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                        Water-Efficient
                         Landscaping:



                                                 Preventing
                                                 Pollution &
                                                 Using Resources
                                                 Wisely
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            Contents
            What is Water-efficient Landscaping?
                           1

            Why Use Water-efficient Landscaping?
                           3

            How is Water-efficient Landscaping Applied?
                    4

            Water-efficient Landscape Irrigation Methods
                   6

            Examples of Successful Water-efficient Landscaping Projects
   10

            For More Information
                                          13

            Resources
                                                     14




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       iv              Water-Efficient Landscaping
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           What is                                                            protect the environment are, in fact, easily
                                                                              achieved by employing water-efficient landscap­

           Water-efficient                                                    ing. Water-efficient landscaping produces
                                                                              attractive landscapes because it utilizes designs

           Landscaping?                                                       and plants suited to local conditions.
                                                                                   This booklet describes the benefits of water-
                        ater, many agree, is our most pre­                    efficient landscaping. It includes several exam­

           W            cious natural resource; without it,
                        life ceases. Yet judging by our water
           use and consumption practices, many of us in
                                                                              ples of successful projects and programs, as well
                                                                              as contacts, references, and a short bibliography.
                                                                              For specific information about how to best apply
                                                                              water-efficient landscaping principles to your
           the United States seem to take it for granted. A
           typical household uses approximately 260 gal­                      geographical area, consult with your county
           lons of water per day. “Water conscious” indi­
           viduals often install high-efficiency shower
           heads and toilets and wash only full loads of
           clothes and dishes to reduce consumption. But
           in the summer, the amount of water used out­
           doors by a household can exceed the amount
           used for all other purposes in the entire year.
           This is especially true in hot, dry climates.
                 Gardening and lawn care account for the
           majority of this seasonal increase, but other out­
           door activities, such as washing cars and filling
           swimming pools, also contribute. According to
           the U.S. Geological Survey, of the 26 billion
           gallons of water consumed daily in the United
           States1, approximately 7.8 billion gallons, or 30
           percent2, is devoted to outdoor uses. The
           majority of this is used for landscaping. In fact,
           it is estimated that the typical suburban lawn
           consumes 10,000 gallons of water above and                         Xeriscape garden at Denver Water
           beyond rainwater each year (Vickers, p 140).
                 Many mistakenly believe that stunning gar­                   extension service and local garden and nursery
           dens and beautiful lawns are only possible                         centers. Local governments and water utilities
           through extensive watering, fertilization, and                     also possess a wealth of information and sugges­
           pesticide application. As this booklet will                        tions for using water more efficiently in all
           demonstrate, eye-catching gardens and land­                        aspects of your life, including landscaping.
           scapes that save water, prevent pollution, and


           1   W.B. Solley, R.R. Pierce, and H.A. Perlman. 1998. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1995 (USGS Circular 1200).
               USGS. Reston, VA. p.27.
           2   Amy Vickers. 2001. Handbook of Water Use and Conservation. WaterPlow Press. Amherst, MA. p. 140.

                                                                                                                  Water-Efficient Landscaping   1
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                                                                                         Denver Water Department in 1981 to help
                                                                                         make water conserving landscaping an easily
                                                                                         recognized concept. The word is a combination
                                                                                         of the Greek word “xeros,” which means “dry,”
                                                                                         and “landscape.”
                                                                                             The seven principles upon which Xeriscape
                                                                                         landscaping is based are:
                                                                                              •	 Proper planning and design
                                                                                              •	 Soil analysis and improvement
                                                                                              •	 Appropriate plant selection
                                                                                              •	 Practical turf areas
                                                                                              •	 Efficient irrigation
                                                                                              •	 Use of mulches
                                                                                              •    Appropriate maintenance
                                                                                             The eight fundamentals of water-wise land­
                                                                                         scaping, below, illustrate the similarities in the
                                                                                         underlaying concepts and principles of Xeriscape
                                                                                         landscaping and other water-efficient approaches.
                                                                                              •	 Group plants according to their water
                       Xeriscaped front yard in Colorado Springs
                                                                                                 needs.
                                                                                              •	 Use native and low-water-use plants.
                            Many terms and schools of thought have
                       been used to describe approaches to water-effi-                        •	 Limit turf areas to those needed for
                       cient landscaping. Some examples include                                  practical uses.
                       “water-wise,” “water-smart,” “low-water,” and                          •	 Use efficient irrigation systems.
                       “natural landscaping.” While each of these                             •	 Schedule irrigation wisely.
                       terms varies in philosophy and approach, they                          •	 Make sure soil is healthy.
                       are all based on the same principles and are
                                                                                              •	 Remember to mulch.
                       commonly used interchangeably. One of the
                       first conceptual approaches developed to                               •    Provide regular maintenance.
                       formalize these principles is known as                                In short, plan and maintain your landscape
                       “Xeriscape3 landscaping.” Xeriscape landscaping                   with these principles of water efficiency in mind
                       is defined as “quality landscaping that conserves                 and it will continue to conserve water and be
                       water and protects the environment.” The word                     attractive.
                       “Xeriscape” was coined and copyrighted by




                       3 Denver Water welcomes the use of the term Xeriscape in books, articles, and speeches promoting water conserving landscape.
                       EPA is using this term with permission from Denver Water. For permission to use “Xeriscape” in your publications, call Denver
                       Water at 303 628-6330.




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          Why Use Water-efficient
          Landscaping?
                 roper landscaping techniques not only          •   Reduced runoff of stormwater and irriga­

          P      create beautiful landscapes, but also ben-
                 efit the environment and save water. In
          addition, attractive, water-efficient, low-mainte-
                                                                    tion water that carries top soils, fertiliz­
                                                                    ers, and pesticides into lakes, rivers, and
                                                                    streams.
          nance landscapes can increase home values.            •   Fewer yard trimmings to be managed or
              Water-efficient landscaping offers many eco-          landfilled.
          nomic and environmental benefits, including:
                                                                •   Reduced landscaping labor and mainte­
                 •	 Lower water bills from reduced water use.       nance costs.
                 •	 Conservation of natural resources and
      •	 Extended life for water resources infra­
                    preservation of habitat for plants and
        structure (e.g., reservoirs, treatment
                    wildlife such as fish and waterfowl.
          plants, groundwater aquifers), thus
                 •	 Decreased energy use (and air pollution        reduced taxpayer costs.

                    associated with its generation) because

                    less pumping and treatment of water is

                    required.

                 •	 Reduced home or office heating and

                    cooling costs through the careful place­

                    ment of trees and plants.





                                                                                  Meadow Sage (Salvia pratensis) is the
                                                                                  background for New Mexico Evening
                                                                                  Primrose (Oenothera berlandieri 'siskiyou')




                                                                                          Water-Efficient Landscaping           3
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                       How is Water-efficient

                       Landscaping Applied?

                               andscaping that conserves water and pro­       water-efficient landscapes and allow you to con­

                       L       tects the environment is not limited to
                               arid landscapes with only rocks and cacti.
                                                  Through careful plan­
                                                                              tinually improve your landscape over time.

