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Conception and Engineering of 
Cropping Systems: 
How to integrate ecological 
approaches ? 
Eric Malézieux & Eric Scopel 
Ur HortSys Ur AIDA 
Symposium international sur l'agroécologie pour la sécurité 
alimentaire et la nutrition 
18-19 septembre 2014, FAO - Rome
Global challenges 
• Challenges for food 
▫ Feeding 6 to 9 billions people in 2050 
▫ In an increasingly urban context, scarcity of 
resources and climate change 
• Challenges for health 
▫ Interactions between food systems and health and 
nutrition 
▫ Positive: micronutrients, diet 
▫ Negative: chemical residues from pesticides in the 
products 
• Economical and social challenges 
• Environmental challenges 
▫ Maintaining water quality 
▫ Conservation of soils 
▫ Climate mitigation, fossile energy preservation 
▫ Biodiversity conservation 
▫ Ecosystem health Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
Global challenges 
Specialization and intensification (through chemical industry) have induced major 
environmental impacts (soils, water, climate, biodiversity) both in northern and 
southern agricultures 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
A great challenge for agronomists 
and scientists 
 Objective: Achieve a sufficient production (quantity and 
quality) to satisfy: 
▫ An increasing and changing demand at a world scale 
▫ The economic profitability and social development for farmers 
▫ And, in the same time, preservation of the environment and 
limitation of risks for humans and ecosystems 
 A main question: Which cropping systems to 
address these different objectives ? 
T Doré, D Makowski, E Malézieux, N Munier-Jolain, M Tchamitchian, P. Tittonell 
Facing up to the paradigm of ecological intensification in agronomy: Revisiting 
methods,concepts and knowledge - 2011 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
Agronomy: Need for a shift from 
Agrochemistry to Agroecology 
Setting up an ecologically intensive agriculture is now a 
major objective for providing more and better food to 
populations of both the southern and northern 
hemispheres 
The paradigm of ecological intensification is based on 
the optimization of biological interactions and 
regulations in agroecosystems 
• How to implement ecological intensification ? 
▫ Which mecanisms ? Which systems ? 
• How to set/promote innovation processes based on 
ecological intensification ? ? 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
Séminaire Enjeu Intensification 
Ecologique INRA 29 novembre 
2011 
6 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
Which trade-offs between 
productivity and biodiversity ? 
Production loss ? 
Biodiversity loss ? 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
Main Hypothesis 
 It is possible 
 To increase production 
in quantity and quality 
 To decrease the 
dependancy to 
chemicals 
 To get a better control 
of bioagressors and a 
better management of 
natural resources 
• By increasing biological diversity 
in cropping systems (plant 
associations, rotations, service 
plants, landscape organization, 
etc.) 
• By optimizing biological 
interactions in cropping systems 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
Vegetal diversification: 
the main pillar of ecological intensification 
Agrochemistry 
Human & environmental health 
Pest & disease impact 
Soil fertility 
Biological soil activity 
Farm production 
(quantity) 
Chemical pesticide 
& fertilizer 
application 
Beneficial organisms Agroecology 
/ Ecological 
intensification 
Plant species 
diversification 
Farm production 
(quality) 
Positive impact 
Negative impact 
Mixed impact 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
How to implement 
ecological intensification ? 
10
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
A radical change of perspective 
 Hypothesis: stability of 
complex systems 
 Using complementary 
functional attributes in 
terms of resource 
captation 
 Favour positive 
interactions 
 Optimize food networks 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
Natural ecosystems vs. agroecosystems 
• Specific diversity 
• Spatial heterogeneity, 
numerous interfaces 
• Perennial cover 
• Functional redonduncies 
• Presence of trees 
Towards a mimic of natural 
ecosystems ? 
Lefroy E.C., Hobbs R.J., O’Connor M.H. and J.S. Pate (editors), 1999 
Agroforestry Systems Volume 45, 446p 
Agriculture as a mimic of natural Ecosystems. 
