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Legal interoperability
     making open (government) data
compatible with businesses and communities


                 Global Interoperability and Linked Data in Libraries
                       Aula Magna dell'Univeristà di Firenze
                                 June 18-19, 2012




                                                                       federico.morando@gmail.com

                        Nexa Center for Internet & Society, Politecnico di Torino – DAUIN ()
LAPSI - The European Thematic Network on Legal Aspects of PSI (http://www.lapsi-project.eu/)

      these slides available under a CC0 license/waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
legal interoperability

possibility of (legally) mixing data coming from
different sources (e.g. government data, UGC,
                  corporate data)
agenda
1) © law → open data need “licenses”
2) (hence) legal interoperability (is an issue)
3) focus on various licenses
4) implications
  1) (for license stewards)
  2) for license users
5) conclusion
the legal background


“copyright” default rule = all rights reserved
    (“copyright” in a broad sense: ≈ droit d'auteur &
       including sui generis database right, etc.)
the legal background


  “copyright” default rule = all rights reserved
       (“copyright” in a broad sense: ≈ droit d'auteur &
          including sui generis database right, etc.)

(without a clear statement → locked data or legal uncertainty)
the legal background


  “copyright” default rule = all rights reserved
       (“copyright” in a broad sense: ≈ droit d'auteur &
          including sui generis database right, etc.)

(without a clear statement → locked data or legal uncertainty)

            open data → open “license”
          (including dedications, waivers or notices
             e.g. CC0 or the PublicDomainMark)
so, to avoid prohibitive transaction costs,
we have to deal with “copyright” licenses
so, to avoid prohibitive transaction costs,
  we have to deal with “copyright” licenses


a common problem without a general solution
     → many different licensing tools
(data) licensing landscape
●   (FLOSS licenses used for data)
●   Creative Commons Licenses
    ●   standard general purpose CC licenses
         –    BY; (SA); [NC]; {ND}
         –    3.0 EU licenses (waiving sui generis database right)
                                                                               used by/
    ●


    ●
        CC0 waiver (with fallback clauses → broad license)
        Public Domain Mark (notice of PD status)
                                                                           {   developed with
                                                                               Europeana
●   Open Data Commons Licenses
    ●   for (open) data only
         –    PD dedication (with license fallback), BY or SA (first to be produced, targeting communities)
●   National (open government) data licenses
    ●   UK: OGL (BY +)
    ●   FR: License Ouverte (BY +)
    ●   IT: IODL (beta ver.: BY-SA-NC +; 1.0: BY-SA +; 2.0: BY +)
    ●   ...
the “+”s: national licenses &
               standard worries
●   UK OGL, Italian Open Data License (IODL),
    etc.
    ●   ensure [or “take all reasonable steps so”] that you
        do not use the Information in a way that suggests
        any official status...
    ●   ensure that you do not mislead others or
        misrepresent the Information or its source...
    ●   ensure that your use of the Information does not
        breach the Data Protection Act...
License Ouverte &
                     privacy concerns
●   the French LO adopts an interesting solution about
    several “standard worries”
●   section “About the Open Licence” at the end of the
    document
    ●   description of relevant “facts” (instead of clauses)
        –   Information which contains personal data is not considered to
            be public sector information re-usable under the terms of
            French Law – except where persons on which data is collected
            have agreed to its reuse, where this data has been rendered
            anonymous by the public sector bodies, or where a legal or
            statutory provision permits its re-use (in these three cases, re-
            use is subject to compliance with French privacy protection
            legislation).
Non-Commercial reminder
●   (luckily) this is an “endangered clause” in the PSI domain
    ●   yet, the NC debate characterizes the first phases of
        most “re-use friendly” initiatives
●   de facto, the NC licenses are only compatible with other
    NC licenses
●   always remind (to your institution) some basic things
    ●   Non-Commercial → no (standard) business models
    ●   NC also → no (open) communities
         –   impossible to re-use for non-profit groups including
             Wikimedia/Wikipedia, OpenStreetMap, etc.
●   oversimplifying: Non-Commercial → NO Wikipedia (DBpedia)
various approaches
                 to interoperability
●   OGL FAQs
    ●   information can be mixed and re-purposed easily with
        other licence models requiring attribution in that the
        terms of the Open Government Licence should
        not present any barriers
●   LO
    ●   interoperability clause in the main text
●   IODL
    ●   1.0 (SA): interoperability clause in the main text
    ●   2.0 (BY): OGL-like solution (FAQs)
a view on
    license interoperability complexity
●   preliminary attempt
    ●   given the original license
        –   on the lines
    ●   can I use a given standard license for a “derivative” work/DB?
        –   on the columns
zooming on
license interoperability complexity
universal donors
universal donors
universal donors
●   Creative Commons Zero (CC0)
●   Public Domain Dedication or License (PDDL)
●   tagging of public domain content with the PDMark
the problem
●   you may have different interpretations
    ●   several issues have been oversimplified
        –   including the licensed rights!
             ●   copyright vs. sui generis
             ●   database vs. content (“data”)
the problem
●   you may have different interpretations
    ●   several issues have been oversimplified
        –   including the licensed rights!
             ●   copyright vs. sui generis
             ●   database vs. content (“data”)




