Waterwise Gardening Manual in the Top End - Australia

1. waterwise
GARDENING IN THE TOP END
Please take one
FREE!

2. proudly brought
to you by Power and
Water Corporation
and the Nursery &
Garden Industry NT

3. contents
Waterwise gardening 4
Getting it right
from the start 6
Waterwise irrigation 10
Looking after your lawn 12
When to water 13
Leaks 14
Pools 15
Native waterwise plants 16
Making your garden
waterwise 18
Nursery & Garden
Industry NT 21
Power and Water
Corporation 22
More information 23
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4. waterwise
gardening
In the Top End, people use more than
twice as much water as those living in
other Australian capital cities. That makes us
some of the biggest water users in Australia.
With increasing populations The garden is a great place
and climate change variability, to start saving water.
now is the time for people
Being waterwise in the
to start thinking about
garden doesn’t mean you
conserving water by
have to compromise on
using it more efficiently.
having a beautiful garden.
Up to 65% of our water use In fact, if you follow the
is outside the house, mostly tips in this book, your garden
in gardens. could look better than ever.
planning your garden
By planning your garden • Choose plants suitable for • Think about growing
carefully, you can make it the conditions in which suitable trees that will
look great, be waterwise and they will be placed. provide shade for your lawn.
avoid problems years down • Group plants that The lawn is a big water user
the track. have similar watering and shade will help reduce
requirements. If they’re its water needs, as well as
In the planning stages
together, it will be easier cooling down your house.
you should:
to water them more • Think about how tall and
• Consider the conditions
efficiently and encourage how wide each plant will
in different parts of your
stronger plants. grow. Try to avoid growing
garden. Some areas may
• Choose water efficient trees that will eventually
receive more sun or shade,
plants – ask your local reach powerlines, or plants
some may be exposed to
nursery for advice on that will make accessing
wind, wet or dry conditions.
plant selection. the power or water
meters difficult.
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5. when
to water?
The best time to water
your garden is between
dusk and dawn. The
optimum time to water
is early morning prior to
sunrise, as the water will
be available to the plant
during the day when it
is needed.
• Plan your reticulation system
to cater for your immediate
needs and possible garden
NORTHERN
expansion. Draw a map of TERRITORY
your irrigation lines to make
maintenance easier.
GOVERNMENT – 2030
• Visit your local irrigation
SUSTAINABLE LIVING
specialist for advice on TARGET:
the most water efficient
Reduce the amount of water that
irrigation and water
the Territory households use by 20%
management programs.
by 2015 and a further 10% by 2020,
• Think about how much lawn
compared to 2009 consumption levels.
you actually need. Garden
beds require less maintenance
and use less water.
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6. getting it By planning your
garden carefully,
you can make it look
right from
great, be waterwise
and avoid problems
years down the track.
Top End soils are generally
the start sandy or clay loams, have low
water holding capacities and
high percolation rates. This
means they don’t retain water
and nutrients very well, which
can affect the health of plants.
The secret to creating a
beautiful water efficient
garden in the Top End is
getting the condition of your
soil right, so it is full of healthy
micro-organisms to help feed
and maintain the vigour of
your plants.
A good way to test whether
your soil is nutrient rich is to
see if you have worms. Lots
of big worms in your soil
indicates good healthy soil.
Two easy ways of improving
your soil condition are mulch
and organic fertilisers.
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7. mulch
Mulch is a surface cover that The general rules when mulching in the Top End are:
you put around your plants • Mulch at the start of the dry season. This way you benefit
to retain water, fertilise and by retaining some of the moisture in the soil from the wet
beautify your garden. Mulch season, and the mulch will not break down as quickly as what
is also good at inhibiting it would do in the wet. Otherwise, you can still mulch at any
weed growth. time of the year.
Generally mulch is organic • Water and fertilise your garden beds before laying the mulch
waste that has been broken to ensure they are moist and healthy.
down until it is full of • Lay 150 mm (15 cm) of mulch around your plant and water in
nutrients and ready for well to initiate water movement through the mulch layer.
the garden.
• Do not let the mulch touch the base of the plant – this may
Mulch is essential in all rot your plant.
gardens because of its ability • Organic mulches break down over time improving soil
to retain moisture, reduce structure, so they should be reapplied at least once a year to
evaporation and as it breaks maintain their effectiveness. Finer mulches will break down
down, it adds valuable quicker than coarse materials.
nutrient content to your soil.