Wes Jackson, AEE 88 (2002) 111–117 
Natural systems agriculture: a truly radical alternative 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
More complex systems 
Number of cultivated 
species 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
Various forms to incorporate 
specific diversity at the field scale 
• Plant associations (mixed 
cropping, agroforestry, cover 
crops) 
• Relay cropping 
• Rotations 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome 
Gradient of 
interactions 
Space 
Time
Mixing plants with production objectives 
(Re)introducing trees in the fields
Introducing service plants in monocrop systems
Succession with mulching 
Introducing covercrops in annual 
cropping systems 
Introducing cover plants in annual crops 
Intercropping Relay cropping
Mixing to control bioagressors 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
Vegetational diversification 
Conservation/facilitation of action of aerial natural enemies 
Alternate food resources provision 
Microclimate alteration 
Attractant diversion 
Repellent diversion 
Resource dilution 
Spatial cycle rupture 
Temporal cycle rupture 
Allelopathy 
Enhancement of diversity/activity of soil biota 
Reduced impact of pests & diseases 
Physiological crop resistance 
General soil suppressiveness 
Shelter provision 
Specific soil suppressiveness
D’après Vand den Berg 
(from A. Ratnadass) 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
Evaluation of trap crops for the regulation of gombo and sorgho 
bioagressors (Icrisat-Cirad/ Inran/ UAM, station Inran Birni N’Konni, 2008) 
Trap crops to control tomato pest 
Helicoverpa zea 
B. Rhino (Cirad) 
(from A. Ratnadass) Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
Mixing for ressource use efficiency 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome 
Water 
Carbon 
Nitrogen
Specific role of cover crops for an 
integrated fertility management 
 Controling erosion 
 Biological N fixation 
 Recycling nutrients 
 Increasing SOM stocks 
 Stimulating biological 
activity 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
How to set / promote innovation 
processes based on ecological 
intensification ? 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
From savannahs to agroforests (from Jagoret, 2010) 
40 ans 
Redensification 
continue des 
cacaoyers et des 
palmiers 
Réduction de la 
densité des 
arbres associés 
10 ans 
Introduction/ 
préservation 
d’arbres 
forestiers 
3 ans 
-2 ans 
-5 ans 
Savane Savane 
Temps 
Cacaoyers 
Palmiers 
Arbres forestiers 
Arbres fruitiers 
Cultures annuelles 
Savane 
Plantation des 
cacaoyers 
T 0 
S1 S2 
Plantation 
d’arbres 
fruitiers 
Elimination 
partielle des 
palmiers 
Semis de 
palmiers à 
haute 
densité 
Plantation de 
palmiers et d’arbres 
fruitiers 
Labour et semis de 
plantes annuelles
Main challenges for family farming : 
• Agroecological systems are complex and knowledge intensive 
• They often require a transition phase before reaching a new beneficial 
equilibrium (long term investment) 
• Family farmers need to be convinced, to be able to innovate and to face 
risks linked with changes 
• Technical changes have to fit with their own resources and with the 
dynamics of family farms in their context 
• Family farmers need to organize themselves to exchange experiences, to 
negotiate with private sector, markets or policy makers 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
Relation between ecological 
changes and innovation processes 
Ecological intensification 
Generates… 
Perceptions 
Action / 
management 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome 
Agroecosystem 
adaptations 
Ecological 
processes 
Ecosystemic services Sustainable development 
Source: adapted from Pepites project conceptual framework
Design Strategy 
Existing 
agroecosystems 
Ecological Intensification 
Agroecological 
Systems 
NEEDS 
Biological 
diversity 
Scientific 
knowledge 
Knowledge in 
Functional 
ecology & 
agronomy 
Local knowledge 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome 
APPROACH 
Global 
Systemic 
Integrative 
Multicriteria 
Participative 
SCALES 
Plot 
Farm 
Landscape
The development of AE systems 
needs to be progressive and 
participatory 
Farmers should have 
the opportunity to share their 
own experience 
Farmers should be direct 
protagonists of the 
EI systems development 
Multiactors 
Co-innovation 
platforms 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
Participatory method to redesign and to assess innovative 
sustainable cropping systems - F. LeBellec, HortSys 
STEP 1 STEP 2 
Prototypes 
(field experiment) 
Iterative 
loops 
ICS 
ICS 
RCS 
Major 
constraints 
based on 
farmer’s 
practices 
RCS 
Actors’ group 
Step 1 = building up and 
evaluating cropping system 
prototypes, based on 
farmer’s practices. 
