3. Facts about Smoking
Most of those killed by tobacco are not particularly heavy smokers
and most started as teenagers.
Approximately 50 percent of smokers die prematurely from their
smoking, on average 14 years earlier than non-smokers.
Smoking kills one in two of those who continue to smoke past age
35.
There is evidence that smoking can cause about 40 different
diseases.
the preventable mortality attributed to smoking is 8 percent of
deaths in females and 19 percent in males.
Smoking is socioeconomically patterned with higher rates of
smoking in lower socio-economic groups. Thus tobacco smoking
produces a greater relative burden of disease and premature death
in lower socioeconomic groups and is a major contributor to
socioeconomic inequalities in health.
4. Facts (cont.)
Smoking, especially current smoking, is a crucial and
extremely modifiable independent determinant of
stroke.
Second-hand smoke (also called environmental tobacco
smoke) is a Class A carcinogen and contains
approximately 4,000 chemicals.
Exposure of children to second-hand smoke:
▫ can cause middle ear effusion
▫ increases the risk of croup, pneumonia and bronchiolitis by 60
percent in the first 18 months of life
▫ increases the frequency and severity of asthma episodes
▫ is a risk factor for induction of asthma in asymptomatic children.
5. Benefits of Smoking Cessation
These points may be helpful in motivating people to quit
smoking. Many smokers deny being at increased risk of
cancer and heart disease and more accurate perception of
risk may assist cessation efforts.
It is beneficial to stop smoking at any age. The earlier smoking is
stopped, the greater the health gain.
Smoking cessation has major and immediate health benefits for
smokers of all ages. Former smokers have fewer days of illness, fewer
health complaints, and view themselves as healthier.
Within one day of quitting, the chance of a heart attack decreases.
Within two days of quitting, smell and taste are enhanced.
Within two weeks to three months of quitting, circulation
improves and lung function increases by up to 30 percent.
6. Excess risk of heart disease is reduced by half after one
year’s abstinence. The risk of a major coronary event
reduces to the level of a never smoker within five years. In
those with existing heart disease, cessation reduces the risk
of recurrent infarction or death by half.
Former smokers live longer: after 10 to 15 years’
abstinence, the risk of dying almost returns to that of
people who never smoked. Smoking cessation at all ages,
including in older people, reduces risk of premature death.
Men who smoke are 17 times more likely than non-smokers
to develop lung cancer. After 10 years’ abstinence, former
smokers’ risk is only 30 to 50 percent that of continuing
smokers, and continues to decline.
7. Women who stop smoking before or during the
first trimester of pregnancy reduce risks to their
baby to a level comparable to that of women who
have never smoked. Around one in four low
birth weight infants could be prevented by
eliminating smoking during pregnancy.
The average weight gain of three kg and the
adverse temporary psychological effects of
quitting are far outweighed by the health
benefits.
8. Evidence for Effectiveness of Health
Professional Intervention
A Cochrane review of 16 RCTs found simple advice from doctors had a
significant effect on cessation rates (OR for quitting 1.69; 95%
confidence interval 1.45–1.98).
When trained providers are routinely prompted to intervene with
people who smoke, they achieve significant reductions in smoking
prevalence (up to 15 percent cessation rates compared with 5 to 10
percent in non-intervention sites).
Doctors and other health professionals using multiple types of
intervention to deliver individualized advice on multiple occasions
produce the best results. Frequent and consistent interventions over
time are more important than the type of intervention.
9. Smoking Cessation Program
The only way any country can substantially
reduce smoking and other tobacco use within its
borders is to establish a well-funded and
sustained comprehensive tobacco prevention
program that employs a variety of effective
approaches.
Nothing else will successfully compete against
the addictive power of nicotine and the tobacco
industry's aggressive marketing tactics.
10. ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS
The following elements must all be included to maximize
the success of any program to reduce tobacco use.
Conducted in isolation, each of these elements can reduce
tobacco use, but done together they have a much more
powerful impact:
Public Education Efforts
Community-Based Programs
Helping Smokers Quit (Cessation)
School-Based Programs
Enforcement
Monitoring and Evaluation
Related Policy Efforts
12. Tobacco dependence is a chronic condition that
often requires repeated intervention. However,
effective treatments exist that can produce longterm abstinence.
These guidelines are designed for smoking
cessation providers to assist all clients with
smoking cessation.