Mulches include woodchips,
hay, straw and greenwaste.
Mulch ideally should be save your clippings
composted or aged to reduce Grass clippings are great for your garden in the Top End.
the risk of burning and You can either spread them finely on your garden
depleting nutrients from beds straight from the lawn mower, add them
the soil. to a compost bin or pile in your yard and wait for
Decorative gravels have it to break down so you can use as fertiliser.
become popular as a ground
cover however they do not
improve the soil and can
be expensive.
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8. fertilisers
Fertiliser will add nutrients Some ideal fertilisers in the Top End are:
to your soil which will ensure
better plant growth and Manures
water retention as well as Aged chicken manure
increasing resistance to pests Use in light, regular doses as it is high in nitrogen and
and diseases. may burn some sensitive plants like ferns. Water in well.
It is best to dig fertilisers into Cow or horse manure
the soil or place beneath your Great for building up the organic content of your gardens
mulch to ensure optimum and encouraging micro-organisms.
up-take by the plants.
Prone to weed infestation so remove any weeds if they
Slow release organic fertilisers germinate. Use as a light mulch and water in well.
are the best and most
sustainable products to use Pig manure
in the Top End. Inorganic A great nutrient rich manure if available. Apply as a
fertilisers may be used top-dressing around the base of your plants and water in.
to supplement any trace
Packaged organic fertilisers
elements that may be lacking
in your garden. Organic Blood and bone
fertilisers are usually An old standard that still provides great nutrient value
manures or composts. for your garden. Follow product recommendations or
seek advice from your local nursery professional.
You can dig fertilisers into your
soil or just lay them on top.
Either way they will break down
and build up your soil health.
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9. Compost
Pelletised chicken manure You can buy some great bulk compost products locally or
An industry standard easily make it yourself. Generally compost is a range of organic
that is widely used. Great material, such as grass, food (no meat) and garden scraps put
nutrient value to encourage together and broken down. The end result is a nutrient rich
micro-organisms. Follow fertiliser to add to your garden. Seek advice on composting
product recommendations techniques from your local nursery professional.
or seek advice from your
local nursery professional. Other soil additives
Liquid organic fertilisers It is advisable to monitor your soil pH to see whether it is
The most effective and acidic or alkaline, and incorporate additives recommended
efficient way of supplying by your local nursery professional if required.
nutrients to your garden.
Waterlogging of the soil
There are many products
on the market including Waterlogging is considered when the soil’s pores are filled
fish emulsion and liquified with water, leaving no room for air. Of course, without the
seaweed products. fundamental ingredient oxygen required by plant roots, the
plant will not survive. This happens by killing the roots directly,
Grass clippings or allows the plants to become vulnerable to disease producers
Grass clippings are a great such as pythium and phytophthora.
addition to your compost. Waterlogged plants generally appear wilted, stunted, a little
Place light coverings of more yellow than normal and even develop dark spots on the
clippings straight onto your leaves. Prolonged water logging can cause loss of leaves and
garden beds to help with death of root tips, or the entire plant. If the area is flooded during
weed control or incorporate the wet season, investigate planting sedges or plants that thrive
into your compost heap for in waterlogged or seasonally inundated areas.
later use. Generally you can
use grass clippings in the If some of your plants begin to die during the first days of heat
Top End as compost all year after a period of cool weather (dry season), former waterlogging
round. The only time to avoid could be suspected. This would be an ideal time to investigate
using them is when your and correct prior to replanting the area.
grass is seeding. Waterlogging indicators:
• Continuous wet surface
• Moss or slimy algae growing on the surface
organic • Kills or stunts your plants especially in the wet season
fertilisers • Foul odour (similar to rotten egg) when you dig into the surface
are the best • Pockets of water below the surface
and most To overcome and prevent waterlogging, speak to an irrigation
sustainable specialist. You may require a simple surface drain filled with
products to gravel or a special drainage system to suit the natural flow of
water. Another thing to consider is that poor soil structures and
use in the garden beds of deep clay can be contributing factors to drainage
Top End. problems. In this case, speak to your local nursery for advice.