Step 2 = validating the 
prototypes in a network of 
experimental farms. 
Redesign process: ICS 
becomes RCS and follows 
the same improvement 
process as for step 1. 
RCS: Reference cropping system, ICS: innovative cropping system, Actor 
group composed of farmers 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
Developing Low-Cost Pest Exclusion and 
Microclimate Modification Technologies 
For small-scale Growers in Kenya and Benin 
www.bionetagro.org 
Contact: tmartin@icipe.org
Direct Effect 
How the technology works? 
Pest exclusion: The net serves as a physical barrier 
to insect infestation 
Micro-climate modification: The nets improve 
temperature, light, relative humidity and soil 
moisture. 
Indirect effects 
Disease control: Low 
incidence of viral 
diseases transmitted by 
insects
Rational the technology 
Nets are safe for human 
health and the environmentNets can be combine with 
biological control method 
Net reduces from 70 to 90% 
the use of insecticide 
Net improve yield and quality 
Industries like “A to Z” Textile 
Mills can produce the nets 
locally 
Nets could be used for 3 to 5 
years in agriculture (low cost) 
Nets are easy to recycle 
Malaria bed net production in Tanzania by “A to Z” 
Textile Mills Ltd 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
What we have studied 
Plants 
Insects and mites 
Plant physiologie 
Microclimate modification 
Plante disease 
Quality of production 
Timework 
Watering 
Transfer to small holder farmers 
Adoption process 
Condition for adoption 
Economical interest 
Environmental interest 
Public health interest 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome 
Agronomical studies 
Socio- economic studies
At which scale ? 
Landscape 
Bouthan, 2011 
Plot 
Plot design 
(Malézieux, 2011) 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome 
BBiioommiimmeettiissmm 
CChheemmiiccaall 
eeccoollooggyy 
Landscape 
design 
Molecular organ individual population metapopulation
Conclusion : which Challenges for research? 
• Global approaches and methods: 
▫ Develop systemic approach  framework 
▫ Develop participatory approaches and methods for co-conception and diffusion of AE 
innovations 
• Plot and landscape level : Agroecological functioning of cropping systems 
▫ Optimize below and over ground regulations (competition, facilitation, predation, allelopathy) 
▫ Cropping system design and technical management 
• Farm level 
▫ Resource allocation and labour organization 
• Institutional  policy issues, education and training: 
▫ How can policies favour AE innovation and transition ? 
Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
Thank You 
for your attention…

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Conception and Engineering of Cropping Systems: How to integrate ecological approaches?

