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A/Prof Jeffrey Funk
Division of Engineering and Technology
Management
National University of Singapore
How is Technological Change Creating New
Rapid Improvements in Telecommunication
Systems and the Emergence of Opportunities
10th Session of MT5009
For information on other technologies, see http://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/presentations
Recent Problem that could have
been Solved Faster with Better
Telecom
 http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/03/20/us-
malaysia-airlines-blackbox-
idUKBREA2J02H20140320
Another System that is Emerging
from Improvements in Telecom
 Smart home:
http://money.cnn.com/video/technology/2014/03/0
4/t-bachelor-pad-controlled-by-
smartphone.cnnmoney/index.html?iid=V_Series
 Or what about Facebook’s acquisition of Oculus
VR,
 An integration of Oculus VR with FB requires better
telecommunication systems
Objectives
 What has and is driving improvements in cost and
performance of telecommunication systems?
 Can we use such information to
 identify new types of telecommunication systems?
 analyze potential for improvements in these new
systems?
 compare new and old systems now and in future?
 better understand when new systems might become
technically and economically feasible?
 analyze the opportunities in higher level systems that
created by these new systems?
 New applications for Internet, cloud computing, e.g., more Big
Data or uploading of medical and scientific data
 understand technology change in general
Session Technology
1 Objectives and overview of course
2 Two types of improvements: 1) Creating materials that
better exploit physical phenomena; 2) Geometrical scaling
4 Semiconductors, ICs, electronic systems
5 MEMS and Bio-electronic ICs
6 Nanotechnology and DNA sequencing
7 Superconductivity and solar cells
8 Lighting and Displays (also roll-to roll printing)
9 Human-computer interfaces
10 Telecommunications and Internet
11 3D printing and energy storage
This is Part of the Ninth Session of MT5009
As Noted in Previous Session, Two
main mechanisms for improvements
 Creating materials (and their associated processes)
that better exploit physical phenomenon
 Geometrical scaling
 Increases in scale
 Reductions in scale
 Some technologies directly experience
improvements while others indirectly experience
them through improvements in “components”
Both Relevant to Telecommunications,
but primarily indirectly
 Creating materials (and their associated processes)
that better exploit physical phenomenon
 Better materials for fiber (e.g., higher purity glass) lead to
better fiber optic cable
 Geometrical scaling in photonics and other
components
 Some technologies directly experience
improvements while others indirectly experience
them through improvements in “components”
 Better laser diodes, photosensors, amplifiers, other ICs,
MEMS, and displays lead to better telecommunication
systems
Outline
 Wireline
 Data rates
 Fiber optics (and ICs)
 Photonics
 Wireless
 Voice: analog (1980s), digital (1990s), 3G
(2000s), and 4G (soon)
 Non-Voice Wireless
 Cognitive Radio
 Visible Light Communication
Data Rates have Risen for Telecommunication Systems
Optical Fiber
Synchronous Optical Network
Speeds/Bandwidth for Wireline Telecommunication
Source: Koh H and Magee C, 2006, A function approach for studying technological progress: application to
Information technology, Technological Forecasting & Social Change 73: 1061-1983.
But….the last mile is the bottleneck
 Last mile from main trunk lines to homes
determines data rates for that home
 Installing optical fiber can require expensive
digging……
 particularly in rural areas
 Much cheaper to install optical fiber in urban
areas, particularly in
 dense urban areas
 new buildings in urban area
 This is why densely populated Asian countries
have much higher usage of fiber to the home
Source: Rural Telecom (U.S.), March-April, 2011
Different kinds of Systems
 ADSL (Asymmetric digital subscriber line) for
copper lines
 utilizes broader range of frequencies than do voice
calls (over copper line)
 Asymmetric means that downloading speeds are faster
than uploading speeds
 VDSL (very high speed DSL) for copper lines
 similar to but faster than ADSL
 EPON/GPON: Ethernet passive optical networks,
gigabit passive optical networks
 WDM-PON: Wavelength division multiplexing
 DOCSIS: Data Over Cable Service Interface
Specification
Increased Speeds/Bandwidth Leads to Shorter
Downloading, Uploading Times
Fiber to
the Home
Cable TV
Digital
Subscriber
Lines
(DSL)
Other Downloading and Uploading Requirements
Outline
 Wireline
 Data rates
 Fiber optics
 Photonics
 Wireless
 Voice: analog (1980s), digital (1990s), 3G
(2000s), and 4G (soon)
 Non-Voice Wireless: Data Rates and Methods
 Cognitive Radio
 Visible Light Communication
Big Reason for Improved Data Rates is that
Optical Fiber has More Capacity
A single fiber can carry more
communications than the
copper cable in the
background where light
stays within glass fiber
Bundling many of these glass
fibers together can provide very
high bandwidth for many users
Why do Optical Fibers Have
More Capacity?
 More photons can be packed in a small
space than can electrons because photons
have less interaction with each other than do
electrons
 Photons mostly interact with glass fiber
 Electrons interfere with each other partly
 because they have waves and
 because they emit photons, which are
absorbed by other electrons
Source: communication with Aaron Danner, Associate Professor, NUS
Another advantage of fiber: While the speeds for fiber are independent
of distance, the speeds for VDSL and ADSL depend on distance
A Fiber Optic-Based System
Electronic
System
(e.g., ICs)
Electronic
System
(e.g., ICs)
Speeds and bandwidth depend on purity (and thus optical loss)
and type (e.g., graded index) of glass, performance of lasers/
LEDs, photodiodes, IC-based amplifiers, and other ICs
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985
OpticalLoss(db/km) Figure 2.9 Reductions in Optical Loss of Optical Fiber
NAS/NRC, 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s. National Academy Press
Reductions in Optical Loss by Increasing
Purity of Glass
Source: Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, Govind P. Agrawal, Institute of Optics, University of Rochester
Other Improvements: five generations
of fiber
First Two Generations Plus Previous
One
Single-index fiber
Graded-index fiber:
Refractive index refers to speed
of light in material. Less modal
dispersion (different parts of
pulse travel at different speeds)
due to higher refractive index at
center
Single mode fiber:
Narrow cables only support
single mode and 1.3 micron
wavelength has less dispersion
Most Recent Three Generations
 Single mode lasers, 1.55 micron laser
 Lasers with a very narrow line width of
wavelengths where 1.55 micron wavelength had
fewer losses.