                                                                              Soil analysis and
                                                  ning, landscapes can        improvements
                                                  be designed to be both      Because soils vary from site to site, test your
                                                  pleasing to the senses      soil before beginning your landscape improve­
                                                  and kind to the envi­       ments. Your county extension service can ana­
                                                  ronment. One simple         lyze the pH levels; nutrient levels (e.g.,
                                                  approach to achieving       nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium); and the
                                                  this is applying and        sand, silt, clay, and organic matter content of
                                                  adopting the basic          your soil. It can also suggest ways to improve
                                                  principles of water-        your soil’s ability to support plants and retain
                                                  efficient landscaping       water (e.g., through aeration or the addition of
                                                  to suit your climatic       soil amendments or fertilizers).
                                                  region. The seven
                                                  principles of Xeriscape     Appropriate plant selection
                                                  landscaping are used        Your landscape design should take into account
                                                  below to describe           your local climate as well as soil conditions.
                                                  these basic concepts in     Focus on preserving as many existing trees and
                                                  greater detail.             shrubs as possible because established plants usu­
                                                                              ally require less water and maintenance. Choose
                                                     Proper                   plants native to your region. Native plants, once
                                                     planning and             established, require very little to no additional
                                                     design                   water beyond normal rainfall. Also, because
                                                    Developing a land­        they are adapted to local soils and climatic con­
                                                    scape plan is the first   ditions, native plants commonly do not require
                                                    and most important        the addition of fertilizers and are more resistant
                       Dragon’s Blood Sedum
                                                    step in creating a        to pests and disease.
                       (Sedum spurium) under
                       Honeylocust Trees (Gleditsia water-efficient land­          When selecting plants, avoid those labeled
                       triaconthos)
                                                    scape. Your plan          “hard to establish,” “susceptible to disease,” or
                       should take into account the regional and micro­       “needs frequent attention,” as these types of
                       climatic conditions of the site, existing vegeta­      plants frequently require large amounts of sup­
                       tion, topography, intended uses of the property,       plemental water, fertilizers, and pesticides. Be
                       and most importantly, the grouping of plants by        careful when selecting non-indigenous species as
                       their water needs. Also consider the plants’ sun       some of them may become invasive. An inva­
                       or shade requirements and preferred soil condi­        sive plant might be a water guzzler and will
                       tions. A well-thought-out landscape plan can           surely choke out native species. Your state or
                       serve as your roadmap in creating beautiful,           county extension service or local nursery can
                                                                              help you select appropriate plants for your area.


       4               Water-Efficient Landscaping
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               The key to successful planting and trans­
          planting is getting the roots to grow into the
          surrounding soil as quickly as possible. Knowing
          when and where to plant is crucial to speeding
          the establishment of new plants. The best time
          to plant will vary from species to species. Some
          plants will thrive when planted in a dormant or
          inactive state. Others succeed when planted
          during the season when root generation is high­
          est and sufficient moisture is available to support
          new growth (generally, spring is the best season,
          but check plant tags or consult with your local
                                                                Wine Cup (Callirhoe involucrata) and Sunset Hyssop
          nursery for specific species).
                                                                (Agastache rupestris) in the Denver Water Xeriscape Garden

          Practical turf areas
          How and where turf is placed in the landscape         gravel, or shredded landscape clippings. Avoid
          can significantly reduce the amount of irrigation     using rock mulches in sunny areas or around
          water needed to support the landscape. Lawns          non-arid climate plants, as they radiate large
          require a large amount of supplemental water          amounts of heat and promote water loss that
          and generally greater maintenance than other          can lead to scorching. Too much mulch can
          vegetation. Use turf where it aesthetically high­     restrict water flow to plant roots and should be
          lights the house or buildings and where it has        avoided.
          practical function, such as in play or recreation
          areas. Grouping turf areas can increase watering      Appropriate maintenance
          efficiency and significantly reduce evaporative       Water and fertilize plants only as needed. Too
          and runoff losses. Select a type of grass that can    much water promotes weak growth and increases
          withstand drought periods and become dormant          pruning and mowing requirements. Like any
          during hot, dry seasons. Reducing or eliminating      landscape, a water-efficient yard will require reg­
          turf areas altogether further reduces water use.      ular pruning, weeding, fertilization, pest control,
                                                                and irrigation. As your water-efficient landscape
          Efficient irrigation                                  matures, however, it will require less mainte­
          Efficient irrigation is a very important part of      nance and less water. Cutting turf grass only
          using water efficiently outdoors, and applies in      when it reaches two to three inches promotes
          any landscape—whether Xeriscape or                    deeper root growth and a more drought-resistant
          conventional. For this reason, an entire section      lawn. As a rule of thumb, mow your turf grass
          of this booklet addresses efficient irrigation; it    before it requires more than one inch to be
          can be found on page 6.                               removed. The proper cutting height varies, how­
                                                                ever, with the type of grass, so you should con­
          Use of mulches                                        tact your county extension service or local
          Mulches aid in greater retention of water by          nursery to find out the ideal cutting height for
          minimizing evaporation, reducing weed growth,         your lawn. Avoid shearing plants or giving them
          moderating soil temperatures, and preventing          high nitrogen fertilizers during dry periods
          erosion. Organic mulches also improve the con­        because these practices encourage water-demand-
          dition of your soil as they decompose. Mulches        ing new growth.
          are typically composed of wood bark chips,
          wood grindings, pine straws, nut shells, small

                                                                                                  Water-Efficient Landscaping   5
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                       Water-efficient Landscape
                       Irrigation Methods
                                  ith common watering practices, a                type, the condition of your plants, the season,

                      W           large portion of the water applied to
                                  lawns and gardens is not absorbed by
                      the plants. It is lost through evaporation, runoff,
                                                                                  and weather conditions—rather than on a fixed
                                                                                  schedule—significantly increases your watering
                                                                                  efficiency. Grouping plants according to similar
                      or being pushed beyond the root zone because it             water needs also makes watering easier and more
                      is applied too quickly or in excess of the plants’          efficient.
                      needs. The goal of efficient irrigation is to                    Irrigating lawns, gardens, and landscapes
                      reduce these losses by applying only as much                can be accomplished either manually or with an
                      water as is needed to keep your plants healthy.             automatic irrigation system. Manual watering
                      This goal is applicable whether you have a                  with a hand-held hose tends to be the most
                      Xeriscape or a conventional landscape.                      water-efficient method. According to the
                           To promote the strong root growth that sup­            AWWA Research Foundation’s outdoor end use
                      ports a plant during drought, water deeply and              study, households that manually water with a
                      only when the plant needs water. For clay soils,            hose typically use 33 percent less water outdoors
                      watering less deeply and more often is recom­               than the average household. The study also
                      mended. Irrigating with consideration to soil               showed that households with in-ground sprin­
                                                                                  kler systems used 35 percent more water, those
                                                                                  with automatic timers used 47 percent more
                                                                                  water, and those with drip irrigation systems
                                                                                  used 16 percent more water than households
                                                                                  without these types of systems. These results
                                                                                  show that in-ground sprinkler and drip irrigation
                                                                                  systems must be operated properly to be water-
                                                                                  efficient.
                                                                                       You can use a hand-held hose or a sprinkler
                                                                                  for manual irrigation. To reduce water losses
                                                                                  from evaporation and wind, avoid sprinklers
                                                                                  that produce a fine mist or spray high into the
                                                                                  air. Soaker hoses can also be very efficient and
                                                                                  effective when used properly. Use a hand-held
                                                                                  soil moisture probe to determine when irrigation
                                                                                  is needed.
                                                                                       To make automatic irrigation systems more
                                                                                  efficient, install system controllers such as rain
                                                                                  sensors that prevent sprinkler systems from turn­
                       Purple Fountain Grass (Pennisetum setaceum “Rubrum”) and
                                                                                  ing on during and immediately after rainfall, or
                       Marigolds (Calendula officinalis) in planter bed           soil moisture sensors that activate sprinklers
                                                                                  only when soil moisture levels drop below pre-
                                                                                  programmed levels. You can also use a weather-




       6               Water-Efficient Landscaping
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                    driven programming system. Drip-type irrigation
                    systems are considered the most efficient of the
                    automated irrigation methods because they
                    deliver water directly to the plants’ roots. It is
                    also important to revise your watering schedule
                    as the seasons change. Over-watering is most
                    common during the fall when summer irrigation
                    schedules have not been adjusted to the cooler
                    temperatures.
                         To further reduce your water consumption,
                    consider using alternative sources of irrigation
                    water, such as gray water, reclaimed water, and
                    collected rainwater. According to the AWWA
                    Research Foundation, homes with access to
                    alternative sources of irrigation reduce their
                    water bills by as much as 25 percent.4 Graywater
                    is untreated household waste water from bath­
                    room sinks, showers, bathtubs, and clothes
                    washing machines. Graywater systems pipe this                                     Red Valerian (Centranthus ruber)
                    used water to a storage tank for later outdoor
                    watering use. State and local graywater laws and                                barrel is an easy, low-cost approach. When col­
                    policies vary, so you should investigate what                                   lecting rainwater, cover all collection vessels to
                    qualifies as gray water and if any limitations or                               prevent animals and children from entering and
                    restrictions apply. Reclaimed water is waste                                    to prevent mosquito breeding. Some states
                    water that has been treated to levels suitable for                              might have laws which do not allow collection
                    nonpotable uses. Check with local water offi­                                   of rainwater, so be sure to check with your
                    cials to determine if it is available in your area.                             state’s water resource agency before implement­
                    Collected rainwater is rainwater collected in cis­                              ing a rainwater collection system.
                    terns, barrels, or storage tanks. Commercial
                    rooftop collection systems are available, but sim­
                    ply diverting your downspout into a covered




                    4 AWWA Research Foundation. 1999. Residential End Uses of Water. <www.waterwiser.org>


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       Non-xeriscaping





                                                     Non-native plants:
                                                     do not include drought-tolerant species.




