Crossover Cable
3.3.1 Straight Cable
You usually use straight cable to connect different type of devices.
This type of cable will be used most of the time and can be used to:
1) Connect a computer to a switch/hub's normal port.

16. 2) Connect a computer to a cable/DSL modem's LAN port.
3) Connect a router's WAN port to a cable/DSL modem's LAN port.
4) Connect a router's LAN port to a switch/hub's uplink port.
(normally used for expanding network)
5) Connect 2 switches/hubs with one of the switch/hub using an
uplink port and the other one using normal port.
If you need to check how straight cable looks like, it's easy. Both
side (side A and side B) of cable have wire arrangement with same
color. Check out different types of straight cable that are available in
the market here.

17. 3.3.2 Crossover Cable
Sometimes you will use crossover cable, it's usually used to connect
same type of devices. A crossover cable can be used to:
1) Connect 2 computers directly.
2) Connect a router's LAN port to a switch/hub's normal port.
(normally used for expanding network)
3) Connect 2 switches/hubs by using normal port in both
switches/hubs.
In you need to check how crossover cable looks like, both side (side
A and side B) of cable have wire arrangement with following different
color .

18. 3.4 Layer 2 vs. Layer 3 switches
Both switch types have the capability of linking network devices
together from one port to another. Unlike hubs, switches distribute
data more intelligently as it interprets them and sends it out to the
right destination.
Layer 2 and Layer 3 terms comes from the OSI seven Layer model
(a theoretical way of dividing a network architecture up with
functionality, service, dependence and application). Within the
model, Layer 2 represents the “Data Link Layer” while Layer 3
represents the “Network Layer”.
Layer 2 switches have the capability of moving packets around
a single network. As the reference to the OSI Layer holds true, this
switch facilitates data only (and) within the physical layer (also
known as Layer 1 e.g. cables and connectors). It is intelligent
enough to learn the MAC addresses of each device, source/
destination of each packet and routes each packet within the single
domain (at wire speed). While it breaks up a collision domain, it
does not have the ability to transport the data packet from one

19. network to another nor can it prioritize packets to guarantee
bandwidth. Putting devices on a Layer 2 switch makes one entire
large local segment (or what some people might call a “broadcast
domain”).
Layer 3 switches act like a traditional router – it enables different
network segments to be linked together. With this, data can be inter-
networked from one network subnet to another. Prioritization of
packets can be setup and the Layer 3 switch is intelligent enough to
learn which routes are the best between the networks. While the
Layer 2 switch routes packets based on MAC, Layer 3 switches
route data packets based on IP. Going a step further, Layer 3
switches have the capability to logically separate networks into two
or more VLANs (Virtual LANs), enhancing security and
unauthorized access between networks. A Layer 3 switch typically
sits above Layer 2 switches and governs the routes/ access
between the different networks.
Figure 9

20. 3.5 GBIC
Figure 10
GBIC is short for gigabit interface converter, it is a input/output
transceiver used with one end to plug into a gigabit Ethernet port
such as on the switches, the other end of the transceiver is to
connect the fiber optic patch cords and link the fiber optic networks,
thus GBIC modules function is to transform the signals between the
Ethernet network and fiber optic network. GBIC classification is
based on its working wavelength, data transmitting rate, working
power, and the working distance. Generally GBIC fiber optic end the
interface is SC type, the laser unit in GBIC module can be 850nm
VCSEL, 1310nm FP, 1310nm DFB, and 1550nm DFB.
GBIC transceiver is hot pluggable, this feature allows a suitably
designed enclosure to be changed from one type of external
interface to another simply by plugging in a GBIC having the
alternative external interface. The GBIC transceivers are suitable for
interconnections in the Gigabit Ethernet hubs and switches

21. environment. The design of these converters is also practical for
other high performance, point-to-point communication requiring
gigabit or fiber channel interconnections.
Features for typical types GBIC modules:
> Compliant with Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) Revision 5.5
> Compliant with proposed specifications for IEEE 802.3z/Gigabit
Ethernet
> Up to 1.25Gb/s bi-directional data link
> Various kinds of wavelength and working distances optional
> Extended power supply 3.3/5.0V compatible
> Hot pluggable
> Low EMI
> Low power dissipation
> Class 1 Laser Product Compliant with the Requirements of IEC
60825-1 and IEC 60825-2
When install the GBIC modules, please note at the alignment groove
at the side of the transceiver, and make sure it fit for the Ethernet
interface slot and try the insertion, sometimes you may need to turn
it 180 degree to fit for the interface.
Although GBIC fiber optic transceiver modules are plug and play, we
strongly suggest you disconnect all the fiber optic patch cords
connected to it before you install or remove it.