27. Ranking of nicotine in relation to
other drugs in terms of addiction
Dependence
among users
nicotine>heroin>cocaine>alcohol>caffeine
Difficulty achieving (alcohol=cocaine=heroin=nicotine)>caffeine
abstinence
Tolerance
(alcohol=heroin=nicotine)>cocaine>caffeine
Physical
alcohol>heroin>nicotine>cocaine>caffeine
withdrawal severity
Deaths
nicotine>alcohol>(cocaine=heroin)>caffeine
Importance in
user's daily life
(alcohol=cocaine=heroin=nicotine)>caffeine
Prevalence
caffeine>nicotine>alcohol>(cocaine=heroin)
27
28. Tobacco Effects on Psychiatric
Medication Blood Levels
Smoking
induces the P450’s 1A2 isoenzyme
secondary to the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
Smoking increases the metabolism of some
medications
–
Haldol, Prolixin, Olanzapine, Clozapine, Mellaril, Thorazine, etc
Caffeine
is metabolized through 1A2
CHECK for medication SE or relapse to mental
illness with changes in smoking status
Nicotine does not change medication blood levels
(2D6)
NRT doesn’t affect medication blood levels
Nicotine may modulate cognition, psychiatric
symptoms, and medication side effects
28
31. Reasons for Using NRT
It
31
works: roughly doubling success
rates.
It helps the person feel more
comfortable (treats nicotine withdrawal
syndrome).
It is very safe: the person is getting
“clean” nicotine instead of “dirty”
nicotine with 4000 plus chemicals.
32. Nicotine withdrawal
Withdrawal
syndrome
is a collection of signs
and symptoms
caused by abstinence
Nicotine
Nicotine
32
or cigarette
withdrawal?
replacement
reduces severity of
withdrawal symptoms
33. Sign of Nicotine Toxicity
•
33
Extremely RARE IN SMOKERS & thus
even more rare in NRT use.
• Nausea and/or vomiting
• Sweating
• Vertigo and/or Light-headedness
• Tremors
• Confusion
• Weakness
• Racing heart
34. Nicotine Patch
Dosing:
< 10 cigs/day: 14 mg
patch
≥ 10 cigs/day: 21 mg
patch
Length of Treatment:
Up to 12 weeks (PDR)
Use:
Apply to clean skin area
(upper trunk/ arms)
24 or 16 hour dosing, try
24 to dec. morning craving
Watch for nightmares
Given with or without taper
34
Pros:
-Easy, good
compliance
-Continuous
nicotine
delivery
-OTC
Cons:
-Slow onset
of action
-Skin
reaction,
Insomnia
35. Nicotine Gum
Dosing:
2mg < 25 cigarettes/day
4mg > 25 cigarettes/day
Length of Treatment:
8-10 weeks (PDR)
Use: Chew and park (oral absorption)
Slow, buccal absorption
Acidic foods ↓ absorption
Pros: Flexible dosing (every 1-2 hours, up to 24
pieces/day)
Keeps mouth busy
OTC
Cons: Need to use correctly (chew and park)
Nausea, Heartburn
Mouth and throat burning
35
37. Nicotine Lozenge
Dosing:
Based on Time To First
Length
of
Treatment:
12 weeks
(PDR)
Cigarette (TTFC)
4 mg ≤ if 30 mins TTFC
2mg > if 30 mins TTFC
Use: Allow to dissolve (Don’t Chew but Suck like a hard candy.)
Pros: Flexible dosing (Up to 20 lozenges/ day)
More discreet than gum; Keep mouth busy; OTC;
Cons: Need to use correctly (don’t chew, suck)
May cause insomnia, some nausea,
hiccups, heartburn, coughing
37
38. Nicotine Nasal Spray
Dosing:
1-2 doses per hour
1 does = 2 spays (1 spray/nostril)
Use enough to control withdrawal
symptoms
Length
of Treatment:
3-6 months weeks (PDR)
38
39. Nicotine Nasal Spray
Use:
Spray (don’t sniff, swallow, or inhale)
PRN or fixed-schedule (1-2 doses/hour)
Pros: Rapid delivery though nasal mucosa
Flexible dosing (up to 40 doses)
Cons: Nasal irritation, rhinitis, coughing, &
watering eyes.
Some dependence liability
Rx needed
39
40. Nicotine Medications
Use
40
high enough dose
Scheduled better than PRN
Use long enough time period
Can be combined with Bupropion
Don’t combine with Varenicline
Can be combined with eachother
Have very few contraindications
Have no drug-drug interactions
41. Efficacy of NRT medications
2.5
1.73
1.66
1.76
2.08
2.27
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Odds Ratio of 6 month abstinence
Overall
41
Gum
Patch
Inhaler
Nasal spray
42. Withdrawal Symptoms and NRT
***
N.S.
**
***
***
N.S.
*
N.S.
Placebo
Gum
Patch
Combo
50
P < 0.05
** P < 0.01
100
Smoking
Total Withdrawal
150
***
*
200
***
*** P < 0.001
0
42
Total withdrawal in mm (calculated by averaging each symptom over the 11 ratings and adding the 9
symptoms) for the 4 treatments and baseline smoking with P-values adjusted for multiple testing
(Bonferoni correction).