                  Large lawn:
                  requires supplemental watering




                                                               Small deck

                                                                                        Concrete walkway




                                                                  House




       8               Water-Efficient Landscaping
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       Xeriscaping

                                                    Perennials and
                                                  ornamental grasses




                                                                                   Compost bin




                                                         Vegetable garden:
                                                         uses drip irrigation

                                                                      Small lawn         Shade arbor
                                                 Shade
                                                tree




                                                                                             Mulched
                                                                                             walkway
                                                                   Larger deck
                                            Ground
                                             cover




                                                                    House




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                       Examples of Successful Water-

                       efficient Landscaping Projects

                                    ater-efficient landscaping techniques    and money. The showcase yard (selected from

                       W            can be used by individuals, compa­
                                    nies, state, tribal, and local govern­
                      ments, and businesses to physically enhance their
                                                                             70 applicants) had a history of heavy water
                                                                             use—more than 90,000 gallons per month.
                                                                             After the retrofit, the yard’s aesthetic value
                      properties, reduce long-term maintenance costs,        was enhanced; plus it now uses 75 percent less
                      and create environmentally conscious landscapes.       water and relies on yard trimmings for mulch
                      The following examples illustrate how water-effi-      and compost.
                      cient landscapes can be used in various situations. • The Southwest Florida Water Management
                                                                             District (SWFWMD), the City of St. Peters­
                                                                             burg, and Pinellas County, Florida, produced a
                                                                             video called “Xeriscape It!” It shows a land­
                                                                             scape being installed using the seven Xeriscape
                                                                             principles. The SWFWMD also funded several
                                                                             Xeriscape demonstration sites and maintains a
                                                                             Xeriscape demonstration garden at its
                                                                             Brooksville, Florida, headquarters. The garden
                                                                             features a variety of native and non-native
                                                                             plants and is available for public viewing,
                                                                             along with a landscape plant identification
                                                                             guide.
                                                                           • Residents of Glendale, Arizona, can receive a
                                                                             $100 cash rebate for installing or converting
                                                                             more than half of their landscapable area to
                                                                             non-grass vegetation. The Glendale Water
                                                                             Conservation Office conducts an inspection
                                                                             of the converted lawn to ensure compliance
                                                                             with rebate requirements and then issues a
                      Oriental Poppies (Paparer orientale)                   rebate check to the homeowner. The purpose
                                                                             of the Landscape Rebate Program is to perma­
                                                                             nently reduce the amount of water used to
                       Homeowner–public/private                              irrigate grass throughout Glendale.
                       partnership
                       • The South Florida Water Management Dis­         State government
                         trict, the Florida Nurserymen and Growers        • Although perceived as a water-rich state,
                         Association, the Florida Irrigation Society, and   Florida became the first to enact a statewide
                         local businesses worked together to produce a      Xeriscape law. Florida’s legislature recognized
                         television video called “Plant It Smart with       that its growing population and vulnerable
                         Xeriscape.” The video shows how a typical          environment necessitated legal safeguards for
                         Florida residential yard can be retrofitted with   its water resources. The Xeriscape law requires
                         Xeriscape landscaping to save energy, time,        Florida’s Departments of Management Ser-



       10              Water-Efficient Landscaping
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            vices and Transportation to use Xeriscape
            landscaping on all new public properties and
            to develop a 5-year program to phase in
            Xeriscape on properties constructed before
            July 1992. All local governments must also
            consider requiring the use of Xeriscape and
            offering incentives to install Xeriscaping.
          • Texas also developed legislation requiring
            Xeriscape landscaping on new construction
            projects on state property beginning on or
            after January 1994. Additional legislation,
            enacted in 1995, requires the Department of
            Transportation to use Xeriscape practices in
            the construction and maintenance of roadside
            parks. All municipalities may consider enact­
            ing ordinances requiring Xeriscape to con­
            serve water.
                                                              Yellow Ice Plant (Delosperma nubigenum) close-up
          City government
          In Las Vegas, Nevada, homeowners can receive
          up to $1,000 for converting their lawn to           Developers
          Xeriscape, while commercial landowners can          Howard Hughes Properties (HHP), a developer
          receive up to a $50,000 credit on their water       and manager of more than 25,000 acres of resi­
          bill. The city and several other surrounding        dential, commercial, and office development
          communities hope these eye-catching figures         property, has enthusiastically used drought toler­
          will help Las Vegas meet its goal of saving 25      ant landscaping on all of its properties since
          percent of the water it would otherwise have        1990. Most of the company’s properties are
          used by the year 2010; to date, it has saved 17     located in Las Vegas, one of the country’s fastest
          percent. Local officials plan to reach the target   growing metropolitan areas. To conserve
          with the assistance of incentive programs           resources, the city and county have implement­
          encouraging Xeriscape, a city ordinance limiting    ed regulations requiring developers to employ
          turf to no more than 50 percent of new land­        certain Xeriscape principles in new projects.
          scapes, grassroots information programs, and a      Specifically, a limited percentage of grass can be
          landscape awards program specifically for           used on projects, and it must be kept away from
          Xeriscaped properties. Preliminary results of a     streets. As the area’s first large-scale developer
          five-year study show that residents who convert­    to recognize the need and value in incorporating
          ed a portion of their lawns to Xeriscape reduced    drought tolerant landscaping in parks,
          total water consumption by an average of 33         streetscapes, and open spaces, HHP uses native
          percent. The xeric vegetation required less than    and desert-adaptive plants that survive and
          a quarter of the water typically used and one-      thrive in the Las Vegas climate with minimal to
          third the maintenance (both in labor and            moderate amounts of water.
          expenditures) compared to traditional turf.




                                                                                                Water-Efficient Landscaping   11
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                             Drip system irrigation controllers are linked rial management, and non-point source pollution
                        to weather stations that monitor the evapotran­    prevention goals into one program—the Land­
                        spiration rate. This allows HHP to determine the   scape Performance Certification Program. This
                        correct amount of water to be applied to plants    program emphasizes efficient landscape irrigation
                        at any given time. HHP tests the irrigation sys­   and features a “landscape irrigation budget” based
                        tems regularly and adds appropriate soil amend­    on a property’s landscape area, type, and the daily
                        ments to promote healthy plant growth. The         weather. The Municipal Water District monitors
                        maintenance program also includes pest manage­     actual water use through a system of 12,000 dedi­
                        ment, the use of mulching mowers, and the use      cated water meters installed by participating
                        of rock mulch top dressing on all non-turf plant­  landscape managers.
                        ing areas. These measures combine to ensure a           Participants, including landscapers, property
                        beautiful, healthy, and responsible landscape.     managers, and homeowner associations, can
                                                                           compare the actual cost of water used on their
                        Public/private partnerships                        property with the calculated budget. Those stay­
                        Even the most water-conscious homeowners in        ing within budget are awarded certification, a
                        Southern California are over-watering by 50 to     proven marketing tool. This new voluntary pro­
                                              70 gallons per day. The      gram is implemented by the Municipal Water
                                              excess water washes away District with input from the California Land­
                                              fertilizers and pesticides, scape Contractors’ Association, the Orange
                                              which pollute natural        County Integrated Management Department,
                                              waterways. The quantity the Metropolitan Water District of Southern
                                              of water wasted (and the California, and local nurseries and has the sup­
                                              dollars that pay for it) are port of 32 retailing water suppliers. The program
                                              even more substantial for is already credited with increasing the use of
                                              large-scale commercial       arid-climate shrubs and landscaping to accom­
                                              properties and develop­      modate drip irrigation, and has resulted in cost
                                              ments.                       savings to water customers.
                                                   An innovative part­
                                              nership in Orange County
                                              links landscape water
                                              management, green mate-




                    Miscanthus sinensis
                    (Miscanthus grass, also called

                    Maiden grass) variety with

                    leaves turning yellow for fall.