 WDM, Optical amplifiers
 Wave length division (WDM) multiplex enables
multiple messages to be sent down one fiber,
each with a different carrier frequency
 Erbium doped fiber amplifier replaces electronic
amplification
 Raman amplification
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
(WDM)
Many Improvements in Lasers
Helped
 In addition to the improvements cited
above, other improvements also helped
 One way to measure performance of laser
diodes is in terms of threshold current,
 i.e., minimum current needed for lasing to occur
 this enables lower power consumption
 lower currents come from lower threshold
current densities
Source: Materials Today 14(9) September 2011, Pages 388–397
Reductions in Threshold Current, i.e., Minimum Current Needed for
Lasing to Occur, enable lower power consumption
Faster ICs, Moore’s Law has also Helped
 Faster ICs are needed to handle the data
that is sent into a fiber or received from a
fiber (shown earlier for Ethernet Cable)
 Sometimes called Moore’s Law,
 smaller feature sizes enable
 increases in the number of transistors per chip,
which leads to faster processing power
 Without these faster ICs, the faster speeds
of fiber optics would be meaningless
Are there Limits?
 Can we keep increasing the speeds of fiber optic
cable?
 Can we keep increasing the number of wavelengths
that are used in a single fiber optic line?
 Can we keep increasing the performance of laser
diodes?
 There appears to be no physical limits
 to expanding the number of wavelengths of light that
are used in a fiber optic system
 A new approach called “orbital angular momentum”
may offer additional improvements (Science 340, 28
June 2013, p. 1513)
 It also appears that we are a long way from reaching
Current Bottlenecks to Faster Data
Rates
 In telecommunication systems, it is ICs and
conversion between electrons and photons
 In computers, it is board level interconnect
 Light travels faster than do electrons
 But what if we could
 replace the silicon-based processors with optical
devices?
 combine processors and optical devices on a
single silicon chip?
 replace board-level interconnect with optics?
Outline
 Wireline
 Data rates
 Fiber optics
 Photonics
 Wireless
 Voice: analog (1980s), digital (1990s), 3G
(2000s), and 4G (soon)
 Non-Voice Wireless: Data Rates and Methods
 Cognitive Radio
 Visible Light Communication
Can we make all optical devices on a Silicon Chip?
Evolution of Si-Photonics is in Parallel with
Improvements in Si-Based ICs:
For the most part, both benefit from reductions in scale
Do Photonics Benefit from Reductions
in Scale?
 Photonics are a form of MEMS
 Some types of MEMS benefit from reductions in
scale
 Greater resolution with ink Jet Printer
 Greater detection with micro-gas analyzers
 Greater frequency for resonators in mobile phone filters
 Greater resolution for digital micro mirrors
 For photonics,
 Performance may improve as feature sizes become
smaller
 At least until feature sizes reach wavelength of light (380-
750 nm)
 Thus cost of processing data with ICs is much lower than
processing data with optical components
Laser types shown above the wavelength bar emit light with a specific wavelength while
ones below the bar can emit in a wavelength range.
Another Problem: Only some lasers are made with semiconductor
materials and most of them are made with non-silicon based
semiconductor materials (III-V materials)
One exception:
Since the “Holy Grail” of Photonics (put
everything on one chip) seems Far in the
Future, More Emphasis on Other Goals
 Improve Conversion Between Optical and
Electrical or OEO (optical-to-electrical-to-
optical) conversion
 Large bottleneck
 Very expensive
 Use optical instead of electrical
interconnect
 Start with board level interconnect
http://www.infinera.com/pdfs/whitepapers/Photonic_Integrated_Circuits.pdf
Cost of Conversion (Accessing) vs. Cost of Manipulating the Data
Figure 4. The cost of optical components required to implement an OEO conversion are significant compared to the
cost of electronic ICs used to manipulation the data in the electronic domain.
Photonics attempts to reduce the cost of converting optical
to electronic signals and visa versa (OEO)
http://www.infinera.com/pdfs/whitepapers/Photonic_Integrated_Circuits.pdf
http://www.infinera.com/pdfs/whitepapers/Photonic_Integrated_Circuits.pdf
Infinera Integrates Many Discrete Components on one Chip
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-19-26-B154&id=224463
Dramatic Improvements with Indium Phosphide
Dense Wave Division
Multiplexing Photonic
ICs
Infinera also Reports Rapid
Improvement with Indium Phosphide
Source: Infinera
Other Materials are Also Possible
 Indium Phosphide
 Build all components including lasers and transistors on Indium
Phosphide substrate
 Leader is Infinera
 Hybrids
 Use silicon for transistors and some photonic
components such as filters, (de)multiplexers,
splitters, modulators and photo-detectors
 Using III/V materials for electro-
refractive modulators, electro-absorption
modulators, laser diodes, and optical amplifiers
 III/V materials are added to silicon chip using wafer bonding
http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/print/volume-49/issue-07/features/photonic-frontiers-silicon-photonics-silicon-photonics-
evolve-to-meet-real-world-requirements.html
Progress is being made…….
But a long way to go……..
An all Silicon Conversion Chip?
All components except the laser
are on this chip from IBM
Red feature at left side of cube is
a germanium detector fabricated on
silicon
Blue feature at right with beam
entering it is the modulator.
Yellow areas are conductors
The small red dots at lower right
are silicon transistors
Published on 15 July 2013
www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/print/volume-49/issue-07/features/photonic-frontiers-silicon-photonics-silicon-photonics-evolve-to-meet-real-world-requirements.html
Since the “Holy Grail” of Photonics (put
everything on one chip) is Far in the
Future, More Emphasis on Other Goals
 Improve Conversion Between Optical and
Electrical
 Large bottleneck
 Very expensive
 Use optical instead of electrical
interconnect
 Start with board level interconnect
 Gradually move towards on-chip interconnect
where photonics represents another layer on a
NANOPHOTONICS: ACCESSIBILITY AND APPLICABILITY, National Academies Press
Direction of trend
Telecommunication Systems: How is Technology Change Creating New Opportunities in them?