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10. waterwise
irrigation
Another key to a beautiful and waterwise garden
is a good irrigation system. There are many
different ways to water your garden and many
things you should take into consideration when
hand choosing your irrigation system.
watering micro
This method can be relaxing
and very efficient. When doing sprayers/
any hand watering, it is best
to have a trigger nozzle. They
misters
give you excellent control and Micro sprayers or misters
have a variety of spray styles are not as water efficient as
to choose from. Trigger nozzles drippers. Water loss is more
ensure you don’t waste water likely due to the wind and
when moving between plants. evaporation. They will still get
the job done and your plants
watered if watering occurs
during early morning prior
to sunrise and winds.
mini-
drippers sprinklers
Primarily designed for
Drippers are by far the most
under-tree irrigation in
water efficient way to water
sprinklers plants in your garden. They
orchards, these sprinklers
are recommended for use in
slowly disperse water directly
There is a large range of garden beds to deliver water
to the roots of your plants
sprinklers that you can attach efficiently. There are many
and come in 2, 4 and 8 litre
to your hose and move easily types available, however
around your garden. These capacity per hour. Drippers
several have interchangeable
sprinklers are usually cheap are easy to install and
nozzles or deflectors that
and can get to all the spots maintain, however it is still
allow for the watering of a
you need to reach. Use a tap recommended that you install
single plant initially to a far
timer so you don’t waste water an in-line filter and flush your
larger area as required.
by forgetting to turn them off. dripper system at the start
Avoid watering in the heat of of the dry season to avoid
the day and when it is windy. blockages and ant nesting.
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11. pop-up
sprinklers
These sprinklers are installed to make watering your lawn easy
and automated. It is essential to have a timer on your pop-ups to perforated
make sure you don’t forget to turn them off. Plan the installation
of pop-ups well so the spray reaches your lawn and is not
and porous
wasted on pavement or roads. hoses
A new type of pop-up sprinkler is now available on the market. These hoses allow water to
It has an adjustable radius to provide an even distribution of be applied slowly and can
water. For more information on new water saving products in be moved to hard-to-water
the garden visit www.smartwatermark.org places. Porous hoses can
be buried to supply water
Most irrigation specialists and hardware stores supply
directly to the plant’s root
free fact sheets on designing and installing pop up systems.
zone and are great for narrow
A well designed pop up system is the most efficient way to
garden beds.
water lawns.
drippers are timers
by far the Every waterwise garden needs
most water an irrigation timer whether it
is a manual timer, or a fully
efficient way automatic system run by an
to water irrigation controller. They are
plants in essential to ensure watering
is done efficiently and you
your garden. don’t forget to turn your
they slowly system off. You may find that
installing an automatic
disperse irrigation system will pay for
water directly itself in a relatively short
period of time.
to the roots of
your plants
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12. The typical Top End
garden has lots of
lawn because it suits
our active outdoor
looking
lifestyle and warm
climate. Although they
look terrific and make
after your
great living areas for
people, lawns are high
maintenance and
water hungry.
lawn
People in the Top End region often over-water their lawns.
Here are some ways you can maintain a beautiful healthy
lawn without wasting water.
When establishing a lawn:
• Make sure you have good quality topsoil. Speak to a
landscaping specialist to find out how you can improve
the soil quality before planting your lawn.
• Too often people don’t lay enough topsoil. Make sure
it is at least 100 to 150 mm (10 to 15 cm) deep as this
will ensure sufficient room for grass roots to keep
out of the heat so they can forage for water.
• Pick a water efficient species of grass. Generally
Paspalum sp. (crab grass) and Zoysia spp. ( zoysia grass)
are the most water efficient lawns for the Top End.
• Do you need so much lawn? Think of areas where you
can pave or use ground covers instead of having lawn.
Maintaining your lawn:
• Turn your sprinklers off in the wet season.
• Don’t mow your lawn too short. Longer blades of grass
shade the roots and reduce evaporation.
• Fertilise your lawn twice a year with a good quality slow
release fertiliser. Avoid fertilisers with high nitrogen levels,
as this induces excessive growth and water uptake.
• Water only when your lawn needs it. Once or twice a week
is usually sufficient through the dry season.
• Coring your lawn and adding gypsum to clay soils will aid
root growth and improve your lawn’s health and durability.
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13. when to water Because most Top End soils don’t hold moisture
should well, the rule of watering less frequently and
for longer periods does not apply to Darwin
i turn and Katherine region gardens.
off the However, these rules still apply:
irrigation? • Water between dusk and dawn. Watering your garden
at night minimises water loss through evaporation.
