Agroecological local knowledge and participatory learning processes
•
1 j'aime•1,048 vues
Presentation from Miguel Altieri, University of California, Berkeley, describing the links between Agroecology and local communities and knowledge. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
Recommandé
Recommandé
Contenu connexe
Tendances
Tendances (20)
En vedette
En vedette (20)
Similaire à Agroecological local knowledge and participatory learning processes
Similaire à Agroecological local knowledge and participatory learning processes (20)
Plus de FAO
Plus de FAO (20)
Dernier
Dernier (20)
Agroecological local knowledge and participatory learning processes
- 1. Agroecological local knowledge and participatory learning processes Miguel A Altieri University of California, Berkeley
- 3. Conocimiento Humano 100,000 años Expansion humana 200,000 años Antigüedad del Homo sapiens ± 10,000 Presente ± 300 Tiempo (perspectiva histórica) “Ciencia Paleolitica” “Ciencia neolitica” “Ciencia Moderna”
- 4. CLASH OF PARADIGMS Peasant agriculture Green Revolution Industrial Agriculture and Transgenic Crops Agroecology
- 5. Features of an agriculture for the future • De-coupled from fossil fuel dependence • Agroecosystems of low environmental impact, nature friendly • Resilient to climate change and other shocks • Multifunctional ( ecosystem, social, cultural and economic services) • Foundation of local food systems
- 9. PLANTAS ANIMALS CULTURA Ifugao Hanunoo Subanuna Jörai Tobelorese Maya Aguaruna Huasteco Mende Taubuid NÚMERO DE TAXA 2131 1879 1400 1182 1162 908 866 861 844 825 Aguaruna Wayapi Ifugao Nuaula Futuna Tzeltal Kyaka enga Hanunoo Tobelorese 800 737 597 584 534 492 466 461 443
- 10. How many peasant farmers? (ETC 2009) • 1, 5 billion peasant farmers • 380 million farms • Globally: > 90% of the world’s farms are small , <2 ha. • 1.9 million crop varieties
- 11. Peasants and world food Produce 50-75% of food consumed by world population, but use : • 25- 30% of the agricultural land • 30% water used in agriculture • 20 % fossil fuels used in agriculture.
- 16. a b F
- 17. Rotacion en la chinampa : flor de muerto y milpa
- 18. Milpa: polyculture of maize, beans and squash LER > 1,5 ……… 1,5 hectares of monoculture needed to equal productivity of one hectare of polyculture
- 19. Productivity of Chinampas • Maize yields in 1950: 3,5-6,3 t/ha ( average US yields in 1955~2,3t/ha and went up >4 t/ha after 1965). • One hectare could produce enough food for 15-20 persons • One chinampero can successfully farm 0,75 ha, producing food for 12-15 people
- 21. Weeds (quelites) as food crop . • San Bartolo del Llano, Ixtlahuaca, México. • Quelites. – 74 quelite species all useful. – Used as food, fodder, medicinals, etc. – 4.5 kg quelite/family/month. – One hectare of milpa produces 1,5 t/ha of quelite and represents 25% of the total value of maize ( approx 200 dollars).