Fast Optical to Electrical Conversion: Intel’s Light Peak
HDD: hard disk drive
SSD: solid state drive
(High Performance Computing Systems)
Floatingpointoperationspersecond
Optical Routing Layer is Another Layer on a 3D Chip
http://www.slashgear.com/ibm-silicon-nanophotonics-speeds-servers-with-25gbps-light-10260108/
IBM silicon nanophotonics speeds servers with 25Gbps light, Chris Davies, Dec 10th 2012
 Lots of opportunities for firms to offer optical
solutions………
 But also faster computers and telecommunication
systems will continue to emerge
 What does this mean for processing, Big Data
and uploading more data to the cloud
 E.g., medical and other applications
 DNA sequencers
 Astronomy
 Particle accelerators
Outline
 Wireline
 Data rates
 Fiber optics
 Photonics
 Wireless
 Voice: analog (1980s), digital (1990s), 3G
(2000s), and 4G (soon)
 Non-Voice Wireless: Data Rates and Methods
 Cognitive Radio
 Visible Light Communication
Source: http://www.sdrinsider.com/2010/01/spectral-efficiency/
For Wireless, Spectral Efficiency is Important
(limited resource), both for Voice and Data
Source: The Progress in Wireless Data Transport and its Role in the Evolving Internet, Mario Amaya and Chris Magee
(bitspersecond/Hz)
Telecommunication Systems: How is Technology Change Creating New Opportunities in them?
Telecommunication Systems: How is Technology Change Creating New Opportunities in them?
Better Efficiency Comes from New Wireless
Systems and Better Components
 Private mobile systems (from 1920s)
 Cellular phone systems enabled frequency
spectrum to be reused in each “cell”, cell sizes can
also be reduced
 Analog (1980s)
 Digital, i.e., 2nd Generation (1990s)
 3rd Generation (2000s)
 4th Generation (2010s)
 2nd, 3rd, and 4th generation systems provide further
increases in efficiency of frequency spectrum
 they use better algorithms and require better ICs
 Better ICs also enable smaller cells
Private Mobile: Cellular Phone Systems
Single Transmitter Multiple Transmitters
Frequency Spectrum: Inefficient utilization Efficient utilization
Wavelength: Long Short
Cost per Capacity: High Low
New Generations of Mobile Phone Systems
 Provide further increases in efficiency of frequency
spectrum
 2G Digital
 Mostly GSM (global system mobile)
 Based on TDMA (Time division multiple access)
 3G (UMTS): Mostly W-CDMA (wide band code
division multiplex)
 4G: Mobile WiMax and Long Term Evolution (LTE)
 Newer generations use more sophisticated
algorithms and they require better ICs
 Standards determined in standard setting activities
New Generations of Mobile Phone Systems Require More
Sophisticated Algorithms and thus Better ICs
RelativePerformance
100,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
10,000
100
1
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
IC
Performance
Mobile phone
system demands
2G
3G
1G
Source: Subramanian, R. 1999. Shannon vs. Moore: Digital Signal Processing in the Broadband Age, in Proceedings of the 1999
IEEE Communications Theory Workshop
It’s not just performance, ICs also
determine costs of phones
ICs: 124.46
Other materials: 48.00
Total bill of materials: 172.46
Manufacturing costs 6.50
Grand total $178.96
Source: //gigaom.com/apple/iphone-3gs-hardware-cost-breakdown/
Source:
http://www.isuppli.com/
Teardowns/News/Pages/
iPhone-4-Carries-Bill-of-
Materials-of-187-51-
According-to-iSuppli.
aspx
Telecommunication Systems: How is Technology Change Creating New Opportunities in them?
Source: Gonzalez, Embedded
Multicore Processing for
Mobile Communication Systems
http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/integriertesysteme/
emuco/files/hipeac_trends_future.pdf
GPRS: general packet radio service
EDGE: enhanced data generation
environment
UMTS: universal mobile
telecommunications systems
HSPA: high speed packet access
LTE: long term evolution
Another Way to Look at How Improved
ICs Enable New Systems
Looking from the other Direction: How New Systems
Require Better ICs and Batteries
Source: Tarascon, J. 2009. Batteries for Transportation Now and In the Future,
presented at Energy 2050, Stockholm, Sweden, October 19-20.
Technology Gaps
 Algorithmic Complexity Gap
 Demands for faster processing speeds outpace
improvements in Moore’s Law
 One solution is multi-core processors
 Power Reduction Gap
 Reduce voltages in order to reduce power
consumption, but this also reduces processing speeds
 Need better balance between performance and power
consumption of phones
 Memory access time Gap
 Requires smarter memory organization in phones
New Demands on Mobile Phones
 Another reason for these “gaps”
is that music, video, etc.
requires additional processing
 Thus, better ICs are also
needed to handle internal
processing of data (not just
accessing data from network)
 And enable all kinds of new
applications!
 Better MEMS, bio-electronics are
also important
 Mobile phones are becoming the
platform for our lives
But Phones Keep Getting Better
Source: Source International Solid State Circuits Conference 2013. http://isscc.org/doc/2013/2013_Trends.pdf
Outline
 Wireline
 Data rates
 Fiber optics
 Photonics
 Wireless
 Voice: analog (1980s), digital (1990s), 3G
(2000s), and 4G (soon)
 Non-Voice Wireless: Data Rates and Methods
 Cognitive Radio
 Visible Light Communication
Source: The Progress in Wireless Data Transport and its Role in the Evolving Internet, Mario Amaya and Chris Magee
(kilobitspersecond)
Source: The Progress in Wireless Data Transport and its Role in the Evolving Internet, Mario Amaya and Chris Magee
Source: International Solid State Circuits Conference 2013. http://isscc.org/doc/2013/2013_Trends.pdf
Source: International Solid State Circuits Conference 2013. http://isscc.org/doc/2013/2013_Trends.pdf
Data Rates Per Second for Various Distances of Wireless
Transmission (Note the Source)
Source: Source International Solid State Circuits Conference 2013. http://isscc.org/doc/2013/2013_Trends.pdf
This source and the
International
Solid State
Circuits
Conference
attribute the
improvements in
speeds to
improvements in
ICs
Again, It’s All About Better ICs
http://www.bretswanson.com/index.php/category/mobile/
Similar Things are Happening Everywhere
http://www.statistik.pts.se/PTSnordic/NordicCountries2012/Diagram2012_7.htm
http://sites.duke.edu/marx/category/telecom/spectrum-telecom/
Running out of Spectrum……………..
