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Open-Field Soilless Culture of Vegetables1
George Hochmuth and Robert Hochmuth2
1. This document is one of a series of Department of Horticultural Sciences, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural
Sciences, University of Florida. Publication date: January 1996. Updated: January 2003. Please visit the EDIS Web site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.
2. George J. Hochmuth, professor and center director, North Florida Research and Education Center, and Robert C. Hochmuth, multi county extension agent,
North Florida Research and Education Center - Suwannee Valley, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainesville, FL 32611
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer authorized to provide research, educational
information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function without regard to race, color, sex, age, handicap, or national origin.
For information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension Service office. Florida Cooperative
Extension Service/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences/University of Florida/Christine Taylor Waddill, Dean.
The Need for Alternative Crop
Production Systems
Commercial vegetable production is very
expensive involving many costly inputs. One of
these inputs is suitable land, which is becoming
scarce, particularly in urbanizing areas around the
country. Intensive vegetable production in many
areas is being practiced on the same land without
regular rotation. Soil fumigants, such as methyl
bromide, have provided for continuous vegetable
culture in the same fields because these fumigants rid
the soil of a broad spectrum of crop pests, including
nematodes, insects, weeds, and disease organisms.
The combination of polyethylene mulch, drip
irrigation, and soil fumigation have provided very
efficient, profitable, and safe production of
high-quality vegetables around the world (Figure 1).
Recently, certain pesticides have been removed from
the market and the popular methyl bromide soil
fumigant will be phased out by 2005. With the loss of
methyl bromide, vegetable growers will find it more
difficult to eradicate certain soil-borne pests and
weeds for successful vegetable production.
Figure 1. Raised-beds with methyl bromide fumigation and
polyethylene mulch has been a standard vegetable
production system in Florida.
Soilless Culture as an Alternative
System
Researchers have been evaluating new chemicals
and re-evaluating older chemicals to replace methyl
bromide. Results from most studies show there is
currently no highly suitable, easy, and inexpensive
chemical replacement for methyl bromide. For
certain crops, special combinations of soil pesticides
and herbicides might function as a suitable
replacement in selected production systems. For
some vegetables, e.g., those produced on relatively
small acres or having few pesticides labeled,
Open-Field Soilless Culture of Vegetables 2
continued soil-based production will be challenged
(Figure 2). Although many potential chemical
alternatives to methyl bromide have been evaluated,
the options appear to be limited. Soilless culture,
such as used in greenhouses (Figure 3) might be a
very good alternative to soil-based culture, especially
for situations where suitable chemical soil treatments
do not exist. In this article, we describe our
experiences with soilless culture of vegetables in the
open field.
Figure 2. Fields with nutgrass will be a challenge for
developing alternative fumigation systems to replace
methyl bromide.
Figure 3. Greenhouse with tomatoes growing in soilless
media.
Soilless culture as a crop production system has
been used around the world for centuries and is
currently relied on heavily in greenhouse vegetable
production in Europe, United States, the Middle East,
Japan, Canada, among other countries. Many of
these soilless systems are referred to as hydroponic
culture. Soilless culture is used in greenhouse
cultural systems because crop culture is practiced
continually in the same site without fumigation. In
many areas around the world, greenhouses are sited
on native soil that is unsuitable for plant growth.
Finally, soilless culture is being more widely
practiced because soil fumigation is becoming less
practical and more expensive. Greenhouse growers
have had many years to adopt soilless culture for
vegetable production and many soilless systems have
been developed. Early systems relied on naturally
available sand, gravel, volcanic rock, or various
mixtures of these materials. Nutrient-film systems,
involving producing crops in recirculating nutrient
solutions, have been used for many years. Modern
systems employ manufactured media such as
rockwool, perlite, expanded clay, and other materials
in plastic containers or plastic wrapping. Certain
organic products, such as pine bark, coconut coir, rice
hulls, composted plant materials, etc., also are used
successfully for greenhouse culture of vegetables.
Many of these soilless media systems can be adapted
for open-field use, a project we have been working on
for several years in Florida.