            this is the best proof of existence of a
                        serious problem!
it's not just a matter of theoretical compatibility

it doesn't matter if some legal scholars could
    argue that mixing data may be possible

     re-users need to clearly understand
         what they can (or cannot) do
some implications
                    for license stewards
●   beware of license vanity
●   work to merge share-alike licenses (or make them compatible)
    ●   don't create new ones!
●   you may facilitate (©)interoperability if you address non-©
    worries with other tools
    ●   standard © licenses do not cover non-© aspects (e.g. privacy)
         –   notices satisfying any taste (e.g. privacy notices)
         –   soft law could substitute some stupid disclaimers
●   if you advise a (public sector) information holder
    ●   don't produce a custom license, but a custom licensing framework
         –   using standard © license (e.g. New Zealand: NZGOAL framework)
some implications
               for license users
●   Public Domain (CC0) → actual interoperability
●   CC BY → reasonable attribution
          → decent interoperability
some implications
               for license users
●   Public Domain (CC0) → actual interoperability
●   CC BY → reasonable attribution
          → decent interoperability
●   Share-Alike licenses
some implications
               for license users
●   Public Domain (CC0) → actual interoperability
●   CC BY → reasonable attribution
          → decent interoperability
●   Share-Alike licenses


              problems        uncertainty
some implications
               for license users
●   Public Domain (CC0) → actual interoperability
●   CC BY → reasonable attribution
          → decent interoperability
●   Share-Alike licenses


              problems        uncertainty


                                lawyers
some implications
               for license users
●   Public Domain (CC0) → actual interoperability
●   CC BY → reasonable attribution
          → decent interoperability
●   Share-Alike licenses


              problems           uncertainty


                           ;-)    lawyers
conclusion (hope)
●   it's a learning process
    ●   e.g. FLOSS
        –   ¼ Century to achive (decent) interoperability
        –   Mike Linksvayer (CC):
             ●   FLOSS: discovery concerning what works for field - Early confusion on libre vs gratis -
                 Early non-commercial licenses, including first release of Linux kernel
             ●   Now, people who put first freedom (e.g., Stallman), development (e.g., Torvalds), and
                 profit (corporations) ~ agree on what free/open means
                   – Amazing!

●   in the mid/long run
    ●   legal interoperability could be achieved thorough the evolution of legal
        frameworks in order to harmonize the landscape of Government Data
●   in the short term
    ●   you have to adopt a copyright “license”
    ●   Creative Commons Zero (CC0) or similar “public domain” tools are the
        easiest and more complete “solution” to license interoperability

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Linked Heritage - Legal Interoperability