We are also Interested in Short Range Wireless
Technologies
Source: AStar, Kausik Mandal
NFC: Near Field Communication
Range
Data
Rate Previous slides
focused on this range
82
Range (m)
Data Networking
802.11a/b/g/n
11n promises
100Mbps @ 100m
Quality of service,
streaming
Room-range
High-definition
UWB
Bluetooth
UWB
Short
Distance
Fast download
110Mbps @ 10m
480Mbps @ 3m
110Mbps @ 10m
DataRate(Mbps)
1000
100
10
1
1 10 100
Another Way to Look at Short Range Wireless
Technologies
Sources: MicrosoftCorporation,Texas Instruments
: Ultra Wide Band
Why do we Care about Short Distances?
 Exchange music, video, and other files with friends
and with other devices
 and do this without wires and cables
 But also for data exchanges between devices
 such as light switches, electric meters
 how about between devices in airplane or car?
 How can we do this fast and without using a lot of
frequency spectrum?
 One new approach is ultra-wide band
 We can also use short range wireless to connect
phones with wireline fiber optic systems
Near Field Communication Also has Many
Applications
Source: AStar, Kausik Mandal
85Source: IntelCorporation
What is UWB: Any wireless transmission scheme that occupies a
fractional Bandwidth, BW/fc > 20% or absolute BW > 500MHz.
Are There Limits to Data Speeds?
 What are limits for increasing efficiency of
frequency spectrum?
 Improvements are limited by Shannon’s Law:
C=B*log(1+S/N)
 C = information capacity (bits per second)
 B = bandwidth; S = signal power; N = noise
 In theory, gamma rays, which oscillate at 1024 Hz,
can be used to transmit data
 However, to modulate at this frequency, you have
to sample the waveform at twice that rate and the
ICs or MEMS to do this might not be available for
many years
 Could a one nanometer mechanical resonator provide
1015 bits per second?
Outline
 Wireline
 Data rates
 Fiber optics
 Photonics
 Wireless
 Voice: analog (1980s), digital (1990s), 3G
(2000s), and 4G (soon)
 Non-Voice Wireless: Data Rates and Methods
 Cognitive Radio
 Visible Light Communication
What is Cognitive Radio?
 Ability to access many different frequencies with a
single device
 As opposed to allocating a specific frequency to mobile
phones, cordless phones, broadcast television
 This enables a larger range of frequencies to be
shared among devices
 Many allocated frequencies are unused because the
systems have not been implemented
Like Other Mobile Phone Systems
 The key bottleneck is ICs: Need ICs that can
quickly and cheaply change frequencies
 Current prototype requires 2.75 billion transistors
 At 4 x 10-8 USD per transistor, price is about 110 USD
 Current “base-band processors” are priced at about 25
USD
 When will the price reach 25 USD?
 Also need antennas/filters that can access many
different frequencies
 could MEMS or nano-technology provide these antennas?
Source: Spring 2010 MT5009 final group presentation
Telecommunication Systems: How is Technology Change Creating New Opportunities in them?
Telecommunication Systems: How is Technology Change Creating New Opportunities in them?
Average transistor price falls to
point at which IC costs 25 USD
Using an ASIC would further reduce the
price/cost of the IC
New Antenna/Filter is also needed
 An antenna that can handle a variety of frequency
bands is needed
 In session 4, such a MEMS-based filter was
discussed
 Small resonators handle specific frequency bands
 Because they are so small, it is possible to place many
such resonators on a single IC chip
 And such a nano-based resonator was discussed
 One molecule device
 In the short run, more traditional antennas can be
used
Source: Clark Ngyuen, August and September 2011 Berkeley lectures
Source: Clark Ngyuen, August and September 2011 Berkeley lectures; RF BPF: radio frequency bypass filte
Source: Clark Ngyuen, August and September 2011 Berkeley lectures
Source: Clark Ngyuen, August and September 2011 Berkeley lectures
Source: Clark Ngyuen, August and September 2011 Berkeley lectures
Outline
 Wireline
 Data rates
 Fiber optics
 Photonics
 Wireless
 Voice: analog (1980s), digital (1990s), 3G
(2000s), and 4G (soon)
 Non-Voice Wireless: Data Rates and Methods
 Cognitive Radio
 Visible Light Communication
Faster
frequencies
mean
potentially
faster speeds
Made possible
by improvements
in lasers, LEDs, and photo-sensors
Also ICs, for interpreting
reflections
so that direct line of sight is not
necessary
Conclusions (1)
 Improvements in telecommunication system
performance have and are still occurring both
in
 Wireline
 Wireless
 These improvements have involved
 For wireline, finding better materials for fiber optic
cable and utilizing improvements in lasers,
amplifiers, and ICs
 For wireless, utilizing new system designs such as
cellular, smaller cells, or CDMA, which have been
helped by improvements in ICs
 These changes have created many types of
Conclusions (2)
 Demand for faster data speeds and higher
bandwidth applications provide motivation for
improvements
 There may be no limits to improvements in fiber
optic systems
 But the bottleneck for Internet may become
interface between computer and fiber optical
cable
 may require an all optical system, including silicon
lasers
 new designs and advances in science may also be
needed in order to produce silicon-based lasers
 use of optical interconnect within computers is more
likely
Conclusions (3)
 For wireless, there may also be no limits to
improvements
 As long as improvements in ICs continue to be made,
improvements in systems can occur
 Improvements in ICs and antennas may also
enable cognitive radio
 Cognitive radio can enable further improvements in the
effective use of the frequency spectrum
 But If Moore’s Law slows, however…………….