22. Chapter 4
Department of fast communication networks
4.1 in this Department what i did ?
We connect the circles many wings and linked to the bases by
external fiber optic, and also we have the technical work
(Termination and splicing) linking it with Swish .
4.2 what is optical fiber ?
Figure 11
An optical fiber is a thin, flexible, transparent fiber that acts as a
waveguide, or "light pipe", to transmit light between the two ends of
the fiber. The field of applied science and engineering concerned
with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber
optics. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications,
which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher
bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication. Fibers
are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them
with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference.

23. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so
they can be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in tight
spaces. Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other
applications, including sensors and fiber lasers.
Optical fiber typically consists of a transparent core surrounded by a
transparent cladding material with a lower index of refraction. Light
is kept in the core by total internal reflection. This causes the fiber to
act as a waveguide. Fibers which support many propagation paths
or transverse modes are called multi-mode fibers (MMF), while
those which can only support a single mode are called single-mode
fibers (SMF). Multi-mode fibers generally have a larger core
diameter, and are used for short-distance communication links and
for applications where high power must be transmitted. Single-mode
fibers are used for most communication links longer than 1,050
meters (3,440 ft).
Joining lengths of optical fiber is more complex than joining electrical
wire or cable. The ends of the fibers must be carefully cleaved, and
then spliced together either mechanically or by fusing them together
with heat. Special optical fiber connectors are used to make
removable connections.

24. 4.3 Connect base with other bases
The backbone of the linking bases are as follows Let :
> fiber optic
> Saudi Telecom Company - STC
> moda cable
4.4 Why provide fiber optic
> WAN networking
> Network connectivity, local
> Video Conference System
> Encryption
> The transfer of information radar
> Reload this satellite
4.5 type of fiber optic
> Multi-mode fiber
> Single-mode fiber
4.5.1 Multi-mode fiber
Fiber with large core diameter (greater than 10 micrometers) may be
analyzed by geometrical optics. Such fiber is called multi-mode fiber,

25. from the electromagnetic analysis . In a step-index multi-mode fiber,
rays of light are guided along the fiber core by total internal
reflection. Rays that meet the core-cladding boundary at a high
angle (measured relative to a line normal to the boundary), greater
than the critical angle for this boundary, are completely reflected.
The critical angle (minimum angle for total internal reflection) is
determined by the difference in index of refraction between the core
and cladding materials. Rays that meet the boundary at a low angle
are refracted from the core into the cladding, and do not convey light
and hence information along the fiber. The critical angle determines
the acceptance angle of the fiber, often reported as a numerical
aperture. A high numerical aperture allows light to propagate down
the fiber in rays both close to the axis and at various angles,
allowing efficient coupling of light into the fiber. However, this high
numerical aperture increases the amount of dispersion as rays at
different angles have different path lengths and therefore take
different times to traverse the fiber.
In graded-index fiber, the index of refraction in the core decreases
continuously between the axis and the cladding. This causes light
rays to bend smoothly as they approach the cladding, rather than

26. reflecting abruptly from the core-cladding boundary. The resulting
curved paths reduce multi-path dispersion because high angle rays
pass more through the lower-index periphery of the core, rather than
the high-index center. The index profile is chosen to minimize the
difference in axial propagation speeds of the various rays in the
fiber. This ideal index profile is very close to a parabolic relationship
between the index and the distance from the axis .
4.5.2 Single-mode fiber
Fiber with a core diameter less than about ten times the wavelength
of the propagating light cannot be modeled using geometric optics.
Instead, it must be analyzed as an electromagnetic structure, by
solution of Maxwell's equations as reduced to the electromagnetic
wave equation. The electromagnetic analysis may also be required
to understand behaviors such as speckle that occur when coherent
light propagates in multi-mode fiber. As an optical waveguide, the
fiber supports one or more confined transverse modes by which light
can propagate along the fiber. Fiber supporting only one mode is
called single-mode or mono-mode fiber. The behavior of larger-core
multi-mode fiber can also be modeled using the wave equation,
which shows that such fiber supports more than one mode of