  • 1. Conception and Engineering of Cropping Systems: How to integrate ecological approaches ? Eric Malézieux & Eric Scopel Ur HortSys Ur AIDA Symposium international sur l'agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition 18-19 septembre 2014, FAO - Rome
  • 2. Global challenges • Challenges for food ▫ Feeding 6 to 9 billions people in 2050 ▫ In an increasingly urban context, scarcity of resources and climate change • Challenges for health ▫ Interactions between food systems and health and nutrition ▫ Positive: micronutrients, diet ▫ Negative: chemical residues from pesticides in the products • Economical and social challenges • Environmental challenges ▫ Maintaining water quality ▫ Conservation of soils ▫ Climate mitigation, fossile energy preservation ▫ Biodiversity conservation ▫ Ecosystem health Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 3. Global challenges Specialization and intensification (through chemical industry) have induced major environmental impacts (soils, water, climate, biodiversity) both in northern and southern agricultures Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 4. A great challenge for agronomists and scientists  Objective: Achieve a sufficient production (quantity and quality) to satisfy: ▫ An increasing and changing demand at a world scale ▫ The economic profitability and social development for farmers ▫ And, in the same time, preservation of the environment and limitation of risks for humans and ecosystems  A main question: Which cropping systems to address these different objectives ? T Doré, D Makowski, E Malézieux, N Munier-Jolain, M Tchamitchian, P. Tittonell Facing up to the paradigm of ecological intensification in agronomy: Revisiting methods,concepts and knowledge - 2011 Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 5. Agronomy: Need for a shift from Agrochemistry to Agroecology Setting up an ecologically intensive agriculture is now a major objective for providing more and better food to populations of both the southern and northern hemispheres The paradigm of ecological intensification is based on the optimization of biological interactions and regulations in agroecosystems • How to implement ecological intensification ? ▫ Which mecanisms ? Which systems ? • How to set/promote innovation processes based on ecological intensification ? ? Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 6. Séminaire Enjeu Intensification Ecologique INRA 29 novembre 2011 6 Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 7. Which trade-offs between productivity and biodiversity ? Production loss ? Biodiversity loss ? Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 8. Main Hypothesis  It is possible  To increase production in quantity and quality  To decrease the dependancy to chemicals  To get a better control of bioagressors and a better management of natural resources • By increasing biological diversity in cropping systems (plant associations, rotations, service plants, landscape organization, etc.) • By optimizing biological interactions in cropping systems Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 9. Vegetal diversification: the main pillar of ecological intensification Agrochemistry Human & environmental health Pest & disease impact Soil fertility Biological soil activity Farm production (quantity) Chemical pesticide & fertilizer application Beneficial organisms Agroecology / Ecological intensification Plant species diversification Farm production (quality) Positive impact Negative impact Mixed impact Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 10. How to implement ecological intensification ? 10
  • 11. Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 12. A radical change of perspective  Hypothesis: stability of complex systems  Using complementary functional attributes in terms of resource captation  Favour positive interactions  Optimize food networks Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 13. Natural ecosystems vs. agroecosystems • Specific diversity • Spatial heterogeneity, numerous interfaces • Perennial cover • Functional redonduncies • Presence of trees Towards a mimic of natural ecosystems ? Lefroy E.C., Hobbs R.J., O’Connor M.H. and J.S. Pate (editors), 1999 Agroforestry Systems Volume 45, 446p Agriculture as a mimic of natural Ecosystems. Wes Jackson, AEE 88 (2002) 111–117 Natural systems agriculture: a truly radical alternative Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 14. More complex systems Number of cultivated species Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 15. Various forms to incorporate specific diversity at the field scale • Plant associations (mixed cropping, agroforestry, cover crops) • Relay cropping • Rotations Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome Gradient of interactions Space Time
  • 16. Mixing plants with production objectives (Re)introducing trees in the fields
  • 17. Introducing service plants in monocrop systems
  • 18. Succession with mulching Introducing covercrops in annual cropping systems Introducing cover plants in annual crops Intercropping Relay cropping
  • 19. Mixing to control bioagressors Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 20. Vegetational diversification Conservation/facilitation of action of aerial natural enemies Alternate food resources provision Microclimate alteration Attractant diversion Repellent diversion Resource dilution Spatial cycle rupture Temporal cycle rupture Allelopathy Enhancement of diversity/activity of soil biota Reduced impact of pests & diseases Physiological crop resistance General soil suppressiveness Shelter provision Specific soil suppressiveness
  • 21. D’après Vand den Berg (from A. Ratnadass) Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 22. Evaluation of trap crops for the regulation of gombo and sorgho bioagressors (Icrisat-Cirad/ Inran/ UAM, station Inran Birni N’Konni, 2008) Trap crops to control tomato pest Helicoverpa zea B. Rhino (Cirad) (from A. Ratnadass) Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 23. Mixing for ressource use efficiency Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome Water Carbon Nitrogen
