1. CHILD LABOUR
Question: What are the key international regulations
governing the prohibition of child labour, do you think
they are successful?

2. Definations
• Child:
A child is someone under the age
of 18, entitled to the rights
proclaimed in the UN Convention on
the Rights of the Child including the
right to be protected from economic
exploitation.
• Child Labour: It means work
done by children under the age of
18. However some countries have
different views about the lawful
minimum age of employment.
Child Labour interferes with his or
her education, or to be harmful to
their health or physical, mental,
spiritual, moral or social
development. (Convention on the
Rights of the Child, Article 32.1)
The UN Convention on the Rights
of the Child (CRC) 2nd September
1990 All countries ratified, except
Somalia, 28 September 1992 – Irish
ratification

3. Types of Child Labour
Categorized by
workplace:
• Industries
• Hotels
• Restaurants
• Tourism
• Streets

4. Worst form of child Labour
These forms include:
• Child Trafficking: Transfer of child to another person in return of
consideration is called child trafficking.
• Child Prostitution and Pornography: Sometimes children are forced in
prostitution and pornography which create physical risk and diseases like
AIDS.
• Children used in Armed Conflict: Involvement in arm conflict is dangerous
for physical and mental growth.
• Other types of child labour are domestic slavery, hazardous child labour
etc.

5. Reasons of Child Labour:
Reasons
Poverty Family Breakdown Minority Group

6. Child Labour Around the World

7. Child Labour Ratio

8. Active Organizations
ILO (International
Labour Organization)
-ACTRAV
-IPEC
-ICFTU
-WCL
-LIRGIAD
-HIVA
-CLM
UNICEF (United
Nations International
Children’s Emergency
Fund)

9. International Regulations
• 1973 Minimum Age Convention 138: This establishes
the obligation for countries to work towards a minimum
age of 15 for legal employment.
• 1999 Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour
Convention 182: Governments are bound to pass child
labour preventing laws by ratifying convention 182.
• The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC):
convention gives children’s some rights such as:

10. CRC
• Article 19: Children will be
protected from all kind of Physical
or mental violence, injury or
abuse, negligence and
exploitation.
• Article 27: Right of adequate
living for Physical, mental, moral
and social development
• Article 28 and 29: Right to
education
• Article 31: Right to play
• Article 32: Right to be protected
from economic exploitation and
from performing hazardous work
• Article 38: Prohibited from being
recruited into arm forces or direct
participating in hostility.

11. Acts
• Coroners and Justice Act 2009: According to section
71, if a person holds someone in slavery or servitude or
force to perform compulsory labour then the maximum
punishment is 14 years imprisonment. The offence must
be interpreted in accordance with Article 4 of the
European Convention on Human Rights.
• Anti Slavery Day Act 2010 c.14:According to section1(2)
the purpose of this Act,to acknowledge that millions of
men, women and children continue to be victims of
slavery depriving them of basic human dignity, freedom
and raise awareness among people.
•

12. National legislations
• Child labour is largely found in Indian subcontinent,Acts
also enacted to prevent this.For example,Article 24 of
the Indian constitution states that "No child below the
age of 14 years shall be employed to work in any factory
or mine or employed in any hazardous employment.
• Child Labour(Prohibition and Regulation)Act 1986
(India) states that children under 14 could not be
employed in hazardous occupations.
• Labour Act 2006 (Bangladesh) sets the minimum age
for work to 14 years and 18 years for hazardous work.
Also, light work for children between the ages of 12 - 14
years is defined as non-hazardous work that does not
impede education.
•

13. Justification
• Convention 182 not
ratified by 11
countries.
• Failed to set up
objects
• Out of survey
• Ineffective laws
• Dishonest company
owners
• Poor infrastructure

14. Conclution
• Thomas A. Offit, children work because of poverty they
and their family face, itself a result of national and global
inequalities in distribution of wealth. While the developed
world tries to use legislations of eradicating child labour,
it is these same nations that, through their control of the
global economy, consign children to the bottom rung of
the ladder.

15. Bibliography
• Conventions & Acts:
• 1The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 2nd September 1990 All countries ratified, except 2 (Somalia & USA) 28
September 1992 – Irish ratification.
• 2.UN General Assembly, Convention on the Rights of the Child((adopted 20 November 1989,entered into force on 2 September 1990)
1577 UNTShttp://uk.oneworld.net/guides/childlabour accessed 27 October 2010
• 3.Coroners and Justice Act ,2009<http://www.justice.gov.uk/news/newsrelease250310c.htm>accessed 27 October 2010
• 4.Anti Slavery Day Act, 2010 c.14 https://login.westlaw.co.uk/maf/wluk/app/document?src=doc&linktype=ref&&context=8&crumb-
action=replace&docguid=I1438AB80461511DF8F7ED103420FF1FA accessed 27 October 2010
• Books:
• 1. Barnett. H, Constitutional and Administrative law(6th Edition, Cavendish 1995)500
• 2. Offit, T.A Conquistadores DE LA CALLE, Child Street Labour in Guatemala City (1st edition, University of Texas Press, USA 2008)
• Websites:
• .1.ILO, A Future without Child Labour, ILO, Geneva 2002, p45. p45.<http://www.unicef.org.uk/publications/pdf/ECECHILD2_A4.pdf+ILO,
+A+Future+without+Child+Labour,+ILO,
+Geneva+2002,+p45.&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjZJ9eENZcOppZDdEilel4de3TGHkJU9K2ptWkP0Xnwhn4P3A0fYiC2_x3eYH
fODz_zxj3XOdrI0ODDSeoiRYqJ3VZgLj-IlzI3TJvBe3fB1kdYYHMXJW81eBRYTEUKB8mFBUGl&sig=AHIEtbRXM1rmHM0HGGyyFOwY9-
b5MVxQmA>accessed 27 October 2010
• 2.Child Labour: Targeting the Intolerable, Geneva, 1998, p. 7 <http://www.childlaborphotoproject.org/childlabor.html> accessed 27
October 2010
• .3.HIVA is member of the Leuven Interdisciplinary Research Group on International Agreements and Sustainable Development
(LIRGIAD). The current research fits in one of the main domains of focus of the Group, i.e. the role of civil society and social partners in
the elaboration, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of international standards and agreements <http://www.lirgiad.be> accessed
26 October 2010
• 4.<http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_126685.pdf> accessed 26 October 2010
• 5.<http://www.ilo.org/ipec/Action/Childlabourmonitoring/lang--en/index.htm> accessed 26 October 2010
• 6.International Labour Organization (ILO), Minimum Age Convention, C138,(adopted in 26 June 1973,came into force in 19 June 1976)<
http://www.unicef.org.uk/publications/pdf/ECECHILD2_A4.pdf>accessed 27 October ,2010
• 7.International Labour Organization (ILO), Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, C182, (adopted in 17June 1999,came into force in
19 November 2000 ) <http://uk.oneworld.net/guides/childlabour> accessed 27 October 2010
• 8. http://uk.oneworld.net/guides/childlabour accessed 27 October 2010
• 9.<http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_126685.pdf>accessed 27 October 2010
• 10.Mitesh Badiwala, ‘Child Labour in India: Causes, Governmental Policies and the role of Education’< http://www.skcv.com/child
%20labour.htm>accessed 26 October 2010
• 11.Child Labour India <http://www.indianchild.com/child_labor_india.htm> accessed 27 October 2010
• 12. <http://www.ilo.org/legacy/english/regions/asro/newdelhi/ipec/responses/bangladesh/national.htm> accessed 26 October 2010

16. Presentation created by
• Andalib Ferdous
• Kazi Rahman.
Thank You
The End