Submarines have evolved greatly since their invention in the 16th century. Early submarines were powered by oarsmen but eventually adopted steam and diesel engines. During World War 1 and 2, German U-boats effectively attacked Allied ships using torpedoes. The 1954 launch of the USS Nautilus marked the start of the nuclear era, allowing submarines to stay submerged for months. Modern submarines use sonar and periscopes for navigation and can launch advanced torpedoes or missiles from great distances. Life onboard is confined with crews enduring cramped quarters and months cut off from the outside world.

1. Submarines The Mechanical Monsters of the Deep

2. The History

3. History In 1580 – First published description of how a submarine could work, by a Englishman, William Bourne In 1623 – The first working submarine was made and was powered by 12 oarsmen. It was first tested in the River Thames In 1776 - David Bushnell built the first submarine to actually make an attack on an enemy warship. It, called the "Turtle" because it looked like a sea-turtle floating in the water. It was operated by Sergeant Ezra Lee. This a sketch of the Turtle 1862 –The "Alligator" was the first submarine in the U. S. Navy

4. History In 1885, “Nordenfeldt I” was launched, a steam powered submarine with an external torpedo tube In 1900, Britain navy had theuse of 5 submarines. However, many thought the use of these machines to be “underhand, unfair and un-English”. In 1906, the first German “u-boat” was launched

5. The rise off World War 1 In the first world war submarines began to be recognised as lethal. Submarines were a recent invention but they were advanced nevertheless. German U Boats were the first truly effective submarines. They wrecked havoc on British and Allied warships and shipping. This is the final German U-Boat

6. World War 2 1939 – 1945-When the Second World War broke out submarines were used often. Italy joined Germany in June, bringing 105 submarines to the Mediterranean theatre. Luckily they did not have much impact.In August 1941, U-570 became the first and the only submarine ever captured by an aircraft; under attack, she was forced to the surface and surrendered. An escort ship soon arrived and took over. U-570 was thus transferred to the Royal navy, where, re-designated as "Graph.” 1935 the first of a new series, U-1, entered service and there was soon 16 u-boats in service

7. After World War 2 The first Type XXI, U-2511, left Hamburg on war patrol; when she returned home to surrender, 30 Type XXI were in shakedown and training, 121 were in the water and another 1000 were under construction or on order. 1953 The next generation sub-launched missile was "Regulus I," able to carry a 3,000 pound nuclear warhead for five hundred miles. A German XXI 1945-The Japanese launched a massive building program of suicide and midget submarines. Here, eighty-four midgets, of four different designs, are huddled in dry-dock.

8. Entering the nuclear Era 1954-The first nuclear-powered submarine went to sea: 3,674-ton "Nautilus." Its Surface speed 18 knots, 23 knots submerged. On her shakedown cruise, she steamed 1,381 miles from New London to San Juan, Puerto Rico – submerged all the way at an average speed of 15 knots. A nuclear sub called "Seawolf." Before nuclear power was brought into the world subs were inefficient and costly to run. A nuclear submarine basically runs on a nuclear reactor. This allows the ship to travel very fast and very far. But it comes at a great danger. The first nuclear sun , “The Nautilus"

9. Submersibles

10. Submersibles A submersible is a submarine that is mainly used for exploration and can only go a limited depth under water or will be crushed by the force of water pressure

11. How a Submarine Works

13. The sub dives by filling its ballast tanks full of water and the weight pulls the sub down. Dive DiveDive!

14. How Submarines See Submarines generally don’t have windows to look out of Instead, they are piloted with the use of Sonar (sound navigation and ranging) A pulse of sound is sent out from the submarine If there is an object in the way, the sound waves are reflected back to the submarine – the time taken for the pulse to return to the submarine is used to calculate the distance to the object.

15. Periscope A periscope is on nearly every submarine. Using a series of mirrors, it allows submarines to see things above water so they do not have to rise to the surface.

16. Torpedoes Around the year 1900 submarines started using Torpedoes. But they weren’t very effective. Once a torpedo was fired from a sub but it curved round and hit the sub that fired it. Now subs have much more advanced systems and torpedoes hardly ever miss let alone hit the sub that fired it.

17. What a torpedo can do to a ship

18. Life on a Submarine

19. Life on a Submarine Life on a submarine is actually quite dull: Very cramped living conditions No windows, no fresh air Underwater for sometimes months at a time

20. The Facts Fact

21. Typoon

22. Vanguard class submarine

23. The Virginia

24. Foxtrot class submarine

25. Any Questions