What does this tell us about the
Future?
 Improvements in Telecommunication Systems will
lead to more uploading and downloading of data
 What applications will succeed?
 Cloud computing will continue to diffuse, as will Big
Data analysis
 But which applications within cloud computing?
 What kinds of systems will be developed?
 More medical and scientific applications
 DNA sequencing
 Other medical applications from wearable
computing
 Scientific applications such as particle
accelerators, astronomy

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Telecommunication Systems: How is Technology Change Creating New Opportunities in them?

  • 1. A/Prof Jeffrey Funk Division of Engineering and Technology Management National University of Singapore How is Technological Change Creating New Rapid Improvements in Telecommunication Systems and the Emergence of Opportunities 10th Session of MT5009 For information on other technologies, see http://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/presentations
  • 2. Recent Problem that could have been Solved Faster with Better Telecom  http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/03/20/us- malaysia-airlines-blackbox- idUKBREA2J02H20140320
  • 3. Another System that is Emerging from Improvements in Telecom  Smart home: http://money.cnn.com/video/technology/2014/03/0 4/t-bachelor-pad-controlled-by- smartphone.cnnmoney/index.html?iid=V_Series  Or what about Facebook’s acquisition of Oculus VR,  An integration of Oculus VR with FB requires better telecommunication systems
  • 4. Objectives  What has and is driving improvements in cost and performance of telecommunication systems?  Can we use such information to  identify new types of telecommunication systems?  analyze potential for improvements in these new systems?  compare new and old systems now and in future?  better understand when new systems might become technically and economically feasible?  analyze the opportunities in higher level systems that created by these new systems?  New applications for Internet, cloud computing, e.g., more Big Data or uploading of medical and scientific data  understand technology change in general
  • 5. Session Technology 1 Objectives and overview of course 2 Two types of improvements: 1) Creating materials that better exploit physical phenomena; 2) Geometrical scaling 4 Semiconductors, ICs, electronic systems 5 MEMS and Bio-electronic ICs 6 Nanotechnology and DNA sequencing 7 Superconductivity and solar cells 8 Lighting and Displays (also roll-to roll printing) 9 Human-computer interfaces 10 Telecommunications and Internet 11 3D printing and energy storage This is Part of the Ninth Session of MT5009
  • 6. As Noted in Previous Session, Two main mechanisms for improvements  Creating materials (and their associated processes) that better exploit physical phenomenon  Geometrical scaling  Increases in scale  Reductions in scale  Some technologies directly experience improvements while others indirectly experience them through improvements in “components”
  • 7. Both Relevant to Telecommunications, but primarily indirectly  Creating materials (and their associated processes) that better exploit physical phenomenon  Better materials for fiber (e.g., higher purity glass) lead to better fiber optic cable  Geometrical scaling in photonics and other components  Some technologies directly experience improvements while others indirectly experience them through improvements in “components”  Better laser diodes, photosensors, amplifiers, other ICs, MEMS, and displays lead to better telecommunication systems
  • 8. Outline  Wireline  Data rates  Fiber optics (and ICs)  Photonics  Wireless  Voice: analog (1980s), digital (1990s), 3G (2000s), and 4G (soon)  Non-Voice Wireless  Cognitive Radio  Visible Light Communication
  • 9. Data Rates have Risen for Telecommunication Systems Optical Fiber Synchronous Optical Network
  • 10. Speeds/Bandwidth for Wireline Telecommunication Source: Koh H and Magee C, 2006, A function approach for studying technological progress: application to Information technology, Technological Forecasting & Social Change 73: 1061-1983.
  • 11. But….the last mile is the bottleneck  Last mile from main trunk lines to homes determines data rates for that home  Installing optical fiber can require expensive digging……  particularly in rural areas  Much cheaper to install optical fiber in urban areas, particularly in  dense urban areas  new buildings in urban area  This is why densely populated Asian countries have much higher usage of fiber to the home
  • 12. Source: Rural Telecom (U.S.), March-April, 2011
  • 13. Different kinds of Systems  ADSL (Asymmetric digital subscriber line) for copper lines  utilizes broader range of frequencies than do voice calls (over copper line)  Asymmetric means that downloading speeds are faster than uploading speeds  VDSL (very high speed DSL) for copper lines  similar to but faster than ADSL  EPON/GPON: Ethernet passive optical networks, gigabit passive optical networks  WDM-PON: Wavelength division multiplexing  DOCSIS: Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification
  • 14. Increased Speeds/Bandwidth Leads to Shorter Downloading, Uploading Times Fiber to the Home Cable TV Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL)
  • 15. Other Downloading and Uploading Requirements
  • 16. Outline  Wireline  Data rates  Fiber optics  Photonics  Wireless  Voice: analog (1980s), digital (1990s), 3G (2000s), and 4G (soon)  Non-Voice Wireless: Data Rates and Methods  Cognitive Radio  Visible Light Communication
  • 17. Big Reason for Improved Data Rates is that Optical Fiber has More Capacity A single fiber can carry more communications than the copper cable in the background where light stays within glass fiber Bundling many of these glass fibers together can provide very high bandwidth for many users