       12               Water-Efficient Landscaping
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         For More Information

          T
                  he following list of organizations can provide more information on water-efficient landscaping.

                  This is not meant to be an exhaustive list, rather it is intended to help you locate local infor­

                  mation sources and possible technical assistance.


          Water Management Districts or Utilities
          Your local water management district often can provide information on water conservation, including

          water efficient landscaping practices. Your city, town, or county water management district can be

          found in the Blue Pages section of your local phone book or through your city, town, or county’s

          Web site if it has one. If you do not know your city, town, or county’s Web site, check for a link on Turkish Speedwell (Veronica

          your state’s Web site. URLs for state Web sites typically follow this format: <www.state.(two letter  liwanensis) in background

          state abbreviation).us>.                                                                              and tulips in foreground.


          State/County Extension Services
          Your state or county extension service is also an excellent source of information. Many extension services provide free pub­

          lications and advice on home landscaping issues including tips on plant selection and soil improvement. Some also offer a

          soil analysis service for a nominal fee. Your county extension service can be found in the Blue Pages section of your local

          phone book under the county government section or through your county’s Web site if it has one. The U.S. Department 

          of Agriculture’s Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (www.reeusda.gov/statepartners/usa.htm)

          provides an online directory of land-grant universities which can help you locate your state extension service. Government

          Guide (www.governmentguide.com) is yet another online resource that might prove helpful in locating state or local 

          agencies.


          Organizations
          The following is a partial list of organizations located across the United States that provide helpful information on water-effi-

          cient landscaping.


         American Water Works Association (AWWA)
                          E-mail: jane.earle@denverwater.org
         6666 West Quincy Avenue
                                          Web: <www.water.denver.co.gov/
         Denver, CO 80235
                                                 conservation/conservframe.html>
         Telephone: 303 794-7711                                           New Mexico Water Conservation Program/Water
         and                                                               Conservation Clearinghouse
         1401 New York Avenue, NW, Suite 640                               P. O. Box 25102

         Washington, DC 20005                                              Santa Fe, NM 87504

         Telephone: 202 628-8303                                           Phone: 800 WATER-NM

         Web: <www.awwa.org>                                               E-mail: waternm@ose.state.nm.us
         Arizona Municipal Water Users Association
                        Fax: 505 827-3813
         (AMWUA)
                                                          Web: <www.ose.state.nm.us/water-info/
         Web: <www.amwua.org/program-xeriscape.htm>
                       conservation/index.html>
         BASIN                                                             Project WET - Water Education for Teachers
         City of Boulder Environmental Affairs                             201 Culbertson Hall
         P.O. Box 791                                                      Montana State University
         Boulder, CO 80306
                                                Bozeman, MT 59717
         Phone: 303 441-1964
                                              Phone: 406 994-5392
         E-mail: basin@bcn.boulder.co. us
                                 Web: <www.montana.edu/wwwwet>
         Web: <bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/local/seven.html>
                  Rocky Mountain Institute
         Denver Water                                                      1739 Snowmass Creek Road

         1600 West 12th Avenue                                             Snowmass, CO 81654-9199

         Denver, CO 80204                                                  Phone: 970 927-3851

         Phone: 303 628-6000                                               Web: <www.rmi.org>

         Fax: 303 628-6199

         TDDY: 303 534-4116

         Office of Water Conservation hotline: 

         303 628-6343

                                                                                                        Water-Efficient Landscaping            13
xeriscape7.qxd     10/8/2002    5:12 PM      Page 14




                 Southern Nevada Water Authority                            E-mail: info@thegarden.org 

                 1001 S. Valley View Boulevard, Mailstop #440               Web: <www.thegarden.org/garden/xeriscape/

                 Las Vegas, NV 89153                                        index.html> and <www.sdcwa.org/manage/

                 Phone: 702 258-3930                                        conservation-xeriscape.phtml>

                 Web: <www.snwa.com>
                                                                            WaterWiser: The Water Efficiency Clearing House
                 Southwest Florida Water Management District
                                                                            (Operated by AWWA in cooperation with the U.S.
                 2379 Broad Street

                                                                            Bureau of Reclamation)
                 Brooksville, FL 34604-6899

                                                                            6666 West Quincy Avenue
                 Phone: 352 796-7211 or 800 423-1476 (Florida only)

                                                                            Denver, CO 80235
                 Web: <www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/watercon/

                                                                            Phone: 800 559-9855
                 xeris/swfxeris.html>

                                                                            Fax: 303 794-6303
                 Sustainable Sources Green Building Program: Sustain­       E-mail: bewiser@waterwiser.org
                 able Building Source Book                                  Web: <www.waterwiser.org>
                 E-mail: info@greenbuilder.com

                                                                            Xeriscape Colorado!, Inc.
                 Web: <www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook/

                                                                            P.O. Box 40202
                 xeriscape.html>

                                                                            Denver, CO 80204-0202
                 Water Conservation Garden – San Diego County               Web: <www.xeriscape.org>
                 12122 Cuyamaca College Drive West
                 El Cajon, CA 92019
                 Phone: 619 660-0614
                 Fax: 619 660-1687


                 Resources

                         he following is a partial list of publications   Johnson, Eric and Scott Millard. The Low-Water Flower

                 T       on resource efficient landscaping. For even
                         more information, particularly on plants
                 suited to your locale, consult your local library,
                                                                              Gardener: 270 Unthirsty Plants for Color, Including
                                                                              Perennials, Ground Covers, Grasses & Shrubs. Tuc­
                                                                              son: Ironwood Press, 1993.
                                                                          Knopf, James M. The Xeriscape Flower Gardener. Boul­
                 county extension service, nursery, garden clubs, or
                                                                             der: Johnson Books, 1991.
                 water utility.
                                                                          Knopf, James M., ed. Waterwise Landscaping with Trees,
                 Ball, Ken and American Water Works Association              Shrubs, and Vines: A Xeriscape Guide for the Rocky
                      Water Conservation Committee. Xeriscape Pro­           Mountain Region, California, and the Desert South­
                      grams for Water Utilities. Denver: American Water      west. Boulder: Chamisa Books, 1999.
                      Works Association, 1990.
                                                                          Knox, Kim, ed. Landscaping for Water Conservation:
                 Bennett, Jennifer. Dry-Land Gardening: A Xeriscaping        Xeriscape. Denver: City of Aurora and Denver
                    Guide for Dry-Summer, Cold-Winter Climates. Buf­         Water, 1989.
                    falo: Firefly, 1998.
                                                                          Nellis, David W. Seashore Plants of South Florida and the
                 Bennett, Richard E. and Michael S. Hazinski. Water-          Caribbean: A Guide to Identification and Propagation
                    Efficient Landscape Guidelines. Denver: American          of Xeriscape Plants. Sarasota: Pineapple Press, Inc.,
                    Water Works Association, 1993.                            1994.
                 Brenzel, Kathleen N., ed. Western Garden Book, 2001      Perry, Bob. Landscape Plants for Western Regions: An
                     Edition. Menlo Park: Sunset Publishing Corpora­          Illustrated Guide to Plants for Water Conservation.
                     tion, 2001.                                              Claremont: Land Design Publishing, 1992.
                 City of Aurora, Colorado Utilities Department. Land­     Phillips, Judith. Natural by Design: Beauty and Balance
                     scaping for Water Conservation: Xeriscape! Aurora:       in Southwest Gardens. Santa Fe: Museum of New
                     Colorado Utilities Department, 1989.                     Mexico Press, 1995.