Turn your irrigation
system off during the • Water vegetables around dawn to avoid fungal disease problems.
majority of the wet • Depending on your soil type, gradient of your property,
season and let the rains amount of mulch and irrigation type, generally you do not
water the garden for you. need to water for longer than 15 to 20 minutes at a time.
You should only need Any more than that and the water will be wasted because
to periodically turn the it will be draining straight through the soil past the root
irrigation system back on zone of your plants taking valuable nutrients with it.
during extended periods
of no rain. renting
Whether you are renting or own your home, you can always
act waterwise.
Simply try tap timers or aerators in your yard.
depending on can households in
your soil type,
gradient of the wet/dry tropics
your property, use less water?
amount of Darwin experiences a short but wet, wet season and then many
mulch and months of very low rainfall. Similarly Mackay has periods of low
rainfall however by planting appropriately and undertaking
irrigation type,
water efficient practices outside, have lower water use.
generally you
do not need to Darwin and Mackay are similiar in size, climate and rainfall patterns.
water for longer
than 15-20
minutes at a
time. darwin mackay, qld
493
65% outdoors
Litres per
person per day 247
50% outdoors*
Litres per
person per day
* Queensland average.
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14. Our family was able to
leaks
A tap that drips once every second wastes
30 litres of water daily. If every home had just
reduce our water usage in two such dripping taps, we would waste over
the dry season from around one whole Olympic swimming pool worth of
3,000 L per day to 2,000 water EVERY DAY. A cracked or broken pipe
L per day just by reducing can waste several thousand litres a day.
the running time of our
irrigation system and fixing Use these tricks to find Quick guide to checking
a few broken sprinklers. hidden leaks: for leaks:
We found that by reducing
the time each station on ✓ hissing, dripping
Be alert to any water
✓ Turn off all taps and
water-using devices at
the irrigation system runs
or running when the property.
by 5 minutes (down to
appliances are off.
15 minutes per station), we ✓ Write down numbers
were able to save lots of ✓ Check kitchen, on the meter.
water and that our garden bathroom and laundry
for dripping taps and
✓ If the dial is not visibly
continued to thrive. moving, wait for at
washing machine and least 15 minutes (the
- Trevor and Maree from Leanyer
dishwasher connections. longer the better as
Don’t forget hot small leaks may take
water systems and air longer to show).
conditioning units too.
✓ Unstable paving or ✓ Write down
numbers again –
concrete and damp have they changed?
patches on walls may
also suggest you have ✓ If they have, you may
have a leak. Ring
a leak.
a plumber to fix
those leaks.
L
Look out for wet patches in your garden or unusually
v
vigorous/green garden growth. Check and maintain
y
your irrigation system and if installing new irrigation,
g
get some professional advice.
B
Broken irrigation heads, while technically not a leak,
c
can waste a lot of water and water areas such as concrete
t
that don’t need it. The best way to check this is when the
irrigation is on, adjust and replace sprinkler heads.
E
Ella Patterson Water Engineer, Power and Water Corporation

15. Since moving into our Nightcliff home a few years ago,
we have been working towards reducing our water
consumption, especially in our yard.
pools
Pools can account for nearly
We have a large tropical garden and by planting plants
one fifth of a household’s
with similar water needs together, we have been able
water use. Some evaporates,
to keep our water use down. However, we do need to
some leaks and some goes to
supplement our irrigation with some hand watering
backwash. If you have a pool:
occasionally, but we can really target the areas using
less water overall. We also replaced our irrigation system • Shade the pool to
which was full of leaks that we just couldn’t find. reduce evaporation.
Our large swimming pool is positioned in full sun • Use a pool cover to
and required regular top ups due to evaporation. Since reduce evaporation
installing shade cloth over our pool, we have really and keep the pool clean.
noticed that we don’t have to top it up as often. • Keep the pool clean
We have managed to reduce our water consumption and empty the skimmer
from about 500L per person per day to 350L per person basket daily to reduce
per day. It goes up a little in the dry but we hardly use any filter back flushing.
water in the wet season when we don’t need to irrigate • Try a cartridge filter.
at all. Our irrigation system is switched off completely • Experiment with how
during the wet. little you can run the
- Amy from Nightcliff filter pump and still
maintain a healthy pool.