  • 24. Specific role of cover crops for an integrated fertility management  Controling erosion  Biological N fixation  Recycling nutrients  Increasing SOM stocks  Stimulating biological activity Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 25. How to set / promote innovation processes based on ecological intensification ? Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 26. From savannahs to agroforests (from Jagoret, 2010) 40 ans Redensification continue des cacaoyers et des palmiers Réduction de la densité des arbres associés 10 ans Introduction/ préservation d’arbres forestiers 3 ans -2 ans -5 ans Savane Savane Temps Cacaoyers Palmiers Arbres forestiers Arbres fruitiers Cultures annuelles Savane Plantation des cacaoyers T 0 S1 S2 Plantation d’arbres fruitiers Elimination partielle des palmiers Semis de palmiers à haute densité Plantation de palmiers et d’arbres fruitiers Labour et semis de plantes annuelles
  • 27. Main challenges for family farming : • Agroecological systems are complex and knowledge intensive • They often require a transition phase before reaching a new beneficial equilibrium (long term investment) • Family farmers need to be convinced, to be able to innovate and to face risks linked with changes • Technical changes have to fit with their own resources and with the dynamics of family farms in their context • Family farmers need to organize themselves to exchange experiences, to negotiate with private sector, markets or policy makers Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 28. Relation between ecological changes and innovation processes Ecological intensification Generates… Perceptions Action / management Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome Agroecosystem adaptations Ecological processes Ecosystemic services Sustainable development Source: adapted from Pepites project conceptual framework
  • 29. Design Strategy Existing agroecosystems Ecological Intensification Agroecological Systems NEEDS Biological diversity Scientific knowledge Knowledge in Functional ecology & agronomy Local knowledge Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome APPROACH Global Systemic Integrative Multicriteria Participative SCALES Plot Farm Landscape
  • 30. The development of AE systems needs to be progressive and participatory Farmers should have the opportunity to share their own experience Farmers should be direct protagonists of the EI systems development Multiactors Co-innovation platforms Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 31. Participatory method to redesign and to assess innovative sustainable cropping systems - F. LeBellec, HortSys STEP 1 STEP 2 Prototypes (field experiment) Iterative loops ICS ICS RCS Major constraints based on farmer’s practices RCS Actors’ group Step 1 = building up and evaluating cropping system prototypes, based on farmer’s practices. Step 2 = validating the prototypes in a network of experimental farms. Redesign process: ICS becomes RCS and follows the same improvement process as for step 1. RCS: Reference cropping system, ICS: innovative cropping system, Actor group composed of farmers Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 32. Developing Low-Cost Pest Exclusion and Microclimate Modification Technologies For small-scale Growers in Kenya and Benin www.bionetagro.org Contact: tmartin@icipe.org
  • 33. Direct Effect How the technology works? Pest exclusion: The net serves as a physical barrier to insect infestation Micro-climate modification: The nets improve temperature, light, relative humidity and soil moisture. Indirect effects Disease control: Low incidence of viral diseases transmitted by insects
  • 34. Rational the technology Nets are safe for human health and the environmentNets can be combine with biological control method Net reduces from 70 to 90% the use of insecticide Net improve yield and quality Industries like “A to Z” Textile Mills can produce the nets locally Nets could be used for 3 to 5 years in agriculture (low cost) Nets are easy to recycle Malaria bed net production in Tanzania by “A to Z” Textile Mills Ltd Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 35. What we have studied Plants Insects and mites Plant physiologie Microclimate modification Plante disease Quality of production Timework Watering Transfer to small holder farmers Adoption process Condition for adoption Economical interest Environmental interest Public health interest Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome Agronomical studies Socio- economic studies
  • 36. At which scale ? Landscape Bouthan, 2011 Plot Plot design (Malézieux, 2011) Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome BBiioommiimmeettiissmm CChheemmiiccaall eeccoollooggyy Landscape design Molecular organ individual population metapopulation
  • 37. Conclusion : which Challenges for research? • Global approaches and methods: ▫ Develop systemic approach framework ▫ Develop participatory approaches and methods for co-conception and diffusion of AE innovations • Plot and landscape level : Agroecological functioning of cropping systems ▫ Optimize below and over ground regulations (competition, facilitation, predation, allelopathy) ▫ Cropping system design and technical management • Farm level ▫ Resource allocation and labour organization • Institutional policy issues, education and training: ▫ How can policies favour AE innovation and transition ? Symposium international sur l’agroécologie pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition – FAO Rome
  • 38. Thank You for your attention…

Editor's Notes

  1. Pour rappel, la diversification végétale constitue l’un des 2 piliers de l’approche agroécololgique, dont participe l’intensification écologique, un paradigme fondé sur l’optimisation des interactions et régulations biologiques dans les agroécosystèmes, pour accompagner la nécessaire rupture avec l’agrochimie. Les flèches vertes indiquent les impacts positifs sur des critères indiqués dans les cases centrales, les flèches rouges des impacts négatifs et les flèches violettes des impacts mitigés.