  • 18. Why do Optical Fibers Have More Capacity?  More photons can be packed in a small space than can electrons because photons have less interaction with each other than do electrons  Photons mostly interact with glass fiber  Electrons interfere with each other partly  because they have waves and  because they emit photons, which are absorbed by other electrons Source: communication with Aaron Danner, Associate Professor, NUS
  • 19. Another advantage of fiber: While the speeds for fiber are independent of distance, the speeds for VDSL and ADSL depend on distance
  • 20. A Fiber Optic-Based System Electronic System (e.g., ICs) Electronic System (e.g., ICs) Speeds and bandwidth depend on purity (and thus optical loss) and type (e.g., graded index) of glass, performance of lasers/ LEDs, photodiodes, IC-based amplifiers, and other ICs
  • 21. 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 OpticalLoss(db/km) Figure 2.9 Reductions in Optical Loss of Optical Fiber NAS/NRC, 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s. National Academy Press Reductions in Optical Loss by Increasing Purity of Glass
  • 22. Source: Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, Govind P. Agrawal, Institute of Optics, University of Rochester Other Improvements: five generations of fiber
  • 23. First Two Generations Plus Previous One Single-index fiber Graded-index fiber: Refractive index refers to speed of light in material. Less modal dispersion (different parts of pulse travel at different speeds) due to higher refractive index at center Single mode fiber: Narrow cables only support single mode and 1.3 micron wavelength has less dispersion
  • 24. Most Recent Three Generations  Single mode lasers, 1.55 micron laser  Lasers with a very narrow line width of wavelengths where 1.55 micron wavelength had fewer losses.  WDM, Optical amplifiers  Wave length division (WDM) multiplex enables multiple messages to be sent down one fiber, each with a different carrier frequency  Erbium doped fiber amplifier replaces electronic amplification  Raman amplification
  • 26. Many Improvements in Lasers Helped  In addition to the improvements cited above, other improvements also helped  One way to measure performance of laser diodes is in terms of threshold current,  i.e., minimum current needed for lasing to occur  this enables lower power consumption  lower currents come from lower threshold current densities
  • 27. Source: Materials Today 14(9) September 2011, Pages 388–397 Reductions in Threshold Current, i.e., Minimum Current Needed for Lasing to Occur, enable lower power consumption
  • 28. Faster ICs, Moore’s Law has also Helped  Faster ICs are needed to handle the data that is sent into a fiber or received from a fiber (shown earlier for Ethernet Cable)  Sometimes called Moore’s Law,  smaller feature sizes enable  increases in the number of transistors per chip, which leads to faster processing power  Without these faster ICs, the faster speeds of fiber optics would be meaningless
  • 29. Are there Limits?  Can we keep increasing the speeds of fiber optic cable?  Can we keep increasing the number of wavelengths that are used in a single fiber optic line?  Can we keep increasing the performance of laser diodes?  There appears to be no physical limits  to expanding the number of wavelengths of light that are used in a fiber optic system  A new approach called “orbital angular momentum” may offer additional improvements (Science 340, 28 June 2013, p. 1513)  It also appears that we are a long way from reaching
  • 30. Current Bottlenecks to Faster Data Rates  In telecommunication systems, it is ICs and conversion between electrons and photons  In computers, it is board level interconnect  Light travels faster than do electrons  But what if we could  replace the silicon-based processors with optical devices?  combine processors and optical devices on a single silicon chip?  replace board-level interconnect with optics?
  • 31. Outline  Wireline  Data rates  Fiber optics  Photonics  Wireless  Voice: analog (1980s), digital (1990s), 3G (2000s), and 4G (soon)  Non-Voice Wireless: Data Rates and Methods  Cognitive Radio  Visible Light Communication
  • 32. Can we make all optical devices on a Silicon Chip?
  • 33. Evolution of Si-Photonics is in Parallel with Improvements in Si-Based ICs: For the most part, both benefit from reductions in scale
  • 34. Do Photonics Benefit from Reductions in Scale?  Photonics are a form of MEMS  Some types of MEMS benefit from reductions in scale  Greater resolution with ink Jet Printer  Greater detection with micro-gas analyzers  Greater frequency for resonators in mobile phone filters  Greater resolution for digital micro mirrors  For photonics,  Performance may improve as feature sizes become smaller  At least until feature sizes reach wavelength of light (380- 750 nm)  Thus cost of processing data with ICs is much lower than processing data with optical components
  • 35. Laser types shown above the wavelength bar emit light with a specific wavelength while ones below the bar can emit in a wavelength range. Another Problem: Only some lasers are made with semiconductor materials and most of them are made with non-silicon based semiconductor materials (III-V materials)
  • 37. Since the “Holy Grail” of Photonics (put everything on one chip) seems Far in the Future, More Emphasis on Other Goals  Improve Conversion Between Optical and Electrical or OEO (optical-to-electrical-to- optical) conversion  Large bottleneck  Very expensive  Use optical instead of electrical interconnect  Start with board level interconnect
  • 38. http://www.infinera.com/pdfs/whitepapers/Photonic_Integrated_Circuits.pdf Cost of Conversion (Accessing) vs. Cost of Manipulating the Data Figure 4. The cost of optical components required to implement an OEO conversion are significant compared to the cost of electronic ICs used to manipulation the data in the electronic domain.