The Outdoor Lay-flat Bag Soilless
System
We have focused much of our effort on the
lay-flat perlite bag soilless system (Figure 4 & Figure
5). Soilless systems are particularly adapted to small
farms producing a variety of crops, but also can be
used by growers producing crops in large fields. The
following is an outline of important aspects of
successful open-field soilless production of
vegetables.
Figure 4. Short lay-flat bags filled with perlite in use for
outdoor strawberry production.
Open-Field Soilless Culture of Vegetables 3
Figure 5. Long lay-flat bags filled with perlite in use for
outdoor pepper production.
Field Site
Soilless culture can be practiced on any field site
on the farm, but when possible, growers should chose
areas free of weeds such as nutsedge and areas least
likely to flood (Figure 6). We have found it
preferable to place the soilless bags on
polyethylene-mulched raised beds in the field (Figure
7). Raised beds place the bags above the soil
reducing the chances for soil contamination of the
media and increases air movement and water
drainage. An alternative for small production units is
to place nursery ground cloth on the ground
underneath the bags (Figure 8 & Figure 9).
Figure 6. Level, sandy field, with minimal perennial weed
problems is ideal for outdoor soilless culture on
polyethylene mulched beds.
Figure 7. Long, perlite-filled lay-flat bags placed on
polyethylene mulched beds in a field, with drip irrigation
tube laid on top of the bag.
Figure 8. Using black nursery cloth on which to place
perlite-filled lay-flat bags for strawberries.
Figure 9. Large-scale strawberry production in perlite-filled
bags placed on black nursery cloth.
Irrigation and Nutrient Delivery
System
Nutrients and water are delivered to the crop
using similar methods as those used in the
greenhouse, including polyethylene delivery tubing
and micro-irrigation emitters, delivering nutrient
solution to each plant. This system is very expensive
to install, but can be used for many years. We have
been working to adapt the standard drip irrigation
tubing for use in this soilless system. We have found
Open-Field Soilless Culture of Vegetables 4
that the drip irrigation tubing can be placed on top of
the bags so the nutrient solution drips into the plant
holes in the bags (Figure 7). Also, the drip tubing can
be threaded into the bags at the time the bags are
placed in the field. For some crops, with vigorous
root systems (tomatoes), we have found that it is
preferable to place the tubing on top of the bags. If
the tubing is placed inside the bags, tomato roots can
grow into the tubing emitters causing clogging. A
depression should be made in the surface of the bags
so the drip tape stays in place and also to help keep
nutrient solution from draining off the surface of the
bag to the ground. When laying the tubing on the
surface of the bags, some system should be
employed, such as tape or wire or plastic hooks, to
hold the tubing in place. In addition, we have found
that it helps to punch extra holes in the bag top to
facilitate water entrance to the media. Drainage slits
should be placed in the bottom side of the bags after
the perlite has been wetted, so excess water can be
drained from the media, to prevent root flooding.
Bag Size, Placement, and Spacing
Bags containing perlite, or other suitable media,
can be of any size, with size depending on the
preference of the grower. The bags can be filled by
the grower or can be purchased pre-filled. Typically,
in greenhouse culture, the bags are 3 feet in length
and about 15 inches in circumference, each holding
about 0.5 cubic feet of media. This same bag can be
used outdoors. An option is a longer bag (maybe a
continuous bag) that is filled as it is placed in the
field (Figure 10). Soilless bags can be placed on the
raised bed in single-row fashion for crops such as
tomato or melon, or can be placed in twin-row
fashion for crops such as pepper, herbs, or
cut-flowers. We employ about 12 inches between the
bags in the twin-row system and the plant spacing
down the row should be that typically used for field
culture. Bags are typically made from co-extruded
polyethylene with white on the outside and black in
the inside. This color arrangement is good for crop
production in the southern part of the country or for
fall production anywhere. For crops growing in
cooler seasons, it might be preferred to have black
bags that warm up faster. White latex paint can be
sprayed on the bags, and on the black plastic mulch
on the raised beds, to create cooler conditions for fall
season.
Figure 10. Continuous-filled perlite bags for commercial
strawberry production.