       14                 Water-Efficient Landscaping
xeriscape7.qxd   10/8/2002   5:12 PM    Page 15




          Phillips, Judith. Plants for Natural Gardens: Southwestern   Sunset Books, eds. Waterwise Gardening: Beautiful Gardens
              Native & Adaptive Trees, Shrubs, Wildflowers &               with Less Water. Menlo Park: Lane Publishing Com­
              Grasses. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press,               pany, 1989.
              1995.
                                                                       Vickers, Amy. Handbook of Water Use and Conservation.
          Robinette, Gary O. Water Conservation in Landscape               Amherst, MA: WaterPlow Press, 2001.
             Design and Maintenance. New York: Nostrand Rein-
                                                                       Weinstein, Gayle. Xeriscape Handbook : A How-To Guide
             hold, 1984.
                                                                          to Natural, Resource-Wise Gardening. Golden: Fulcrum
          Rumary, Mark. The Dry Garden. New York: Sterling Pub­           Publishing, 1998.
             lishing Co., Inc., 1995.
                                                                       Williams, Sara. Creating the Prairie Xeriscape.
          Springer, Lauren. The Undaunted Garden: Planting for             Saskatchewan: University Extension Press, 1997.
              Weather-Resilient Beauty. Golden: Fulcrum Publish­
                                                                       Winger, David, ed. Xeriscape Plant Guide: 100 Water-Wise
              ing, 1994.
                                                                          Plants for Gardens and Landscapes. Golden: Fulcrum
          Springer, Lauren. Waterwise Gardening. New York: Pren­          Publishing, 1998.
              tice Hall Gardening, 1994.
                                                                       Winger, David, ed. Xeriscape Color Guide. Golden: Ful­
          Stephens, Tom, Doug Welsh, and Connie Ellefson.                 crum Publishing, 1998.
              Xeriscape Gardening, Water Conservation for the Amer­
                                                                       Winger, David, ed. Evidence of Care: The Xeriscape Main­
              ican Landscape. New York: Macmillan Publishing,
                                                                          tenance Journal, 2002, Vol. 1, Colorado WaterWise
              1992.
                                                                          Council, 2001.




          Acknowledgments

          Technical advice provided by Alice Darilek, Elizabeth Gardener, and David Winger.

          Cover photograph from Tom Brahl Photography. 

          Interior photographs have been provided courtesy of Denver Water and David Winger. 

          Illustrations by Linda Cook.

          For copies of this publication contact:
          EPA Water Resources Center (RC-4100)
          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
          Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW.

          Washington, DC 20460

          For more information regarding water efficiency, please contact:
          Water Efficiency Program (4204M)
          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
          Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW.
          Washington, DC 20460
          <www.epa.gov/OWM/water-efficiency/index.htm>


                                                                                                Water-Efficient Landscaping        15
1EPA

                                                                           xeriscape7.qxd
   United States
   Environmental Protection Agency (4204M)
   Washington, DC 20460

   Official Business
                                                                           10/8/2002

   Penalty for Private Use $300
                                                                           5:12 PM
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2 Printed on paper that contains at least 50 percent postconsumer fiber.

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Water Efficient Landscaping: Preventing Pollution and Using Resources Wisely