  2. Outre ses effets bénéfiques au niveau agronomique, l’introduction planifiée de diversité végétale (diversification végétale spécifique=DVS) dans les agroécosystèmes peut aboutir à la réduction de l’impact des bio-agresseurs dans les agroécosystèmes via plusieurs chemins. Cela a fait l’objet d’une revue bibliographique que je vous encourage à consulter, d’autant qu’elle est en Open Access.
  3. Le Projet Oméga3, est une illustration de l’approche d’intensification écologique du Cirad, puisque, dans une perspective de durabilité socio-économique et environnementale, elle explore les moyens de modifier les agrosystèmes pour mobiliser les processus naturels de régulation en prenant la diversité végétale des écosystèmes naturels comme source d’nspiration. C’est une ATP dirigée du Cirad, portée par le Département Persyst, avec une forte implication de Bios Implique toutes les UR ici présentes, indirectement via le partage de terrains, comme avec l’UMR ECO&SOLS à Madagascar (avec les UPR SIA & SCA/URP SCRiD) ou l’UMR System au Costa Rica (avec l’UPR “Bioagresseurs” de Bios), ou directement avec l’UPR HortSys en Martinique et au Niger, les UPR SIA & SCA/URP SCRiD à Madagascar, l’UPR Systèmes de Pérennes avec l’UPR “Bioagresseurs” au Cameroun, UPR “Bioagresseurs” qu’on retrouve donc au Costa Rica, et à La Réunion, l’UMR PVBMT. A cela s’ajoutent des équipes apportant un appui méthodologique transversal, tout d’abord l’UPR SCA en biométrie et pour le site web (en cours de réactualisation), et les UPR SBA, HortSys, Bioagresseurs et l’UMR BGPI en modélisation. Avec en plus des partenariats avec des institutions nationales, régionales et internationales notamment dans le cadre des dispositifs et pôles prioritaires du Cirad à l’étranger et dans les DOM (PRAM, 3P, PCP/DCP de Madagascar, du Costa Rica et du Cameroun, Réseau Divecosys au Niger).
  4. Voici une figure reprise de cet article. Certains effets sont qualifiés de “bottom-up’ (effets du 1er niveau trophique sur le 2ème niveau trophique), tandis que d’autres sont qualifiés de “top-down” (effets du 3ème niveau trophique sur le second). Le 1er niveau trophique, ce sont les producteurs primaires (végétaux, à savoir cultures, plantes de service plants, et les adventices); le 2ème niveau trophique ce sont les phytophages (ravageurs des cultures, mais aussi auxliaires comme les destructeurs d’adventices, les pollinisateurs et les détritivores) et les pathogènes (y compris les plantes parasites); le 3ème niveau trophique ce sont les prédateurs/parasitoïdes (ennemis naturels des ravageurs, mais aussi de certains auxiliaires comme mentionné auparavant) ; le 4ème niveau trophique, ce sont les ennemis naturels des ennemis naturels (hyper-prédateurs ou hyper-parasitoïdes). Les voies agroécologiques de régulation des populations et dégâts de bioagresseurs via la diversification végétale dans les agroécosystèmes peuvent être classées comme suit : 1) Diminution de l’inoculum et des populations infestantes du fait de l’absence de la plante-hôte, résultant en une rupture du cycle du pathogène/ravageur; 2) Détournement du ravageur via des stimuli visuels et olfactifs (ce qui recouvre les effets bottom-up stimulo-dissuasifs dits “push-pull”); 3) Effets allélopathiques telluriques; 4) Stimulation d’organismes telluriques antagonistes spécifiques de ravageurs ou pathogènes, ou induction de suppressivité générale suite à la modification de l’activité ou de la composition des communautés microbiennes du sol; 5) Résistance physiologique de la plante cultivée par l’amélioration de sa nutrition; 6) Conservation des ennemis naturels et effets top-down sur les ravageurs des cultures via les interactions trophiques; 7) direct and indirect effects linked with architectural traits of crop and service plants.