27. propagation (hence the name). The results of such modeling of
multi-mode fiber approximately agree with the predictions of
geometric optics, if the fiber core is large enough to support more
than a few modes.
The waveguide analysis shows that the light energy in the fiber is
not completely confined in the core. Instead, especially in
single-mode fibers, a significant fraction of the energy in the bound
mode travels in the cladding as an evanescent wave.
The most common type of single-mode fiber has a core diameter of
8–10 micrometers and is designed for use in the near infrared. The
mode structure depends on the wavelength of the light used, so that
this fiber actually supports a small number of additional modes at
visible wavelengths. Multi-mode fiber, by comparison, is
manufactured with core diameters as small as 50 micrometers and
as large as hundreds of micrometers. The normalized frequency V
for this fiber should be less than the first zero of the Bessel function
J0 (approximately 2.405).

28. 4.6 Termination and splicing
Optical fibers are connected to terminal equipment by optical fiber
connectors. These connectors are usually of a standard type such
as FC, SC, ST, LC, or MTRJ.
Optical fibers may be connected to each other by connectors or by
splicing, that is, joining two fibers together to form a continuous
optical waveguide. The generally accepted splicing method is arc
fusion splicing, which melts the fiber ends together with an electric
arc. For quicker fastening jobs, a "mechanical splice" is used.
Fusion splicing is done with a specialized instrument that typically
operates as follows: The two cable ends are fastened inside a splice
enclosure that will protect the splices, and the fiber ends are
stripped of their protective polymer coating (as well as the more
sturdy outer jacket, if present). The ends are cleaved (cut) with
a precision cleaver to make them perpendicular, and are placed into
special holders in the splicer. The splice is usually inspected via
a magnified viewing screen to check the cleaves before and after
the splice. The splicer uses small motors to align the end faces
together, and emits a small spark between electrodes at the gap to
burn off dust and moisture. Then the splicer generates a larger spark

29. that raises the temperature above the melting point of the glass,
fusing the ends together permanently. The location and energy of
the spark is carefully controlled so that the molten core and cladding
do not mix, and this minimizes optical loss. A splice loss estimate is
measured by the splicer, by directing light through the cladding on
one side and measuring the light leaking from the cladding on the
other side. A splice loss under 0.1 dB is typical. The complexity of
this process makes fiber splicing much more difficult than splicing
copper wire.
Mechanical fiber splices are designed to be quicker and easier to
install, but there is still the need for stripping, careful cleaning and
precision cleaving. The fiber ends are aligned and held together by a
precision-made sleeve, often using a clear index-matching gel that
enhances the transmission of light across the joint. Such joints
typically have higher optical loss and are less robust than fusion
splices, especially if the gel is used. All splicing techniques involve
the use of an enclosure into which the splice is placed for protection
afterward.
Fibers are terminated in connectors so that the fiber end is held at
the end face precisely and securely. A fiber-optic connector is

30. basically a rigid cylindrical barrel surrounded by a sleeve that holds
the barrel in its mating socket. The mating mechanism can be "push
and click", "turn and latch" ("bayonet"), or screw-in (threaded). A
typical connector is installed by preparing the fiber end and inserting
it into the rear of the connector body. Quick-set adhesive is usually
used so the fiber is held securely, and a strain relief is secured to the
rear. Once the adhesive has set, the fiber's end is polished to a
mirror finish. Various polish profiles are used, depending on the type
of fiber and the application. For single-mode fiber, the fiber ends are
typically polished with a slight curvature, such that when the
connectors are mated the fibers touch only at their cores. This is
known as a "physical contact" (PC) polish. The curved surface may
be polished at an angle, to make an "angled physical contact" (APC)
connection. Such connections have higher loss than PC
connections, but greatly reduced back reflection, because light that
reflects from the angled surface leaks out of the fiber core; the
resulting loss in signal strength is known as gap loss. APC fiber
ends have low back reflection even when disconnected.