Fertilization
Crops grown in this outdoor soilless system are
fertilized with nutrient solutions similar to the
approach used in greenhouse systems. Nutrient
solution recipes are available from extension
workers. The nutrient solution recipes we have been
using in our research are published in our Website
(http://nfrec-sv.ifas.ufl.edu). Care needs to be
exercised so excess solution draining from the bags
does not contain large amounts of nutrients, especially
nitrogen. Growing crops in soilless culture with
nutrients delivered in this fashion when the crop
needs them is a very efficient system and leads to
reduced waste and loss of fertilizers. Growing turf in
the row middle areas would help use any nutrients
draining from the bags. Fertilization and nutrient
management in soilless systems is a critical part of
success and it requires time and careful attention to
detail.
Double-Cropping
We have used the soilless system for continual
cropping using the same bags, media, and irrigation
system. The media can be used for several crops and
the best approach is to grow dissimilar crops in
succession, for example melons or squash after
tomato or pepper. Cool-season crops such as broccoli
can be grown in the same bags used for spring or
summer melons.
Open-Field Soilless Culture of Vegetables 5
Crop Production
We have had considerable success growing
many vegetables in outdoor soilless culture.
Production of strawberry has been increased by 50%
on a field area basis compared to standard soil-based
field production (Figure 11). The yield increase
comes from the capability of placing more plants per
unit area with the soilless system. Tomato and pepper
production is increased with the soilless system,
largely because of increases in numbers of
extra-large fruits (Figure 12 & Figure 13). The
pepper fruit quality has been improved with soilless
culture due to thicker fruit walls, probably related to
better nutrient management with the soilless system.
Nutritional post-harvest quality parameters of soil
and soilless based fruits have been similar for tomato
and pepper. Other crops that have performed well in
outdoor soilless culture include squash, cucumber,
and onion (Figure 14).
Figure 11. Strawberry production in perlite-filled lay-flat
bags.
Figure 12. Tomato production in outdoor soilless culture.
Figure 13. Pepper production in outdoor soilless culture.
Figure 14. Sweet onion production in perlite-filled lay-flat
bags.
Economic Considerations
Any soilless culture system will involve
increased costs for installation in the field, mostly
involving the soilless media, installation labor, and
the irrigation system. We are evaluating the
economics resulting from our work with the crop
production, but it is clear that soilless culture will be
most adaptable for high-value crops and for systems
where increased income can result from improved
fruit quality. Outdoor soilless culture is easily
adapted by the small farmer producing a variety of
crops, especially for direct-marketing.

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Soilless in florida

  • 1. HS940 Open-Field Soilless Culture of Vegetables1 George Hochmuth and Robert Hochmuth2 1. This document is one of a series of Department of Horticultural Sciences, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Publication date: January 1996. Updated: January 2003. Please visit the EDIS Web site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 2. George J. Hochmuth, professor and center director, North Florida Research and Education Center, and Robert C. Hochmuth, multi county extension agent, North Florida Research and Education Center - Suwannee Valley, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainesville, FL 32611 The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function without regard to race, color, sex, age, handicap, or national origin. For information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension Service office. Florida Cooperative Extension Service/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences/University of Florida/Christine Taylor Waddill, Dean. The Need for Alternative Crop Production Systems Commercial vegetable production is very expensive involving many costly inputs. One of these inputs is suitable land, which is becoming scarce, particularly in urbanizing areas around the country. Intensive vegetable production in many areas is being practiced on the same land without regular rotation. Soil fumigants, such as methyl bromide, have provided for continuous vegetable culture in the same fields because these fumigants rid the soil of a broad spectrum of crop pests, including nematodes, insects, weeds, and disease organisms. The combination of polyethylene mulch, drip irrigation, and soil fumigation have provided very efficient, profitable, and safe production of high-quality vegetables around the world (Figure 1). Recently, certain pesticides have been removed from the market and the popular methyl bromide soil fumigant will be phased out by 2005. With the loss of methyl bromide, vegetable growers will find it more difficult to eradicate certain soil-borne pests and weeds for successful vegetable production. Figure 1. Raised-beds with methyl bromide fumigation and polyethylene mulch has been a standard vegetable production system in Florida. Soilless Culture as an Alternative System Researchers have been evaluating new chemicals and re-evaluating older chemicals to replace methyl bromide. Results from most studies show there is currently no highly suitable, easy, and inexpensive chemical replacement for methyl bromide. For certain crops, special combinations of soil pesticides and herbicides might function as a suitable replacement in selected production systems. For some vegetables, e.g., those produced on relatively small acres or having few pesticides labeled,