  • 39. Photonics attempts to reduce the cost of converting optical to electronic signals and visa versa (OEO) http://www.infinera.com/pdfs/whitepapers/Photonic_Integrated_Circuits.pdf
  • 42. Infinera also Reports Rapid Improvement with Indium Phosphide Source: Infinera
  • 43. Other Materials are Also Possible  Indium Phosphide  Build all components including lasers and transistors on Indium Phosphide substrate  Leader is Infinera  Hybrids  Use silicon for transistors and some photonic components such as filters, (de)multiplexers, splitters, modulators and photo-detectors  Using III/V materials for electro- refractive modulators, electro-absorption modulators, laser diodes, and optical amplifiers  III/V materials are added to silicon chip using wafer bonding
  • 45. An all Silicon Conversion Chip? All components except the laser are on this chip from IBM Red feature at left side of cube is a germanium detector fabricated on silicon Blue feature at right with beam entering it is the modulator. Yellow areas are conductors The small red dots at lower right are silicon transistors Published on 15 July 2013 www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/print/volume-49/issue-07/features/photonic-frontiers-silicon-photonics-silicon-photonics-evolve-to-meet-real-world-requirements.html
  • 46. Since the “Holy Grail” of Photonics (put everything on one chip) is Far in the Future, More Emphasis on Other Goals  Improve Conversion Between Optical and Electrical  Large bottleneck  Very expensive  Use optical instead of electrical interconnect  Start with board level interconnect  Gradually move towards on-chip interconnect where photonics represents another layer on a
  • 47. NANOPHOTONICS: ACCESSIBILITY AND APPLICABILITY, National Academies Press Direction of trend
  • 49. Fast Optical to Electrical Conversion: Intel’s Light Peak HDD: hard disk drive SSD: solid state drive
  • 50. (High Performance Computing Systems) Floatingpointoperationspersecond
  • 51. Optical Routing Layer is Another Layer on a 3D Chip http://www.slashgear.com/ibm-silicon-nanophotonics-speeds-servers-with-25gbps-light-10260108/ IBM silicon nanophotonics speeds servers with 25Gbps light, Chris Davies, Dec 10th 2012
  • 52.  Lots of opportunities for firms to offer optical solutions………  But also faster computers and telecommunication systems will continue to emerge  What does this mean for processing, Big Data and uploading more data to the cloud  E.g., medical and other applications  DNA sequencers  Astronomy  Particle accelerators
  • 53. Outline  Wireline  Data rates  Fiber optics  Photonics  Wireless  Voice: analog (1980s), digital (1990s), 3G (2000s), and 4G (soon)  Non-Voice Wireless: Data Rates and Methods  Cognitive Radio  Visible Light Communication
  • 54. Source: http://www.sdrinsider.com/2010/01/spectral-efficiency/ For Wireless, Spectral Efficiency is Important (limited resource), both for Voice and Data
  • 55. Source: The Progress in Wireless Data Transport and its Role in the Evolving Internet, Mario Amaya and Chris Magee (bitspersecond/Hz)
  • 58. Better Efficiency Comes from New Wireless Systems and Better Components  Private mobile systems (from 1920s)  Cellular phone systems enabled frequency spectrum to be reused in each “cell”, cell sizes can also be reduced  Analog (1980s)  Digital, i.e., 2nd Generation (1990s)  3rd Generation (2000s)  4th Generation (2010s)  2nd, 3rd, and 4th generation systems provide further increases in efficiency of frequency spectrum  they use better algorithms and require better ICs  Better ICs also enable smaller cells
  • 59. Private Mobile: Cellular Phone Systems Single Transmitter Multiple Transmitters Frequency Spectrum: Inefficient utilization Efficient utilization Wavelength: Long Short Cost per Capacity: High Low
  • 60. New Generations of Mobile Phone Systems  Provide further increases in efficiency of frequency spectrum  2G Digital  Mostly GSM (global system mobile)  Based on TDMA (Time division multiple access)  3G (UMTS): Mostly W-CDMA (wide band code division multiplex)  4G: Mobile WiMax and Long Term Evolution (LTE)  Newer generations use more sophisticated algorithms and they require better ICs  Standards determined in standard setting activities
  • 61. New Generations of Mobile Phone Systems Require More Sophisticated Algorithms and thus Better ICs RelativePerformance 100,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 10,000 100 1 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 IC Performance Mobile phone system demands 2G 3G 1G Source: Subramanian, R. 1999. Shannon vs. Moore: Digital Signal Processing in the Broadband Age, in Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Communications Theory Workshop
  • 62. It’s not just performance, ICs also determine costs of phones ICs: 124.46 Other materials: 48.00 Total bill of materials: 172.46 Manufacturing costs 6.50 Grand total $178.96 Source: //gigaom.com/apple/iphone-3gs-hardware-cost-breakdown/
  • 65. Source: Gonzalez, Embedded Multicore Processing for Mobile Communication Systems http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/integriertesysteme/ emuco/files/hipeac_trends_future.pdf GPRS: general packet radio service EDGE: enhanced data generation environment UMTS: universal mobile telecommunications systems HSPA: high speed packet access LTE: long term evolution Another Way to Look at How Improved ICs Enable New Systems
  • 66. Looking from the other Direction: How New Systems Require Better ICs and Batteries
  • 67. Source: Tarascon, J. 2009. Batteries for Transportation Now and In the Future, presented at Energy 2050, Stockholm, Sweden, October 19-20.
  • 68. Technology Gaps  Algorithmic Complexity Gap  Demands for faster processing speeds outpace improvements in Moore’s Law  One solution is multi-core processors  Power Reduction Gap  Reduce voltages in order to reduce power consumption, but this also reduces processing speeds  Need better balance between performance and power consumption of phones  Memory access time Gap  Requires smarter memory organization in phones
  • 69. New Demands on Mobile Phones  Another reason for these “gaps” is that music, video, etc. requires additional processing  Thus, better ICs are also needed to handle internal processing of data (not just accessing data from network)  And enable all kinds of new applications!  Better MEMS, bio-electronics are also important  Mobile phones are becoming the platform for our lives
  • 70. But Phones Keep Getting Better Source: Source International Solid State Circuits Conference 2013. http://isscc.org/doc/2013/2013_Trends.pdf
  • 71. Outline  Wireline  Data rates  Fiber optics  Photonics  Wireless  Voice: analog (1980s), digital (1990s), 3G (2000s), and 4G (soon)  Non-Voice Wireless: Data Rates and Methods  Cognitive Radio  Visible Light Communication
  • 72. Source: The Progress in Wireless Data Transport and its Role in the Evolving Internet, Mario Amaya and Chris Magee (kilobitspersecond)
  • 73. Source: The Progress in Wireless Data Transport and its Role in the Evolving Internet, Mario Amaya and Chris Magee
  • 74. Source: International Solid State Circuits Conference 2013. http://isscc.org/doc/2013/2013_Trends.pdf
  • 75. Source: International Solid State Circuits Conference 2013. http://isscc.org/doc/2013/2013_Trends.pdf
  • 76. Data Rates Per Second for Various Distances of Wireless Transmission (Note the Source) Source: Source International Solid State Circuits Conference 2013. http://isscc.org/doc/2013/2013_Trends.pdf
  • 77. This source and the International Solid State Circuits Conference attribute the improvements in speeds to improvements in ICs Again, It’s All About Better ICs
  • 79. Similar Things are Happening Everywhere http://www.statistik.pts.se/PTSnordic/NordicCountries2012/Diagram2012_7.htm
  • 81. We are also Interested in Short Range Wireless Technologies Source: AStar, Kausik Mandal NFC: Near Field Communication Range Data Rate Previous slides focused on this range
  • 82. 82 Range (m) Data Networking 802.11a/b/g/n 11n promises 100Mbps @ 100m Quality of service, streaming Room-range High-definition UWB Bluetooth UWB Short Distance Fast download 110Mbps @ 10m 480Mbps @ 3m 110Mbps @ 10m DataRate(Mbps) 1000 100 10 1 1 10 100 Another Way to Look at Short Range Wireless Technologies Sources: MicrosoftCorporation,Texas Instruments : Ultra Wide Band
  • 83. Why do we Care about Short Distances?  Exchange music, video, and other files with friends and with other devices  and do this without wires and cables  But also for data exchanges between devices  such as light switches, electric meters  how about between devices in airplane or car?  How can we do this fast and without using a lot of frequency spectrum?  One new approach is ultra-wide band  We can also use short range wireless to connect phones with wireline fiber optic systems
  • 84. Near Field Communication Also has Many Applications Source: AStar, Kausik Mandal
  • 85. 85Source: IntelCorporation What is UWB: Any wireless transmission scheme that occupies a fractional Bandwidth, BW/fc > 20% or absolute BW > 500MHz.