- 23. • 350 spp útiles en total • 150 spp útiles/ha • predominan spp destinadas a alimentos y medicinas • 200 spp de aves censadas en los cafetales
- 24. Pesmajme (helechos) TAKTSON Kilijme (quelites) TAXONOMIA NAHUAT TAKTSON Kouijme (árboles) Ixuajme (¿?) Ouajme (otates) Nanakajme (hongos) Kuoxiujme (palmas) Kamojme (camotes) Chama-kijme (platanillos) Kuome-kajme (bejucos) Xochijme (ornam.) Xiuijme (hierbas) Xocojme (cítricos) Paspajme (plátanos) Varios Kapolli (capulín) Chalahui (chalahuitUea) xi (uaje) Auakat (aguacate) Tzapot (zapote)) ¿? ¿? ¿? ¿? 1 Ha Corpus Praxis
- 25. Kuojtakiloyan (monte útil o productivo) 40 140 especies útiles/Ha MERCADOS NACIONALE INTERNACIONAL Macadamia Canela Pimienta Litchi Maracuyá SUBSISTENCIA Y MERCADOS LOCAL Y REGIONAL Árboles diversos 80 spp Aguacates 8 spp Zapotes 14 spp Capulines 14 spp Chalahuis 6 spp Otates 5 spp Chamakis 11 spp Guajes 4 spp Ornamentales 25 spp Plátanos 11 var. Cítricos 17 var. Zingiberales 9 spp. Palmas 7 spp Plátanos 12 var. Plantas medic. 150 spp. Guayaba Mango Caoba Cedro Café = ± 350
- 26. AGROECOLOGY Ecology Anthropology Sociology Etnoecology Biological Control Ecological economics Basic agricultural sciences Traditional Farmers’ knowledge Principles Specific technological forms Participatory research in farmers’ fields
- 35. Velvetbean in Central America • Mucuna fixes 150 Kg N/ha/year, produces 30- 50 tonnes of biomass/ha/yr • 45,000 familes growing Mucuna • crop yields up from 400-600 Kg/ha to 2000- 2500 kg/ha while conserving/regenerating soil in hillsides
- 38. The Campesino a Campesino Movement • The Campesino a Campesino movement is an extensive grassroots movement in Central America and Mexico. • It is a cultural phenomenon, a broad-based movement with campesinos as the main actors • The Campesino a Campesino movement is an excellent example of how alternative technologies and practices can be disseminated bypassing "official channels". • It is a bottom up, horizontal mechanism for knowledge sharing and technology transfer
- 39. Campesino a Campesino A Unique Peer-to-Peer Learning Method
- 40. De Campesino a Campesino
- 43. Mejoramiento y conservación de las semillas de maíces nativos
- 46. Campesino a Campesino in CUBA In Cuba, CAC achieved the most radical expansion, growing to 100,000 smallholders in just 8 years! (It took 20 years for the movement to grow to this size other countries).
- 47. Contribución porcentual de la agricultura campesina a la producción nacional total en diversos rubros
- 48. Finca “Del Medio” – José A. Casimiro Sancti Spíritus
- 49. Area (ha) Energy (GJ/ha/año) Proteín (kg/ha)/año People fed by produced energy (Pers/ha/año) People fed by produced protein (Pers/ha/año) 10 50.6 867 11 34 Energy efficiency 30
- 50. Resilience to climate change ( Huracan Ike-Cuba) • Areas under industrial monoculture suffered more damage and exhibited less recovery than diversified farms. • After the hurricane average loss in diversified farms was about 50% compared to 90-100% in monocultures • Productive recovery was about 80 - 90%,and was noticeable 40 days after the hurricane
- 52. Campesino a Campesino in CUBA Why the Cuban success? • Government support – CAC was made national policy in the 1990s, something no other country has done. • The organizational capacity of Cuba’s National Association of Small Farmers • High levels of education and healthcare • Decentralized nature of Cuba’s technical capacity – more open to participatory involvement by farmers. • Secure land tenure and a guaranteed market for campesino agriculture.
- 53. Agroecology and social movements • Social movements are key to achieving supportive policy environment (movements of farmers, workers, indigenous people, urban poor, consumers, environmentalists, human rights, etc.) • The combination of peasant and family farm agriculture with agroecology can feed families, cities, countries and the world, with higher productivity, efficiency, and autonomy, lower costs, be more environmentally sound, produce healthier food, reduce migration, and be more resilient to climate change. • Up-scaling really requires social movements at the center, who can build alliances with government institutions, NGOs, researchers, students, etc., but on new terms.
- 54. Organized small farmers Consumers Food Empires By-pass Autonomous territories, local markets
- 55. Legal initiatives fostering agroecology in Latin America • Ecuador: Ley organica de Agrobiodiversidad, Semillas y Agroecologia • Bolivia: Revolución Productiva Comunitaria Agropecuaria para la soberanía alimentaria • Guatemala (2005)-Ley de Seguridad alimentaria y nutricion • Brazil-Plan Nacional de Agroecologia y Agricultura Organica (2013) • Venezuela (2008)-Articulo 8 soberania alimentaria • Nicaragua : Ley de Fomento de la Produccion Agroecologica y Organica
- 56. 1: org.=conven. < l: conven. mayor que org. >1: org. mayor que conven. Casi 300 estudios comparativos de agricultura orgánica/agroecológica y agricultura convencional