  • 1. xeriscape7.qxd 10/8/2002 4:12 PM Page 17 Water-Efficient Landscaping: Preventing Pollution & Using Resources Wisely
  • 2. xeriscape7.qxd 10/8/2002 5:12 PM Page iii Contents What is Water-efficient Landscaping? 1 Why Use Water-efficient Landscaping? 3 How is Water-efficient Landscaping Applied? 4 Water-efficient Landscape Irrigation Methods 6 Examples of Successful Water-efficient Landscaping Projects 10 For More Information 13 Resources 14 Water-Efficient Landscaping iii
  • 3. xeriscape7.qxd 10/8/2002 5:12 PM Page iv iv Water-Efficient Landscaping
  • 4. xeriscape7.qxd 10/8/2002 5:12 PM Page 1 What is protect the environment are, in fact, easily achieved by employing water-efficient landscap­ Water-efficient ing. Water-efficient landscaping produces attractive landscapes because it utilizes designs Landscaping? and plants suited to local conditions. This booklet describes the benefits of water- ater, many agree, is our most pre­ efficient landscaping. It includes several exam­ W cious natural resource; without it, life ceases. Yet judging by our water use and consumption practices, many of us in ples of successful projects and programs, as well as contacts, references, and a short bibliography. For specific information about how to best apply water-efficient landscaping principles to your the United States seem to take it for granted. A typical household uses approximately 260 gal­ geographical area, consult with your county lons of water per day. “Water conscious” indi­ viduals often install high-efficiency shower heads and toilets and wash only full loads of clothes and dishes to reduce consumption. But in the summer, the amount of water used out­ doors by a household can exceed the amount used for all other purposes in the entire year. This is especially true in hot, dry climates. Gardening and lawn care account for the majority of this seasonal increase, but other out­ door activities, such as washing cars and filling swimming pools, also contribute. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, of the 26 billion gallons of water consumed daily in the United States1, approximately 7.8 billion gallons, or 30 percent2, is devoted to outdoor uses. The majority of this is used for landscaping. In fact, it is estimated that the typical suburban lawn consumes 10,000 gallons of water above and Xeriscape garden at Denver Water beyond rainwater each year (Vickers, p 140). Many mistakenly believe that stunning gar­ extension service and local garden and nursery dens and beautiful lawns are only possible centers. Local governments and water utilities through extensive watering, fertilization, and also possess a wealth of information and sugges­ pesticide application. As this booklet will tions for using water more efficiently in all demonstrate, eye-catching gardens and land­ aspects of your life, including landscaping. scapes that save water, prevent pollution, and 1 W.B. Solley, R.R. Pierce, and H.A. Perlman. 1998. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1995 (USGS Circular 1200). USGS. Reston, VA. p.27. 2 Amy Vickers. 2001. Handbook of Water Use and Conservation. WaterPlow Press. Amherst, MA. p. 140. Water-Efficient Landscaping 1
  • 5. xeriscape7.qxd 10/8/2002 5:12 PM Page 2 Denver Water Department in 1981 to help make water conserving landscaping an easily recognized concept. The word is a combination of the Greek word “xeros,” which means “dry,” and “landscape.” The seven principles upon which Xeriscape landscaping is based are: • Proper planning and design • Soil analysis and improvement • Appropriate plant selection • Practical turf areas • Efficient irrigation • Use of mulches • Appropriate maintenance The eight fundamentals of water-wise land­ scaping, below, illustrate the similarities in the underlaying concepts and principles of Xeriscape landscaping and other water-efficient approaches. • Group plants according to their water Xeriscaped front yard in Colorado Springs needs. • Use native and low-water-use plants. Many terms and schools of thought have been used to describe approaches to water-effi- • Limit turf areas to those needed for cient landscaping. Some examples include practical uses. “water-wise,” “water-smart,” “low-water,” and • Use efficient irrigation systems. “natural landscaping.” While each of these • Schedule irrigation wisely. terms varies in philosophy and approach, they • Make sure soil is healthy. are all based on the same principles and are • Remember to mulch. commonly used interchangeably. One of the first conceptual approaches developed to • Provide regular maintenance. formalize these principles is known as In short, plan and maintain your landscape “Xeriscape3 landscaping.” Xeriscape landscaping with these principles of water efficiency in mind is defined as “quality landscaping that conserves and it will continue to conserve water and be water and protects the environment.” The word attractive. “Xeriscape” was coined and copyrighted by 3 Denver Water welcomes the use of the term Xeriscape in books, articles, and speeches promoting water conserving landscape. EPA is using this term with permission from Denver Water. For permission to use “Xeriscape” in your publications, call Denver Water at 303 628-6330. 2 Water-Efficient Landscaping
  • 6. xeriscape7.qxd 10/8/2002 5:12 PM Page 3 Why Use Water-efficient Landscaping? roper landscaping techniques not only • Reduced runoff of stormwater and irriga­ P create beautiful landscapes, but also ben- efit the environment and save water. In addition, attractive, water-efficient, low-mainte- tion water that carries top soils, fertiliz­ ers, and pesticides into lakes, rivers, and streams. nance landscapes can increase home values. • Fewer yard trimmings to be managed or Water-efficient landscaping offers many eco- landfilled. nomic and environmental benefits, including: • Reduced landscaping labor and mainte­ • Lower water bills from reduced water use. nance costs. • Conservation of natural resources and • Extended life for water resources infra­ preservation of habitat for plants and structure (e.g., reservoirs, treatment wildlife such as fish and waterfowl. plants, groundwater aquifers), thus • Decreased energy use (and air pollution reduced taxpayer costs. associated with its generation) because less pumping and treatment of water is required. • Reduced home or office heating and cooling costs through the careful place­ ment of trees and plants. Meadow Sage (Salvia pratensis) is the background for New Mexico Evening Primrose (Oenothera berlandieri 'siskiyou') Water-Efficient Landscaping 3
  • 7. xeriscape7.qxd 10/8/2002 5:12 PM Page 4 How is Water-efficient Landscaping Applied? andscaping that conserves water and pro­ water-efficient landscapes and allow you to con­ L tects the environment is not limited to arid landscapes with only rocks and cacti. Through careful plan­ tinually improve your landscape over time. Soil analysis and ning, landscapes can improvements be designed to be both Because soils vary from site to site, test your pleasing to the senses soil before beginning your landscape improve­ and kind to the envi­ ments. Your county extension service can ana­ ronment. One simple lyze the pH levels; nutrient levels (e.g., approach to achieving nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium); and the this is applying and sand, silt, clay, and organic matter content of adopting the basic your soil. It can also suggest ways to improve principles of water- your soil’s ability to support plants and retain efficient landscaping water (e.g., through aeration or the addition of to suit your climatic soil amendments or fertilizers). region. The seven principles of Xeriscape Appropriate plant selection landscaping are used Your landscape design should take into account below to describe your local climate as well as soil conditions. these basic concepts in Focus on preserving as many existing trees and greater detail. shrubs as possible because established plants usu­ ally require less water and maintenance. Choose Proper plants native to your region. Native plants, once planning and established, require very little to no additional design water beyond normal rainfall. Also, because Developing a land­ they are adapted to local soils and climatic con­ scape plan is the first ditions, native plants commonly do not require and most important the addition of fertilizers and are more resistant Dragon’s Blood Sedum step in creating a to pests and disease. (Sedum spurium) under Honeylocust Trees (Gleditsia water-efficient land­ When selecting plants, avoid those labeled triaconthos) scape. Your plan “hard to establish,” “susceptible to disease,” or should take into account the regional and micro­ “needs frequent attention,” as these types of climatic conditions of the site, existing vegeta­ plants frequently require large amounts of sup­ tion, topography, intended uses of the property, plemental water, fertilizers, and pesticides. Be and most importantly, the grouping of plants by careful when selecting non-indigenous species as their water needs. Also consider the plants’ sun some of them may become invasive. An inva­ or shade requirements and preferred soil condi­ sive plant might be a water guzzler and will tions. A well-thought-out landscape plan can surely choke out native species. Your state or serve as your roadmap in creating beautiful, county extension service or local nursery can help you select appropriate plants for your area. 4 Water-Efficient Landscaping
  • 8. xeriscape7.qxd 10/8/2002 5:12 PM Page 5 The key to successful planting and trans­ planting is getting the roots to grow into the surrounding soil as quickly as possible. Knowing when and where to plant is crucial to speeding the establishment of new plants. The best time to plant will vary from species to species. Some plants will thrive when planted in a dormant or inactive state. Others succeed when planted during the season when root generation is high­ est and sufficient moisture is available to support new growth (generally, spring is the best season, but check plant tags or consult with your local Wine Cup (Callirhoe involucrata) and Sunset Hyssop nursery for specific species). (Agastache rupestris) in the Denver Water Xeriscape Garden Practical turf areas How and where turf is placed in the landscape gravel, or shredded landscape clippings. Avoid can significantly reduce the amount of irrigation using rock mulches in sunny areas or around water needed to support the landscape. Lawns non-arid climate plants, as they radiate large require a large amount of supplemental water amounts of heat and promote water loss that and generally greater maintenance than other can lead to scorching. Too much mulch can vegetation. Use turf where it aesthetically high­ restrict water flow to plant roots and should be lights the house or buildings and where it has avoided. practical function, such as in play or recreation areas. Grouping turf areas can increase watering Appropriate maintenance efficiency and significantly reduce evaporative Water and fertilize plants only as needed. Too and runoff losses. Select a type of grass that can much water promotes weak growth and increases withstand drought periods and become dormant pruning and mowing requirements. Like any during hot, dry seasons. Reducing or eliminating landscape, a water-efficient yard will require reg­ turf areas altogether further reduces water use. ular pruning, weeding, fertilization, pest control, and irrigation. As your water-efficient landscape Efficient irrigation matures, however, it will require less mainte­ Efficient irrigation is a very important part of nance and less water. Cutting turf grass only using water efficiently outdoors, and applies in when it reaches two to three inches promotes any landscape—whether Xeriscape or deeper root growth and a more drought-resistant conventional. For this reason, an entire section lawn. As a rule of thumb, mow your turf grass of this booklet addresses efficient irrigation; it before it requires more than one inch to be can be found on page 6. removed. The proper cutting height varies, how­ ever, with the type of grass, so you should con­ Use of mulches tact your county extension service or local Mulches aid in greater retention of water by nursery to find out the ideal cutting height for minimizing evaporation, reducing weed growth, your lawn. Avoid shearing plants or giving them moderating soil temperatures, and preventing high nitrogen fertilizers during dry periods erosion. Organic mulches also improve the con­ because these practices encourage water-demand- dition of your soil as they decompose. Mulches ing new growth. are typically composed of wood bark chips, wood grindings, pine straws, nut shells, small Water-Efficient Landscaping 5