Adapted from: Fagerström et. al. Psychopharmacology, 1993,
111:3, 271-7
43. Some strategies
Recommended
doses of nicotine replacement
therapy are inadequate for many smokers
In heavy smokers, under dosing may limit the
effectiveness of patch
Patch plus Gum
– Improves abstinence rates (Kornitzer 1995,
Puska 1995)
– Decreased withdrawal (Fagerstrom 1993)
– Well tolerated
UMass uses up to 42mg patch or patch plus
43 GUM
44. Odds Ratios for the Efficacy of
Higher Doses and NRT
Combinations
Gum (4mg vs 2 mg)
Patch (21mg vs 14)
Comb vs single ttt
Comb vs patch only
44
1.98 (1.30-3.00)
1.27 (1.03-1.57)
1.64 (1.22-2.21)
1.87 (1.17-2.99)
45. Smoking with NRT
Relatively
safe
Harm Reduction
Less reinforcing effects
Not a distraction from quit
attempts
(Benowitz 1997, Hartman 1991, Slade 1995)
45
46. Smoking and NRT: IS THAT SAFE?
Concern about this is not supported by data.
Joseph took a high risk cardiac group and put them
on patch or placebo.
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
49% with active angina
40% with history of heart attack
35% with history of cardiac bypass
No increase in cardiac events for the patient group
21% of the patients were not smoking at the end vs 9% of the
placebo group.
Jiminez-Ruiz put severe COPD patients on nicotine gum
Most patients continued to smoke, though less.
No adverse events attributed to nicotine.
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) got better
(Joseph AM. NEJM 335:1792-8, 1996 & Jiminez-Ruiz.
Slide copied from OASAS.
46
Respiration 69:452-6, 2002 )
47. Conclusions
47
Nicotine Replacement Therapy is being
provided to assist tobacco users to
become tobacco free.
NRT is not a treatment in itself, but is
intended to complement the other
assessments and treatments provided.
NRT works by reducing craving and
withdrawal severity, enabling the
patient to feel comfortable and able to
concentrate on other psychosocial
treatments.
49. Bupropion Hydrochloride
Dopamine
and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
effects
Reduces cravings, withdrawal
Improved abstinence rates in trials
Less weight gain while using (Need to gain
100 pounds to diminish health benefit)
Start 7-10 days prior to quit date
Continue 7-12 weeks or longer ( > 6 months)
49
50. Bupropion Precautions
Contraindicated:
seizure disorder, eating
disorders, electrolyte abnormalities, MAO
use
–
OK with SSRIs
NOT
dangerous to smoke while taking
Monitor blood pressure
Side effects:
–
Insomnia (40%)
–
–
50
–
2nd dose early evening helps
Dry mouth
Headaches
Rash
52. Varenicline (Chantix)
Action
at α4β2 nicotine receptor
Partial
agonist/antagonist
Releases lower amounts of dopamine
into brain than smoke
–
–
Reduces withdrawal
Not as addictive as smoke
Blocks
–
nicotine from binding to receptor
Prevents reward of smoking
53. Varenicline (Chantix)
Action
at α4β2 nicotine receptor
Partial
agonist/antagonist
Releases lower amounts of dopamine
into brain than smoke
–
–
Reduces withdrawal
Not as addictive as smoke
Blocks
–
53
nicotine from binding to receptor
Prevents reward of smoking
54. Dosing
Titrate
CHX 0.5
Pfizer
54
dose from 0.5
mg daily to twice daily
to 1 mg twice daily over
1 week
Abstinence rates better
vs. placebo and
Bupropion at 1 year
Optimal duration 12-24
weeks
Most common side
effect is nausea
55. Abstinence by medication use
100%
74%
80%
64%
60%
40%
20%
82%
52%
37%
31%
37%
42%
42%
20%
0%
No m eds
1 m ed
2 m eds
4-week abstinence
55
3 m eds
4+ m eds
6-month abstinence
57. Smoking and
Schizophrenia
High
prevalence of smoking (about
90%, OR = 5.9)
Highly nicotine dependent (FTND = 7
or higher)
Nicotine produces cognitive or other
benefit
Smoking ameliorates medication side
effects (e.g., lower rates of
neuroleptic-induced Parkinsonism)
57
58. Smoking and Schizophrenia
(Continued)
Smokers with schizophrenia take in
more nicotine per cigarette than
smokers without this disorder
Higher levels of positive symptoms
and decreased negative symptoms
Ad libitum smoking increases after
initiation of haloperidol
SCZ tend to smoke less on clozapine
58
59. Neurobiology of Smoking and
Schizophrenia
Decreased
low affinity and high affinity
nAChRs
Abnormal P50 responses are
normalized
Improved Spontaneous Pursuit Eye
Movement and decreased Saccades
with nicotine
Improved cognition and attention
59
60. Smoking & Bipolar Disorder
High
prevalence of smoking: 61-80%
Findings are inconsistent regarding
the prevalence of smoking between