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16. native
waterwise
plants
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17. Next time you Some great ornamental Top End natives include:
introduce new Acacia gonocarpa Grevillea wickhamii
plants to your Acacia nuperrima Holly Grevillea
garden, consider Acacia wickhamii
using natives to Peltophorum pterocarpum
the Top End. They Alphitonia excelsa Yellow Flame Tree
are well adapted Red Ash or Soap Tree Pleomele angustifloia
to the local Alstonia actinophylla Native Dracaena
conditions, need Milkwood Melastoma malabathricum
less water and
Native Lasiandra
will attract Banksia dentata
wildlife. Swamp Banksia Mimusops elengi
Mimusops
Calytrix existipulata
Turkey Bush Murraya paniculata
Murraya
Chrysopogon elongatus
Tall Tamil Grass Syzygium armstrongii
White Bush Apple
Curcuma australasica
(suitable for large gardens,
Native Ginger
seek advice from your local
Grevillea dryandri nursery professional)
Dryander’s Grevillea
Grevillea formosa
Mt Brockman Grevillea
Grevillea pteridifolia
Fern-leaved Grevillea
for more information on
native plants and gardening
in the Top End, visit
Greening Australia’s website
www.greeningaustralia.org.au
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18. making
your garden
waterwise
tropical gardens
Most established gardens in • Consider reducing the size
Darwin are tropical. A typical of your lawn and replacing
tropical garden consists of it with mulched areas.
palms, lots of lawn and other • Use drippers rather
lush water-hungry plants. than sprayers.
There are ways you can reduce Some waterwise plants
the water needs of these for a tropical garden are:
gardens, while ensuring they
• Native ornamental species.
still look great:
• Xerophytic (drought
• Consider removing
resistant) plant species.
some plants and replacing
them with more • Non-invasive exotic species
water-efficient species. that are adapted to our
wet/dry climatic zone.
• Make sure garden beds
are mulched.
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19. contemporary gardens
In recent years new housing • Mulch all plants, even the
estates have boomed in Darwin ones in pots.
and Palmerston, creating a new • If building your garden from
style of garden. The Darwin scratch, installing efficient
contemporary is typically on a and suitable automatic
smaller block and incorporates watering systems that are
a mixture of potted and garden well maintained, can save
bed plants, some lawn as well you time and money.
as ground covers, pavers and
water features. Some waterwise plants for
a Top End contemporary
These gardens are designed garden are:
to be low maintenance and
• Cycads • Yuccas
simple in style. They have the
potential to be very water • Pony Tails • Agaves
efficient if planned correctly: • Spider Lily • Rhoeo
• Have less lawn and more • Natives • Vincas
pavers and groundcovers. • Dianella • Draceanas
• Plant water-efficient • Liriope
species in the garden
photo courtesy
of in-scape-out and pots where possible.
bush gardens
Typically found in the rural • Only water what you
areas of the Darwin and have to – try to let nature
Katherine regions, the bush take care of the rest of
garden is a mix of natives, your block.
tropical and potted exotic • Retain as much native
species. Generally the areas vegetation as possible.
around the house will be well
• Think about replacing
manicured and structured, and
thirsty plants with suitable
the remainder of the block will
natives near your home –
grow freely, usually being low
they need less water and
maintenance as it consists of
will attract more wildlife.
native trees and shrubs.
Some waterwise plants for
Some waterwise tips for the
the bush garden are:
bush garden are:
• Acacias
• Use a timer on sprinklers
so you don’t forget to turn • Grevilleas
them off. • Eucalypts
• Use lawn clippings for
mulch and compost.
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20. potted gardens
As the apartment • Select water efficient
development boom continues species – they don’t
in Darwin, many people are have to be native.
leaving their houses and big • Use a saucer on the base
gardens for high-rise living. of the pot. This keeps
This doesn’t mean missing your floor or pavers clean,
out on having a garden. as well as holding extra
Potted gardens are practical, moisture for the plant to
transportable, easy to absorb. Be careful not to
maintain and look great. have water permanently
These tips will help you in the saucers as many
stay waterwise: plants will rot.
• Pot your plants into a • Remember to fertilise your
premium potting mix potted plants regularly
made to the Australian with a suitable slow
Standard – it has a higher release plant food.
water holding capacity
Some waterwise plants
so you won’t need to
for the potted garden are:
water as often.