31. > bag
> power splay
> Rechargeable Battery
> Cut Cable tool
> laser splicing tool
Figure 12
Figure 13
laser splicing tool
4.7 Optical fiber connector
An optical fiber connector terminates the end of an optical fiber, and
enables quicker connection and disconnection than splicing. The
connectors mechanically couple and align the cores of fibers so that
light can pass. Most optical fiber connectors are spring-loaded: The

32. fiber endfaces of the two connectors are pressed together, resulting
in a direct glass to glass or plastic to plastic contact, avoiding any
glass to air or plastic to air interfaces, which would result in higher
connector losses.
A variety of optical fiber connectors are available. Typical connectors
are rated for 500-1000 mating cycles. The main differences among
types of connectors are dimensions and methods of mechanical
coupling. Generally, organizations will standardize on one kind of
connector, depending on what equipment they commonly use, or per
type of fiber (one for multimode, one for singlemode). In datacom
and telecom applications nowadays small form factor connectors
(e.g., LC) and multi-fiber connectors (e.g., MTP) are replacing the
traditional connectors (e.g., SC), mainly to pack more connectors on
the overcrowded faceplate, and thus reducing the footprint of the
systems.
According to Telcordia GR-326, Generic Requirements for
Singlemode Optical Connectors and Jumper Assemblies, optical
fiber connectors are used to join optical fibers where a
connect/disconnect capability is required. The basic connector unit
is a connector assembly. A connector assembly consists of an

33. adapter and two connector plugs. Due to the sophisticated polishing
and tuning procedures that may be incorporated into optical
connector manufacturing, connectors are generally assembled onto
optical fiber in a supplier’s manufacturing facility. However, the
assembly and polishing operations involved can be performed in the
field, for example, to make cross-connect jumpers to size.
Optical fiber connectors are used in telephone company central
offices, at installations on customer premises, and in outside plant
applications. Their uses include:
* Making the connection between equipment and the telephone
plant in the central office
* Connecting fibers to remote and outside plant electronics such
as Optical Network Units (ONUs) and Digital Loop Carrier
(DLC) systems
* Optical cross connects in the central office
* Patching panels in the outside plant to provide architectural
flexibility and to interconnect fibers belonging to different
service providers
* Connecting couplers, splitters, and Wavelength Division
Multiplexers (WDMs) to optical fibers

34. * Connecting optical test equipment to fibers for testing and
maintenance.
Outside plant applications may involve locating connectors
underground in subsurface enclosures that may be subject to
flooding, on outdoor walls, or on utility poles. The closures that
enclose them may be hermetic, or may be “free-breathing.” Hermetic
closures will subject the connectors within to temperature swings but
not to humidity variations unless they are breached. Free-breathing
closures will subject them to temperature and humidity swings, and
possibly to condensation and biological action from airborne
bacteria, insects, etc. Connectors in the underground plant may be
subjected to groundwater immersion if the closures containing them
are breached or improperly assembled.
Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16
LC connector SC connector ST connector

35. Conclusion and Recommendations
During these two months of training, I learned the meaning of quality
when construction the projects. Working with a good humans
provided me with a lot of information that will increase my
knowledge in the computer Engineering field, I connected what I
witnessed in the sites with what I learned during my study in
university, I gained a knowledge in the network , communication ,
design and the most important thing which is engineering standards.
I experienced the work environment and improved my self in the
communication skills and technology. Finally, I am praying to allah
for every body helped me during my training.
Thank very much
My mother and father, my family, my friends, members of the teaching ,
Engineering consultant Eng. Mohamed Saeed, Eng Awwad Alchehri ,
Captain Technical Ibrahim al­Harbi , Como technical Halim Shqdar ,
Como technical Salah Soleimani , Saddaguet Technician , Under a technical
sergeant Badr Alchehri