bipolar disorder with and without
psychotic features
Bupropion is contraindicated
Quit rates are comparable to general
population and durable
Quit rates enhanced with CBT
60
61. Smoking and Depression
The
prevalence of smoking: 37-60%
Leads to more severe nicotine withdrawal
symptoms
- High
risk for relapse in first week
- Female > Male
30%
risk of relapse to MDE after quitting if
past history present
Depressed smokers have higher suicide
rates than depressed nonsmokers
(Bruce, 1994; Lohr, 1992; Yassa, 1987)
61
62. Link Between MDD and
Smoking
60
50
Lifetime
Prevalence of
Major
Depression (%)
40
30
20
10
0
None
1 to 5
6 to 10
11 to 20
>21
Average Daily Cigarette Consumption
62
Adapted from Kendler KS, 1993
63. Smoking and Depression (Continued)
NRT
63
alone insufficient treatment for
smokers with current and/or past MDD
Combining NRT with non-NRT
pharmacotherapy appear to be promising
for smokers with depression (Ait-Daoud
et al., 2006)
CBT that emphasizes group cohesion
and social support appears to be
particularly effective for depressed
smokers with or without alcohol
dependence
64. Smoking and Anxiety D/O
The
prevalence of smoking: About 35-50%
Smokers have greater anxiety and panic symptoms
than non-smokers
Heavy smoking in adolescent is associated with
higher risk of developing Agoraphobia, GAD, and
Panic Disorder
PTSD:
–
–
–
64
Increased risk for relapse in first two weeks of quit attempt
– Increased the risk of smoking and nicotine dependence
lower rates for quitting smoking & remission from nicotine
dependence
Stopping smoking not associated with worsening of PTSD
– Bupropion tolerated and effective treatment
65. SSRIs and Smokers with
Anxiety Disorder
No
benefit for smoking cessation
Can reduce likelihood of emergent
anxiety and panic during quit attempt
Bupropion is not appropriate as only
medication
Can be combined with NRT/Bupuropion
Can be combined with varnicline
65
66. Smoking and Alcohol
Dependence
High
prevalence of smoking: 80-95%
Two studies reporting similar outcomes
of NRT in alcoholics compared with nonalcoholics (e.g., Grant et al., Alcohol,
2007)
Tobacco dependence treatment does
not cause abstinent alcoholics to
relapse (Hughes & Callas, 2003)
Smoking cessation reduces the risk of
alcohol relapse (Sobell et al., 1995)
66
67. Smoking and Alcohol Dependence
(Continued)
Bupropion
added to nicotine patch did
not improve smoking outcomes
Topiramate group was significantly
more likely to become abstinent (OR =
4.46) compared with placebo group
(Johnson et al., 2003)
Topiramate group reported more weight
loss compared with placebo group
(44% vs. 18%)
67
68. Percentage of Patinets With or Without Specific Metal Illness
Who Had Quit Smoking at the end of Tobacco Dependence
Treatment
45
39.6
Percent Who Quit Smoking
40
39.3
36
35.9
37
35
34
37
30
25
With Diagnosis
20.5
Without Diagnosis
20
15
10
5
0
Schizophrenia
Bipoloar
Disorder
MDD
PTSD
Psychiatric Disorders
68
Adapted from Grand et al., J Clin Psychiatry, 2007
69. Benefits of Treating Tobacco
Dependence in Mental Healthcare
Settings
Emerging
evidence shows that
morbidity is reduced
May enhance abstinence from other
substances
Reduced financial burden
Increased self-confidence
69
70. Future Medication Options
FDA. Rimonabant is a cannabinoid receptor inhibitor
that blocks the reinforcing effects of nicotine and also
suppresses appetite. Now in phase 3 trials, it has
already receive much attention for its potential to
attack 2 major public health epidemics; smoking and
obesity.
73. E-cigarettes were found to have immediate
adverse physiologic effects after short time use
that are similar to some of the effects seen with
tobacco smoking ; however, the long term health
effects of e-cigarette use are unknown but
potentially adverse effects are worthy of further
investigation.
CHEST 2012 ; 141 (6) 1400-1406.
74. MPOWER
•
•
•
•
•
M onitor tobacco use.
P rotect people from tobacco use.
O ffer help to quit tobacco use.
W arn about the damages of tobacco .
E nforce bans on tobacco advertising,
promotion and sponsorship.
• R aise taxes on tobacco products,
Medications used in tobacco dependence treatment are classified as first-line and second-line medications depending on how safe and effective they are. Except for sustained release Bupropion all medications classified as first-line replace the mode of nicotine delivery, so they are called nicotine replacement therapy.