  • 9. xeriscape7.qxd 10/8/2002 5:12 PM Page 6 Water-efficient Landscape Irrigation Methods ith common watering practices, a type, the condition of your plants, the season, W large portion of the water applied to lawns and gardens is not absorbed by the plants. It is lost through evaporation, runoff, and weather conditions—rather than on a fixed schedule—significantly increases your watering efficiency. Grouping plants according to similar or being pushed beyond the root zone because it water needs also makes watering easier and more is applied too quickly or in excess of the plants’ efficient. needs. The goal of efficient irrigation is to Irrigating lawns, gardens, and landscapes reduce these losses by applying only as much can be accomplished either manually or with an water as is needed to keep your plants healthy. automatic irrigation system. Manual watering This goal is applicable whether you have a with a hand-held hose tends to be the most Xeriscape or a conventional landscape. water-efficient method. According to the To promote the strong root growth that sup­ AWWA Research Foundation’s outdoor end use ports a plant during drought, water deeply and study, households that manually water with a only when the plant needs water. For clay soils, hose typically use 33 percent less water outdoors watering less deeply and more often is recom­ than the average household. The study also mended. Irrigating with consideration to soil showed that households with in-ground sprin­ kler systems used 35 percent more water, those with automatic timers used 47 percent more water, and those with drip irrigation systems used 16 percent more water than households without these types of systems. These results show that in-ground sprinkler and drip irrigation systems must be operated properly to be water- efficient. You can use a hand-held hose or a sprinkler for manual irrigation. To reduce water losses from evaporation and wind, avoid sprinklers that produce a fine mist or spray high into the air. Soaker hoses can also be very efficient and effective when used properly. Use a hand-held soil moisture probe to determine when irrigation is needed. To make automatic irrigation systems more efficient, install system controllers such as rain sensors that prevent sprinkler systems from turn­ Purple Fountain Grass (Pennisetum setaceum “Rubrum”) and ing on during and immediately after rainfall, or Marigolds (Calendula officinalis) in planter bed soil moisture sensors that activate sprinklers only when soil moisture levels drop below pre- programmed levels. You can also use a weather- 6 Water-Efficient Landscaping
  • 10. xeriscape7.qxd 10/8/2002 5:12 PM Page 7 driven programming system. Drip-type irrigation systems are considered the most efficient of the automated irrigation methods because they deliver water directly to the plants’ roots. It is also important to revise your watering schedule as the seasons change. Over-watering is most common during the fall when summer irrigation schedules have not been adjusted to the cooler temperatures. To further reduce your water consumption, consider using alternative sources of irrigation water, such as gray water, reclaimed water, and collected rainwater. According to the AWWA Research Foundation, homes with access to alternative sources of irrigation reduce their water bills by as much as 25 percent.4 Graywater is untreated household waste water from bath­ room sinks, showers, bathtubs, and clothes washing machines. Graywater systems pipe this Red Valerian (Centranthus ruber) used water to a storage tank for later outdoor watering use. State and local graywater laws and barrel is an easy, low-cost approach. When col­ policies vary, so you should investigate what lecting rainwater, cover all collection vessels to qualifies as gray water and if any limitations or prevent animals and children from entering and restrictions apply. Reclaimed water is waste to prevent mosquito breeding. Some states water that has been treated to levels suitable for might have laws which do not allow collection nonpotable uses. Check with local water offi­ of rainwater, so be sure to check with your cials to determine if it is available in your area. state’s water resource agency before implement­ Collected rainwater is rainwater collected in cis­ ing a rainwater collection system. terns, barrels, or storage tanks. Commercial rooftop collection systems are available, but sim­ ply diverting your downspout into a covered 4 AWWA Research Foundation. 1999. Residential End Uses of Water. <www.waterwiser.org> Water-Efficient Landscaping 7
  • 11. xeriscape7.qxd 10/8/2002 5:12 PM Page 8 Non-xeriscaping Non-native plants: do not include drought-tolerant species. Large lawn: requires supplemental watering Small deck Concrete walkway House 8 Water-Efficient Landscaping
  • 12. xeriscape7.qxd 10/8/2002 5:12 PM Page 9 Xeriscaping Perennials and ornamental grasses Compost bin Vegetable garden: uses drip irrigation Small lawn Shade arbor Shade tree Mulched walkway Larger deck Ground cover House Water-Efficient Landscaping 9
  • 13. xeriscape7.qxd 10/8/2002 5:12 PM Page 10 Examples of Successful Water- efficient Landscaping Projects ater-efficient landscaping techniques and money. The showcase yard (selected from W can be used by individuals, compa­ nies, state, tribal, and local govern­ ments, and businesses to physically enhance their 70 applicants) had a history of heavy water use—more than 90,000 gallons per month. After the retrofit, the yard’s aesthetic value properties, reduce long-term maintenance costs, was enhanced; plus it now uses 75 percent less and create environmentally conscious landscapes. water and relies on yard trimmings for mulch The following examples illustrate how water-effi- and compost. cient landscapes can be used in various situations. • The Southwest Florida Water Management District (SWFWMD), the City of St. Peters­ burg, and Pinellas County, Florida, produced a video called “Xeriscape It!” It shows a land­ scape being installed using the seven Xeriscape principles. The SWFWMD also funded several Xeriscape demonstration sites and maintains a Xeriscape demonstration garden at its Brooksville, Florida, headquarters. The garden features a variety of native and non-native plants and is available for public viewing, along with a landscape plant identification guide. • Residents of Glendale, Arizona, can receive a $100 cash rebate for installing or converting more than half of their landscapable area to non-grass vegetation. The Glendale Water Conservation Office conducts an inspection of the converted lawn to ensure compliance with rebate requirements and then issues a Oriental Poppies (Paparer orientale) rebate check to the homeowner. The purpose of the Landscape Rebate Program is to perma­ nently reduce the amount of water used to Homeowner–public/private irrigate grass throughout Glendale. partnership • The South Florida Water Management Dis­ State government trict, the Florida Nurserymen and Growers • Although perceived as a water-rich state, Association, the Florida Irrigation Society, and Florida became the first to enact a statewide local businesses worked together to produce a Xeriscape law. Florida’s legislature recognized television video called “Plant It Smart with that its growing population and vulnerable Xeriscape.” The video shows how a typical environment necessitated legal safeguards for Florida residential yard can be retrofitted with its water resources. The Xeriscape law requires Xeriscape landscaping to save energy, time, Florida’s Departments of Management Ser- 10 Water-Efficient Landscaping
  • 14. xeriscape7.qxd 10/8/2002 5:12 PM Page 11 vices and Transportation to use Xeriscape landscaping on all new public properties and to develop a 5-year program to phase in Xeriscape on properties constructed before July 1992. All local governments must also consider requiring the use of Xeriscape and offering incentives to install Xeriscaping. • Texas also developed legislation requiring Xeriscape landscaping on new construction projects on state property beginning on or after January 1994. Additional legislation, enacted in 1995, requires the Department of Transportation to use Xeriscape practices in the construction and maintenance of roadside parks. All municipalities may consider enact­ ing ordinances requiring Xeriscape to con­ serve water. Yellow Ice Plant (Delosperma nubigenum) close-up City government In Las Vegas, Nevada, homeowners can receive up to $1,000 for converting their lawn to Developers Xeriscape, while commercial landowners can Howard Hughes Properties (HHP), a developer receive up to a $50,000 credit on their water and manager of more than 25,000 acres of resi­ bill. The city and several other surrounding dential, commercial, and office development communities hope these eye-catching figures property, has enthusiastically used drought toler­ will help Las Vegas meet its goal of saving 25 ant landscaping on all of its properties since percent of the water it would otherwise have 1990. Most of the company’s properties are used by the year 2010; to date, it has saved 17 located in Las Vegas, one of the country’s fastest percent. Local officials plan to reach the target growing metropolitan areas. To conserve with the assistance of incentive programs resources, the city and county have implement­ encouraging Xeriscape, a city ordinance limiting ed regulations requiring developers to employ turf to no more than 50 percent of new land­ certain Xeriscape principles in new projects. scapes, grassroots information programs, and a Specifically, a limited percentage of grass can be landscape awards program specifically for used on projects, and it must be kept away from Xeriscaped properties. Preliminary results of a streets. As the area’s first large-scale developer five-year study show that residents who convert­ to recognize the need and value in incorporating ed a portion of their lawns to Xeriscape reduced drought tolerant landscaping in parks, total water consumption by an average of 33 streetscapes, and open spaces, HHP uses native percent. The xeric vegetation required less than and desert-adaptive plants that survive and a quarter of the water typically used and one- thrive in the Las Vegas climate with minimal to third the maintenance (both in labor and moderate amounts of water. expenditures) compared to traditional turf. Water-Efficient Landscaping 11