  • 2. Open-Field Soilless Culture of Vegetables 2 continued soil-based production will be challenged (Figure 2). Although many potential chemical alternatives to methyl bromide have been evaluated, the options appear to be limited. Soilless culture, such as used in greenhouses (Figure 3) might be a very good alternative to soil-based culture, especially for situations where suitable chemical soil treatments do not exist. In this article, we describe our experiences with soilless culture of vegetables in the open field. Figure 2. Fields with nutgrass will be a challenge for developing alternative fumigation systems to replace methyl bromide. Figure 3. Greenhouse with tomatoes growing in soilless media. Soilless culture as a crop production system has been used around the world for centuries and is currently relied on heavily in greenhouse vegetable production in Europe, United States, the Middle East, Japan, Canada, among other countries. Many of these soilless systems are referred to as hydroponic culture. Soilless culture is used in greenhouse cultural systems because crop culture is practiced continually in the same site without fumigation. In many areas around the world, greenhouses are sited on native soil that is unsuitable for plant growth. Finally, soilless culture is being more widely practiced because soil fumigation is becoming less practical and more expensive. Greenhouse growers have had many years to adopt soilless culture for vegetable production and many soilless systems have been developed. Early systems relied on naturally available sand, gravel, volcanic rock, or various mixtures of these materials. Nutrient-film systems, involving producing crops in recirculating nutrient solutions, have been used for many years. Modern systems employ manufactured media such as rockwool, perlite, expanded clay, and other materials in plastic containers or plastic wrapping. Certain organic products, such as pine bark, coconut coir, rice hulls, composted plant materials, etc., also are used successfully for greenhouse culture of vegetables. Many of these soilless media systems can be adapted for open-field use, a project we have been working on for several years in Florida. The Outdoor Lay-flat Bag Soilless System We have focused much of our effort on the lay-flat perlite bag soilless system (Figure 4 & Figure 5). Soilless systems are particularly adapted to small farms producing a variety of crops, but also can be used by growers producing crops in large fields. The following is an outline of important aspects of successful open-field soilless production of vegetables. Figure 4. Short lay-flat bags filled with perlite in use for outdoor strawberry production.
  • 3. Open-Field Soilless Culture of Vegetables 3 Figure 5. Long lay-flat bags filled with perlite in use for outdoor pepper production. Field Site Soilless culture can be practiced on any field site on the farm, but when possible, growers should chose areas free of weeds such as nutsedge and areas least likely to flood (Figure 6). We have found it preferable to place the soilless bags on polyethylene-mulched raised beds in the field (Figure 7). Raised beds place the bags above the soil reducing the chances for soil contamination of the media and increases air movement and water drainage. An alternative for small production units is to place nursery ground cloth on the ground underneath the bags (Figure 8 & Figure 9). Figure 6. Level, sandy field, with minimal perennial weed problems is ideal for outdoor soilless culture on polyethylene mulched beds. Figure 7. Long, perlite-filled lay-flat bags placed on polyethylene mulched beds in a field, with drip irrigation tube laid on top of the bag. Figure 8. Using black nursery cloth on which to place perlite-filled lay-flat bags for strawberries. Figure 9. Large-scale strawberry production in perlite-filled bags placed on black nursery cloth. Irrigation and Nutrient Delivery System Nutrients and water are delivered to the crop using similar methods as those used in the greenhouse, including polyethylene delivery tubing and micro-irrigation emitters, delivering nutrient solution to each plant. This system is very expensive to install, but can be used for many years. We have been working to adapt the standard drip irrigation tubing for use in this soilless system. We have found