• Cycads
• Choose larger and deeper
pots – shallow pots will be • Agaves
prone to greater moisture • Draceanas
loss from breeze and • Frangipani
evaporation.
• Yuccas
• Hand water the plants
• Pony Tail
using a trigger nozzle on
a hose or a watering can. • Bromeliads
• Mulch around the plant • Bougainvillea
base to retain moisture. • Jade Plant
• Desert Rose
• Succulents
to create a beautiful waterwise
Top End garden, see your local
nursery, garden centre or garden
professional for the right advice.
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21. nursery
and garden
industry nt
The Nursery & Garden Industry NT (NGINT) is the peak body
representing nurseries and garden centres as well as allied traders.
NGINT also represents a growing number of businesses from the
amenity horticulture sector including landscaping designers, suppliers
and contractors, irrigation services and garden maintenance.
NGINT’s goal is to “build The NGINT is committed
better businesses” by helping to promoting and educating
and supporting members to the industry and community
improve their performance about sustainable water use.
and professionalism. Gardening is an important
part of our outdoor lifestyle
Through the national
and it is also essential for
Nursery and Garden Industry
tourism, recreation, leisure
Association (NGIA), the
and health.
nursery and garden industry
has been proactive with It is vital that everyone takes
initiatives to address the responsibility for sustainable
industry’s key water issues. water use, and in the garden
The industry, along with the that means thinking about
gardening public, is perceived efficient watering techniques,
to be a significant user of the quality of the soil and
water. The National Industry plant selection.
Water Policy has been
For more information
presented to key industry
about the NGINT and NGIA,
stakeholders and community
and gardening tips visit
groups and provides a
www.ngia.com.au or
strategic framework for
phone 08 8983 3233.
developing ongoing
projects and partnerships
on water issues.
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22. power
and water
corporation
Around 65% of household consumption and impact
water is used in the garden on the environment.
and this is where people can
Power and Water has
make real water savings.
teamed up with the
Top End residents are some Nursery & Garden Industry
of the biggest water users in NT so its customers have
the country, and Power and access to the right advice
Water is striving to help its on waterwise gardening.
customers reduce their water
custom
for more information on
ho
how to save energy and water,
v
visit www.powerwater.com.au,
c
call 1800 245 092 or
p
pick up a free copy of the
green guide from our
customer service centres.
Darwin Palmerston Katherine
Shop 28, Shop 21, Ground Floor,
Ground Floor, Mitchell Centre Palmerston Shopping Centre Government Centre
55 Mitchell Street 10 Temple Terrace 5 First Street
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23. Smart Approved Watermark
SAWM stands for Smart Approved WaterMark. It is a voluntary
label used on outdoor products such as pool covers or trigger
nozzle hoses. It indicates that the product is water saving
but does not give it a rating. For more information visit
information
www.smartwatermark.org
savewater!® Alliance Inc
savewater! has a range of water conservation information
including a home water use calculator which allows you to see
where you are using the majority of water in and around your
home and how this compares to the Northern Territory average.
www.savewater.com.au
Greening Australia
Greening Australia is passionate about protecting and
restoring the health of our land. Native plants are available
for sale from their nursery. Visit greeningaustralia.org.au
Acknowledgements
more
Allora Gardens Nursery
David Silva – Silva Photography
Good Gardens with less water by Kevin Handreck
(CSIRO Publishing Gardening Guides, 2008)
Jane Dellow – NGINT
Power and Water Corporation
Disclaimer: This booklet is a general
guideline about household water
efficiency only. It may contain errors and
omissions and may not be suitable for
the circumstances of many households.
The services of a competent professional
should always be sought before
any actions are taken in relation to
household water efficiency.
Individual contributors do not accept
liability in any way for any errors or
omissions in the booklet and do not
accept any liability to any person in
respect of anything done directly or
indirectly by a person in reliance upon
whole or any part of this booklet.
23
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24. waterwise
www.ngia.com.au www.powerwater.com.au
Phone 08 8983 3233 Phone 1800 245 092
ABN 98 438 929 847 ABN 15 947 352 360
printed under iso 14001 environmental certification guidelines.
printed from vegetable-based inks, all waste and
by-products of the process have been recycled.
printed on monza recycled stock.