1. TDC 1
Pedagogical Grammar
Class 8

2. Modal Verbs
Get in groups of three students.
Choose one of the stations and sit down with your
colleagues.
Discuss the questions in each station.
You will have five minutes in each of the stations.

3. Modal Verbs
1. What is a modal verb?
2. Give eight examples of modal verbs.
3. Give two reasons why modals are difficult for ELLs as
vocabulary words.
4. Give three reasons why modals are difficult for ELLs
grammatically.

4. Modal Verbs
5. What is one of the disadvantages of presenting modals
one by one?
6. What is the reasoning for teaching modals one by one
to lower-proficiency students and grouping modals by
meaning for higher-proficiency students? What is your
opinion?
7. The modal verb “could” has five meanings, whereas
the modal verb “would” has three. Come up with your
own sentences to illustrate each meaning.

5. Modal Verbs
8. Come up with your own sentences to illustrate the use
of various modal verbs in the meanings of request,
permission and possibility.
Meanings Modals Examples
Request can
could
would
may
might

6. Modal Verbs
8. ...
Meanings Modals Examples
Permission can
could
would
may
Meanings Modals Examples
Possibility may, might, could
should, ought to
must
will

7. Modal Verbs
Read the chapter “ELL Grammar Key 12: Modals”
(Book Pages 224 – 228).
In pairs, answer the questions you discussed in
the stations (Workbook Pages 176 – 178).

8. Modal Verbs
1. What is a modal verb?
2. Give eight examples of modal verbs.
3. Give two reasons why modals are difficult for ELLs as
vocabulary words.
4. Give three reasons why modals are difficult for ELLs
grammatically.

9. Modal Verbs
5. What is one of the disadvantages of presenting modals
one by one?
6. What is the reasoning for teaching modals one by one
to lower-proficiency students and grouping modals by
meaning for higher-proficiency students? What is your
opinion?
7. The modal verb “could” has five meanings, whereas
the modal verb “would” has three. Come up with your
own sentences to illustrate each meaning.

10. Modal Verbs
8. Come up with your own sentences to illustrate the use
of various modal verbs in the meanings of request,
permission and possibility.
Meanings Modals Examples
Request can
could
would
may
might

11. Modal Verbs
8. ...
Meanings Modals Examples
Permission can
could
would
may
Meanings Modals Examples
Possibility may, might, could
should, ought to
must
will

12. Modal Verbs
In pairs, do the exercises in the Workbook on
pages 179 and 180.

13. Infinitives and Gerunds
Get in pairs.
Choose two of the sub-sections taped to the
walls, read the chapter “ELL Grammar Key 10:
Infinitives and Gerunds” and prepare to present it
to your colleagues.
You will have twenty minutes for your
preparation.

14. Infinitives and Gerunds
1. Form and Function of Infinitives and Gerunds
2. Subject of the Sentence
3. Infinitives to Show Purpose or Reason
4. Infinitives or Gerunds Following Certain Verbs
5. Verbs Followed by Infinitives or Gerunds - Same
Meaning
6. Verbs Followed by Infinitives or Gerunds - Different
Meanings
7. Verbs Followed by Nouns/Pronouns and Infinitives
8. Gerunds Following Prepositions

15. Infinitives and Gerunds
In pairs, answer the questions and do the
exercises in the Workbook on pages 166 – 170.