  5. L’exemple le plus emblématique d’application de ces principes, particulièrement du second groupe de processus que je viens de montrer, c’est le système « Push-pull » qui a été développé pour réguler les populations et dégâts du foreur des tiges de maïs et de sorgho Chilo partellus en Afrique orientale et australe, par les chercheurs de l’ICIPE et leurs partenaires. Le plus emblématique dans la mesure où c’est un système qui a été spécifiquement développé avec cette objectif, et pour les petits producteurs du Sud. Les principes de ce système de stimulo-dissuasion, consistent à repousser l’insecte ravageur de la culture par le biais de plantes répulsives (« push ») et à l’attirer en bordure de la parcelle cultivée par le biais de plantes pièges (« pull »). Ces principes de stimulo-dissuasion de type « bottom-up » peuvent aussi s’appliquer aux auxiliaires et se traduire par des effets top-down.
  6. Toujours au Niger, l’évaluation de plantes-pièges pour la gestion agroécologique des ravageurs du gombo, un légume-fruit traditionnel au Niger, a été conduite à la station INRAN de Konni de 2008 à 2010. En 2009, on a évalué cette plante dans un dispositif géré par un groupement de femmes à Sadoré-village. L’exemple le plus emblématique d’application de ces principes, particulièrement du second groupe de processus que je viens de montrer, c’est le système « Push-pull » qui a été développé pour réguler les populations et dégâts du foreur des tiges de maïs et de sorgho Chilo partellus en Afrique orientale et australe, par les chercheurs de l’ICIPE et leurs partenaires. Le plus emblématique dans la mesure où c’est un système qui a été spécifiquement développé avec cette objectif, et pour les petits producteurs du Sud. Les principes de ce système de stimulo-dissuasion, consistent à repousser l’insecte ravageur de la culture par le biais de plantes répulsives (« push ») et à l’attirer en bordure de la parcelle cultivée par le biais de plantes pièges (« pull »). Ces principes de stimulo-dissuasion de type « bottom-up » peuvent aussi s’appliquer aux auxiliaires et se traduire par des effets top-down.
  7. Notre stratégie de conception de SDC pour arriver à des systèmes innovants agroécologiques: l’intensification des processus écologiques En augmentant la diversité biologique et en améliorant les fonctions écologiques de l’agrosystème et la disponibilité des nutriments Par une approche globale, intégrative et multicritère sur différentes fonctions (production, protection env, durabilité, viabilité, ..;) de la parcelle à l’exploitation dans un premier temps
  8. À quelle échelle spatiale : deux échelles privilégiées (chacune en lien avec l’exploitation agricole) Territoire rassemblant une diversité d’E.A dans un contexte agro-pédo-climatique et socio-économique (politique, juridique…) Parcelle : unité de gestion par l’agriculteur + contexte agro-pédo-climatique
  9. For instance, Tixier et al. (2006) developed a model predicting nematode population dynamics with variations in PSD (banana monoculture vs banana/sugarcane rotation) Hannunen (2005) found, by modelling pest movement, that finding a trap crop that the pest distinctly prefers over the crop is crucial for developing efficient trap crop systems.