  • 15. xeriscape7.qxd 10/8/2002 5:12 PM Page 12 Drip system irrigation controllers are linked rial management, and non-point source pollution to weather stations that monitor the evapotran­ prevention goals into one program—the Land­ spiration rate. This allows HHP to determine the scape Performance Certification Program. This correct amount of water to be applied to plants program emphasizes efficient landscape irrigation at any given time. HHP tests the irrigation sys­ and features a “landscape irrigation budget” based tems regularly and adds appropriate soil amend­ on a property’s landscape area, type, and the daily ments to promote healthy plant growth. The weather. The Municipal Water District monitors maintenance program also includes pest manage­ actual water use through a system of 12,000 dedi­ ment, the use of mulching mowers, and the use cated water meters installed by participating of rock mulch top dressing on all non-turf plant­ landscape managers. ing areas. These measures combine to ensure a Participants, including landscapers, property beautiful, healthy, and responsible landscape. managers, and homeowner associations, can compare the actual cost of water used on their Public/private partnerships property with the calculated budget. Those stay­ Even the most water-conscious homeowners in ing within budget are awarded certification, a Southern California are over-watering by 50 to proven marketing tool. This new voluntary pro­ 70 gallons per day. The gram is implemented by the Municipal Water excess water washes away District with input from the California Land­ fertilizers and pesticides, scape Contractors’ Association, the Orange which pollute natural County Integrated Management Department, waterways. The quantity the Metropolitan Water District of Southern of water wasted (and the California, and local nurseries and has the sup­ dollars that pay for it) are port of 32 retailing water suppliers. The program even more substantial for is already credited with increasing the use of large-scale commercial arid-climate shrubs and landscaping to accom­ properties and develop­ modate drip irrigation, and has resulted in cost ments. savings to water customers. An innovative part­ nership in Orange County links landscape water management, green mate- Miscanthus sinensis (Miscanthus grass, also called Maiden grass) variety with leaves turning yellow for fall. 12 Water-Efficient Landscaping
  • 16. xeriscape7.qxd 10/8/2002 5:12 PM Page 13 For More Information T he following list of organizations can provide more information on water-efficient landscaping. This is not meant to be an exhaustive list, rather it is intended to help you locate local infor­ mation sources and possible technical assistance. Water Management Districts or Utilities Your local water management district often can provide information on water conservation, including water efficient landscaping practices. Your city, town, or county water management district can be found in the Blue Pages section of your local phone book or through your city, town, or county’s Web site if it has one. If you do not know your city, town, or county’s Web site, check for a link on Turkish Speedwell (Veronica your state’s Web site. URLs for state Web sites typically follow this format: <www.state.(two letter liwanensis) in background state abbreviation).us>. and tulips in foreground. State/County Extension Services Your state or county extension service is also an excellent source of information. Many extension services provide free pub­ lications and advice on home landscaping issues including tips on plant selection and soil improvement. Some also offer a soil analysis service for a nominal fee. Your county extension service can be found in the Blue Pages section of your local phone book under the county government section or through your county’s Web site if it has one. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (www.reeusda.gov/statepartners/usa.htm) provides an online directory of land-grant universities which can help you locate your state extension service. Government Guide (www.governmentguide.com) is yet another online resource that might prove helpful in locating state or local agencies. Organizations The following is a partial list of organizations located across the United States that provide helpful information on water-effi- cient landscaping. American Water Works Association (AWWA) E-mail: jane.earle@denverwater.org 6666 West Quincy Avenue Web: <www.water.denver.co.gov/ Denver, CO 80235 conservation/conservframe.html> Telephone: 303 794-7711 New Mexico Water Conservation Program/Water and Conservation Clearinghouse 1401 New York Avenue, NW, Suite 640 P. O. Box 25102 Washington, DC 20005 Santa Fe, NM 87504 Telephone: 202 628-8303 Phone: 800 WATER-NM Web: <www.awwa.org> E-mail: waternm@ose.state.nm.us Arizona Municipal Water Users Association Fax: 505 827-3813 (AMWUA) Web: <www.ose.state.nm.us/water-info/ Web: <www.amwua.org/program-xeriscape.htm> conservation/index.html> BASIN Project WET - Water Education for Teachers City of Boulder Environmental Affairs 201 Culbertson Hall P.O. Box 791 Montana State University Boulder, CO 80306 Bozeman, MT 59717 Phone: 303 441-1964 Phone: 406 994-5392 E-mail: basin@bcn.boulder.co. us Web: <www.montana.edu/wwwwet> Web: <bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/local/seven.html> Rocky Mountain Institute Denver Water 1739 Snowmass Creek Road 1600 West 12th Avenue Snowmass, CO 81654-9199 Denver, CO 80204 Phone: 970 927-3851 Phone: 303 628-6000 Web: <www.rmi.org> Fax: 303 628-6199 TDDY: 303 534-4116 Office of Water Conservation hotline: 303 628-6343 Water-Efficient Landscaping 13
  • 17. xeriscape7.qxd 10/8/2002 5:12 PM Page 14 Southern Nevada Water Authority E-mail: info@thegarden.org 1001 S. Valley View Boulevard, Mailstop #440 Web: <www.thegarden.org/garden/xeriscape/ Las Vegas, NV 89153 index.html> and <www.sdcwa.org/manage/ Phone: 702 258-3930 conservation-xeriscape.phtml> Web: <www.snwa.com> WaterWiser: The Water Efficiency Clearing House Southwest Florida Water Management District (Operated by AWWA in cooperation with the U.S. 2379 Broad Street Bureau of Reclamation) Brooksville, FL 34604-6899 6666 West Quincy Avenue Phone: 352 796-7211 or 800 423-1476 (Florida only) Denver, CO 80235 Web: <www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/watercon/ Phone: 800 559-9855 xeris/swfxeris.html> Fax: 303 794-6303 Sustainable Sources Green Building Program: Sustain­ E-mail: bewiser@waterwiser.org able Building Source Book Web: <www.waterwiser.org> E-mail: info@greenbuilder.com Xeriscape Colorado!, Inc. Web: <www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook/ P.O. Box 40202 xeriscape.html> Denver, CO 80204-0202 Water Conservation Garden – San Diego County Web: <www.xeriscape.org> 12122 Cuyamaca College Drive West El Cajon, CA 92019 Phone: 619 660-0614 Fax: 619 660-1687 Resources he following is a partial list of publications Johnson, Eric and Scott Millard. The Low-Water Flower T on resource efficient landscaping. For even more information, particularly on plants suited to your locale, consult your local library, Gardener: 270 Unthirsty Plants for Color, Including Perennials, Ground Covers, Grasses & Shrubs. Tuc­ son: Ironwood Press, 1993. Knopf, James M. The Xeriscape Flower Gardener. Boul­ county extension service, nursery, garden clubs, or der: Johnson Books, 1991. water utility. Knopf, James M., ed. Waterwise Landscaping with Trees, Ball, Ken and American Water Works Association Shrubs, and Vines: A Xeriscape Guide for the Rocky Water Conservation Committee. Xeriscape Pro­ Mountain Region, California, and the Desert South­ grams for Water Utilities. Denver: American Water west. Boulder: Chamisa Books, 1999. Works Association, 1990. Knox, Kim, ed. Landscaping for Water Conservation: Bennett, Jennifer. Dry-Land Gardening: A Xeriscaping Xeriscape. Denver: City of Aurora and Denver Guide for Dry-Summer, Cold-Winter Climates. Buf­ Water, 1989. falo: Firefly, 1998. Nellis, David W. Seashore Plants of South Florida and the Bennett, Richard E. and Michael S. Hazinski. Water- Caribbean: A Guide to Identification and Propagation Efficient Landscape Guidelines. Denver: American of Xeriscape Plants. Sarasota: Pineapple Press, Inc., Water Works Association, 1993. 1994. Brenzel, Kathleen N., ed. Western Garden Book, 2001 Perry, Bob. Landscape Plants for Western Regions: An Edition. Menlo Park: Sunset Publishing Corpora­ Illustrated Guide to Plants for Water Conservation. tion, 2001. Claremont: Land Design Publishing, 1992. City of Aurora, Colorado Utilities Department. Land­ Phillips, Judith. Natural by Design: Beauty and Balance scaping for Water Conservation: Xeriscape! Aurora: in Southwest Gardens. Santa Fe: Museum of New Colorado Utilities Department, 1989. Mexico Press, 1995. 14 Water-Efficient Landscaping
  • 18. xeriscape7.qxd 10/8/2002 5:12 PM Page 15 Phillips, Judith. Plants for Natural Gardens: Southwestern Sunset Books, eds. Waterwise Gardening: Beautiful Gardens Native & Adaptive Trees, Shrubs, Wildflowers & with Less Water. Menlo Park: Lane Publishing Com­ Grasses. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, pany, 1989. 1995. Vickers, Amy. Handbook of Water Use and Conservation. Robinette, Gary O. Water Conservation in Landscape Amherst, MA: WaterPlow Press, 2001. Design and Maintenance. New York: Nostrand Rein- Weinstein, Gayle. Xeriscape Handbook : A How-To Guide hold, 1984. to Natural, Resource-Wise Gardening. Golden: Fulcrum Rumary, Mark. The Dry Garden. New York: Sterling Pub­ Publishing, 1998. lishing Co., Inc., 1995. Williams, Sara. Creating the Prairie Xeriscape. Springer, Lauren. The Undaunted Garden: Planting for Saskatchewan: University Extension Press, 1997. Weather-Resilient Beauty. Golden: Fulcrum Publish­ Winger, David, ed. Xeriscape Plant Guide: 100 Water-Wise ing, 1994. Plants for Gardens and Landscapes. Golden: Fulcrum Springer, Lauren. Waterwise Gardening. New York: Pren­ Publishing, 1998. tice Hall Gardening, 1994. Winger, David, ed. Xeriscape Color Guide. Golden: Ful­ Stephens, Tom, Doug Welsh, and Connie Ellefson. crum Publishing, 1998. Xeriscape Gardening, Water Conservation for the Amer­ Winger, David, ed. Evidence of Care: The Xeriscape Main­ ican Landscape. New York: Macmillan Publishing, tenance Journal, 2002, Vol. 1, Colorado WaterWise 1992. Council, 2001. Acknowledgments Technical advice provided by Alice Darilek, Elizabeth Gardener, and David Winger. Cover photograph from Tom Brahl Photography. Interior photographs have been provided courtesy of Denver Water and David Winger. Illustrations by Linda Cook. For copies of this publication contact: EPA Water Resources Center (RC-4100) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW. Washington, DC 20460 For more information regarding water efficiency, please contact: Water Efficiency Program (4204M) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW. Washington, DC 20460 <www.epa.gov/OWM/water-efficiency/index.htm> Water-Efficient Landscaping 15
  • 19. 1EPA xeriscape7.qxd United States Environmental Protection Agency (4204M) Washington, DC 20460 Official Business 10/8/2002 Penalty for Private Use $300 5:12 PM Page 16 2 Printed on paper that contains at least 50 percent postconsumer fiber.