  • 4. Open-Field Soilless Culture of Vegetables 4 that the drip irrigation tubing can be placed on top of the bags so the nutrient solution drips into the plant holes in the bags (Figure 7). Also, the drip tubing can be threaded into the bags at the time the bags are placed in the field. For some crops, with vigorous root systems (tomatoes), we have found that it is preferable to place the tubing on top of the bags. If the tubing is placed inside the bags, tomato roots can grow into the tubing emitters causing clogging. A depression should be made in the surface of the bags so the drip tape stays in place and also to help keep nutrient solution from draining off the surface of the bag to the ground. When laying the tubing on the surface of the bags, some system should be employed, such as tape or wire or plastic hooks, to hold the tubing in place. In addition, we have found that it helps to punch extra holes in the bag top to facilitate water entrance to the media. Drainage slits should be placed in the bottom side of the bags after the perlite has been wetted, so excess water can be drained from the media, to prevent root flooding. Bag Size, Placement, and Spacing Bags containing perlite, or other suitable media, can be of any size, with size depending on the preference of the grower. The bags can be filled by the grower or can be purchased pre-filled. Typically, in greenhouse culture, the bags are 3 feet in length and about 15 inches in circumference, each holding about 0.5 cubic feet of media. This same bag can be used outdoors. An option is a longer bag (maybe a continuous bag) that is filled as it is placed in the field (Figure 10). Soilless bags can be placed on the raised bed in single-row fashion for crops such as tomato or melon, or can be placed in twin-row fashion for crops such as pepper, herbs, or cut-flowers. We employ about 12 inches between the bags in the twin-row system and the plant spacing down the row should be that typically used for field culture. Bags are typically made from co-extruded polyethylene with white on the outside and black in the inside. This color arrangement is good for crop production in the southern part of the country or for fall production anywhere. For crops growing in cooler seasons, it might be preferred to have black bags that warm up faster. White latex paint can be sprayed on the bags, and on the black plastic mulch on the raised beds, to create cooler conditions for fall season. Figure 10. Continuous-filled perlite bags for commercial strawberry production. Fertilization Crops grown in this outdoor soilless system are fertilized with nutrient solutions similar to the approach used in greenhouse systems. Nutrient solution recipes are available from extension workers. The nutrient solution recipes we have been using in our research are published in our Website (http://nfrec-sv.ifas.ufl.edu). Care needs to be exercised so excess solution draining from the bags does not contain large amounts of nutrients, especially nitrogen. Growing crops in soilless culture with nutrients delivered in this fashion when the crop needs them is a very efficient system and leads to reduced waste and loss of fertilizers. Growing turf in the row middle areas would help use any nutrients draining from the bags. Fertilization and nutrient management in soilless systems is a critical part of success and it requires time and careful attention to detail. Double-Cropping We have used the soilless system for continual cropping using the same bags, media, and irrigation system. The media can be used for several crops and the best approach is to grow dissimilar crops in succession, for example melons or squash after tomato or pepper. Cool-season crops such as broccoli can be grown in the same bags used for spring or summer melons.
  • 5. Open-Field Soilless Culture of Vegetables 5 Crop Production We have had considerable success growing many vegetables in outdoor soilless culture. Production of strawberry has been increased by 50% on a field area basis compared to standard soil-based field production (Figure 11). The yield increase comes from the capability of placing more plants per unit area with the soilless system. Tomato and pepper production is increased with the soilless system, largely because of increases in numbers of extra-large fruits (Figure 12 & Figure 13). The pepper fruit quality has been improved with soilless culture due to thicker fruit walls, probably related to better nutrient management with the soilless system. Nutritional post-harvest quality parameters of soil and soilless based fruits have been similar for tomato and pepper. Other crops that have performed well in outdoor soilless culture include squash, cucumber, and onion (Figure 14). Figure 11. Strawberry production in perlite-filled lay-flat bags. Figure 12. Tomato production in outdoor soilless culture. Figure 13. Pepper production in outdoor soilless culture. Figure 14. Sweet onion production in perlite-filled lay-flat bags. Economic Considerations Any soilless culture system will involve increased costs for installation in the field, mostly involving the soilless media, installation labor, and the irrigation system. We are evaluating the economics resulting from our work with the crop production, but it is clear that soilless culture will be most adaptable for high-value crops and for systems where increased income can result from improved fruit quality. Outdoor soilless culture is easily adapted by the small farmer producing a variety of crops, especially for direct-marketing.