  • 86. Are There Limits to Data Speeds?  What are limits for increasing efficiency of frequency spectrum?  Improvements are limited by Shannon’s Law: C=B*log(1+S/N)  C = information capacity (bits per second)  B = bandwidth; S = signal power; N = noise  In theory, gamma rays, which oscillate at 1024 Hz, can be used to transmit data  However, to modulate at this frequency, you have to sample the waveform at twice that rate and the ICs or MEMS to do this might not be available for many years  Could a one nanometer mechanical resonator provide 1015 bits per second?
  • 87. Outline  Wireline  Data rates  Fiber optics  Photonics  Wireless  Voice: analog (1980s), digital (1990s), 3G (2000s), and 4G (soon)  Non-Voice Wireless: Data Rates and Methods  Cognitive Radio  Visible Light Communication
  • 88. What is Cognitive Radio?  Ability to access many different frequencies with a single device  As opposed to allocating a specific frequency to mobile phones, cordless phones, broadcast television  This enables a larger range of frequencies to be shared among devices  Many allocated frequencies are unused because the systems have not been implemented
  • 89. Like Other Mobile Phone Systems  The key bottleneck is ICs: Need ICs that can quickly and cheaply change frequencies  Current prototype requires 2.75 billion transistors  At 4 x 10-8 USD per transistor, price is about 110 USD  Current “base-band processors” are priced at about 25 USD  When will the price reach 25 USD?  Also need antennas/filters that can access many different frequencies  could MEMS or nano-technology provide these antennas? Source: Spring 2010 MT5009 final group presentation
  • 92. Average transistor price falls to point at which IC costs 25 USD
  • 93. Using an ASIC would further reduce the price/cost of the IC
  • 94. New Antenna/Filter is also needed  An antenna that can handle a variety of frequency bands is needed  In session 4, such a MEMS-based filter was discussed  Small resonators handle specific frequency bands  Because they are so small, it is possible to place many such resonators on a single IC chip  And such a nano-based resonator was discussed  One molecule device  In the short run, more traditional antennas can be used
  • 95. Source: Clark Ngyuen, August and September 2011 Berkeley lectures
  • 96. Source: Clark Ngyuen, August and September 2011 Berkeley lectures; RF BPF: radio frequency bypass filte
  • 97. Source: Clark Ngyuen, August and September 2011 Berkeley lectures
  • 98. Source: Clark Ngyuen, August and September 2011 Berkeley lectures
  • 99. Source: Clark Ngyuen, August and September 2011 Berkeley lectures
  • 100. Outline  Wireline  Data rates  Fiber optics  Photonics  Wireless  Voice: analog (1980s), digital (1990s), 3G (2000s), and 4G (soon)  Non-Voice Wireless: Data Rates and Methods  Cognitive Radio  Visible Light Communication
  • 102. Made possible by improvements in lasers, LEDs, and photo-sensors Also ICs, for interpreting reflections so that direct line of sight is not necessary
  • 103. Conclusions (1)  Improvements in telecommunication system performance have and are still occurring both in  Wireline  Wireless  These improvements have involved  For wireline, finding better materials for fiber optic cable and utilizing improvements in lasers, amplifiers, and ICs  For wireless, utilizing new system designs such as cellular, smaller cells, or CDMA, which have been helped by improvements in ICs  These changes have created many types of
  • 104. Conclusions (2)  Demand for faster data speeds and higher bandwidth applications provide motivation for improvements  There may be no limits to improvements in fiber optic systems  But the bottleneck for Internet may become interface between computer and fiber optical cable  may require an all optical system, including silicon lasers  new designs and advances in science may also be needed in order to produce silicon-based lasers  use of optical interconnect within computers is more likely
  • 105. Conclusions (3)  For wireless, there may also be no limits to improvements  As long as improvements in ICs continue to be made, improvements in systems can occur  Improvements in ICs and antennas may also enable cognitive radio  Cognitive radio can enable further improvements in the effective use of the frequency spectrum  But If Moore’s Law slows, however…………….
  • 106. What does this tell us about the Future?  Improvements in Telecommunication Systems will lead to more uploading and downloading of data  What applications will succeed?  Cloud computing will continue to diffuse, as will Big Data analysis  But which applications within cloud computing?  What kinds of systems will be developed?  More medical and scientific applications  DNA sequencing  Other medical applications from wearable computing  Scientific applications such as particle accelerators, astronomy

Editor's Notes

  1. What about reducing the cell size?
  2. How can capacity of cellular systems be improved
  3. What about reducing the cell size?
  4. Why are we interested in short ranges?
  5. How is this similar to cognitive radio
  6. The better the filter, the easier to design the other components. because filters increase noise.
  7. The passives drive the size and cost of phones. MEMS can replace the passives and thus reduce the cost of these passives. Need better frequencies and bandwidth. 163 MHz.
  8. Phones are a multi-band device. These requires a lot of filters. Current PDAs have about 20 filters. We may have hundreds of filters in the future in order to handle these different bands. We can put these filters on a single MEMS chip.