  • 1. Legal interoperability making open (government) data compatible with businesses and communities Global Interoperability and Linked Data in Libraries Aula Magna dell'Univeristà di Firenze June 18-19, 2012 federico.morando@gmail.com Nexa Center for Internet & Society, Politecnico di Torino – DAUIN () LAPSI - The European Thematic Network on Legal Aspects of PSI (http://www.lapsi-project.eu/) these slides available under a CC0 license/waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
  • 2. legal interoperability possibility of (legally) mixing data coming from different sources (e.g. government data, UGC, corporate data)
  • 3. agenda 1) © law → open data need “licenses” 2) (hence) legal interoperability (is an issue) 3) focus on various licenses 4) implications 1) (for license stewards) 2) for license users 5) conclusion
  • 4. the legal background “copyright” default rule = all rights reserved (“copyright” in a broad sense: ≈ droit d'auteur & including sui generis database right, etc.)
  • 5. the legal background “copyright” default rule = all rights reserved (“copyright” in a broad sense: ≈ droit d'auteur & including sui generis database right, etc.) (without a clear statement → locked data or legal uncertainty)
  • 6. the legal background “copyright” default rule = all rights reserved (“copyright” in a broad sense: ≈ droit d'auteur & including sui generis database right, etc.) (without a clear statement → locked data or legal uncertainty) open data → open “license” (including dedications, waivers or notices e.g. CC0 or the PublicDomainMark)
  • 7. so, to avoid prohibitive transaction costs, we have to deal with “copyright” licenses
  • 8. so, to avoid prohibitive transaction costs, we have to deal with “copyright” licenses a common problem without a general solution → many different licensing tools
  • 9. (data) licensing landscape ● (FLOSS licenses used for data) ● Creative Commons Licenses ● standard general purpose CC licenses – BY; (SA); [NC]; {ND} – 3.0 EU licenses (waiving sui generis database right) used by/ ● ● CC0 waiver (with fallback clauses → broad license) Public Domain Mark (notice of PD status) { developed with Europeana ● Open Data Commons Licenses ● for (open) data only – PD dedication (with license fallback), BY or SA (first to be produced, targeting communities) ● National (open government) data licenses ● UK: OGL (BY +) ● FR: License Ouverte (BY +) ● IT: IODL (beta ver.: BY-SA-NC +; 1.0: BY-SA +; 2.0: BY +) ● ...
  • 10. the “+”s: national licenses & standard worries ● UK OGL, Italian Open Data License (IODL), etc. ● ensure [or “take all reasonable steps so”] that you do not use the Information in a way that suggests any official status... ● ensure that you do not mislead others or misrepresent the Information or its source... ● ensure that your use of the Information does not breach the Data Protection Act...
  • 11. License Ouverte & privacy concerns ● the French LO adopts an interesting solution about several “standard worries” ● section “About the Open Licence” at the end of the document ● description of relevant “facts” (instead of clauses) – Information which contains personal data is not considered to be public sector information re-usable under the terms of French Law – except where persons on which data is collected have agreed to its reuse, where this data has been rendered anonymous by the public sector bodies, or where a legal or statutory provision permits its re-use (in these three cases, re- use is subject to compliance with French privacy protection legislation).
  • 12. Non-Commercial reminder ● (luckily) this is an “endangered clause” in the PSI domain ● yet, the NC debate characterizes the first phases of most “re-use friendly” initiatives ● de facto, the NC licenses are only compatible with other NC licenses ● always remind (to your institution) some basic things ● Non-Commercial → no (standard) business models ● NC also → no (open) communities – impossible to re-use for non-profit groups including Wikimedia/Wikipedia, OpenStreetMap, etc. ● oversimplifying: Non-Commercial → NO Wikipedia (DBpedia)
  • 13. various approaches to interoperability ● OGL FAQs ● information can be mixed and re-purposed easily with other licence models requiring attribution in that the terms of the Open Government Licence should not present any barriers ● LO ● interoperability clause in the main text ● IODL ● 1.0 (SA): interoperability clause in the main text ● 2.0 (BY): OGL-like solution (FAQs)
  • 14. a view on license interoperability complexity ● preliminary attempt ● given the original license – on the lines ● can I use a given standard license for a “derivative” work/DB? – on the columns
  • 18. universal donors ● Creative Commons Zero (CC0) ● Public Domain Dedication or License (PDDL) ● tagging of public domain content with the PDMark
  • 19. the problem ● you may have different interpretations ● several issues have been oversimplified – including the licensed rights! ● copyright vs. sui generis ● database vs. content (“data”)
  • 20. the problem ● you may have different interpretations ● several issues have been oversimplified – including the licensed rights! ● copyright vs. sui generis ● database vs. content (“data”) this is the best proof of existence of a serious problem!
  • 21. it's not just a matter of theoretical compatibility it doesn't matter if some legal scholars could argue that mixing data may be possible re-users need to clearly understand what they can (or cannot) do
  • 22. some implications for license stewards ● beware of license vanity ● work to merge share-alike licenses (or make them compatible) ● don't create new ones! ● you may facilitate (©)interoperability if you address non-© worries with other tools ● standard © licenses do not cover non-© aspects (e.g. privacy) – notices satisfying any taste (e.g. privacy notices) – soft law could substitute some stupid disclaimers ● if you advise a (public sector) information holder ● don't produce a custom license, but a custom licensing framework – using standard © license (e.g. New Zealand: NZGOAL framework)
  • 23. some implications for license users ● Public Domain (CC0) → actual interoperability ● CC BY → reasonable attribution → decent interoperability
  • 24. some implications for license users ● Public Domain (CC0) → actual interoperability ● CC BY → reasonable attribution → decent interoperability ● Share-Alike licenses
  • 25. some implications for license users ● Public Domain (CC0) → actual interoperability ● CC BY → reasonable attribution → decent interoperability ● Share-Alike licenses problems uncertainty
  • 26. some implications for license users ● Public Domain (CC0) → actual interoperability ● CC BY → reasonable attribution → decent interoperability ● Share-Alike licenses problems uncertainty lawyers
  • 27. some implications for license users ● Public Domain (CC0) → actual interoperability ● CC BY → reasonable attribution → decent interoperability ● Share-Alike licenses problems uncertainty ;-) lawyers
  • 28. conclusion (hope) ● it's a learning process ● e.g. FLOSS – ¼ Century to achive (decent) interoperability – Mike Linksvayer (CC): ● FLOSS: discovery concerning what works for field - Early confusion on libre vs gratis - Early non-commercial licenses, including first release of Linux kernel ● Now, people who put first freedom (e.g., Stallman), development (e.g., Torvalds), and profit (corporations) ~ agree on what free/open means – Amazing! ● in the mid/long run ● legal interoperability could be achieved thorough the evolution of legal frameworks in order to harmonize the landscape of Government Data ● in the short term ● you have to adopt a copyright “license” ● Creative Commons Zero (CC0) or similar “public domain” tools are the easiest and more complete “solution” to license interoperability