Sport has a long history dating back to ancient Greece and Rome. It has evolved from informal play to organized competitions with established rules and governing bodies. Sports are a form of play that involve competition determined by physical skill, strategy, or chance. They are characterized as free, separate from ordinary life, uncertain in outcome, non-productive, and governed by agreed upon rules. The institutionalization of sport led to the codification of specific rules for each sport as well as the establishment of referees, records, organizations, and spectating audiences. Sports aesthetics can be found in the physical form and dramatic performances of athletes. Fair play and adherence to agreed upon rules are important aspects of sport ethics.

1. BASIC CONCEPT
OF
SPORT
Ma. Katryn T. Calumpang

2. SPORT
• part of the civilized societies through out history
• Greece in the 5th century B.C. –
sport was the central importance
to the culture

3. • Middle Ages – sport was officially frowned on
but still enjoyed by the common people in
villages and towns.

4. • Roman Empire –
athletes formed a strong
labor union for higher
fees and prizes
• Early America -
sports flourished
in different forms

5. Sport – The Natural Religion
Sport is a natural religion and
that we must understand it as
such to grasp its fundamental
importance. Michael Novak (1970)

6. How is Sport a Religion?
Sport is organized and dramatized in a religious way
• Rituals
Toss coin, opening
lineups etc.

7. Vestments
Costumes

8. Figure who enforce rules
and mete out punishments
Referees

9. • Religion teaches
perseverance, courage
and sacrifice
Sport if taught well,
teaches perseverance,
courage and sacrifice
• sense of powers that
are outside one’s control
the ball bounces to
the left etc.

10. Saints
Heroes and Heroines

11. Believing in sport does not preclude being
Christian, Jewish or Muslim
Sport, like religion, can be intensely personal,
yet, in its fullest sense, it is communal
For or by a group rather than individuals

12. Sports provides humans
with the greatest
opportunity to achieve
human excellence and it is
that striving for excellence
that he sees the best of
sport. (Paul Weiss 1969)

13. Sport creates conditions
within which people test
themselves and find out
a great deal about who
they are in moments of
self-revelation during
competition.
(Eleanor Metheny 1970)

14. • Sport has the power to
teach
• Sport is not necessarily a
force for good, but it is
indeed a force
(Wilfred Sheed 1995)

15. A powerful force that it not only tells
you much about yourself as an
individual but also reveals a great
deal about the society within which
sport is pursued.

16. Four Related Concepts:
• Leisure
• Play
• Games
• Competition

17. Leisure:
• an attitude of freedom or release from the
demands of ordinary life
• an activity shifts the focus
from the person to the event
and those who are
responsible for providing
services the event represents

18. • traditionally been the
discretionary time left over
after work, family, and
personal maintenance
commitments are handled
Leisure attitude, leisure activities, and leisure time
are often thought to be related to play – that is a
playful attitude, play activities, and play time.

19. Play: Sports a Form of Play
• sport is a manifestation
of play
• play is a motivating
impulse underlying the
development of drama,
art, music.

20. It is a free activity standing quite consciously
outside “ordinary” life as being “not serious,” but at
the same time absorbing the player intensely and
utterly. (Johan Huizinga)

21. Characteristics of Play
(Sociologist Roger Caillois 1961)
• free
• Separate
• Uncertain
• Unproductive
• Governed by rules or by make-believe

22. 1. Free – sport is most playful when people
either into it voluntarily
2. Separate – Sport conduct in places where the
time and space limits are fixed in advance.
3. Uncertain – Sport is most playful when it is
uncertain, when the contestants in a
competition are evenly matched.

23. 4. Economically unproductive – Activity is most
playful when it does not result in any new
wealth being created (opposed to work)
5. Governed by rules – Play is almost always
regulated, these rules standardizes the competition
6. Governed by make-believe – Play that is not
rule governed dominated by make-believe

24. Play: Child’s Play and Adult Play
• play is the most basic
form of behavior in
young children
• through play, children acquire
much of their early knowledge
about the physical and social
world in which they live

25. • adults play: calculation,
subordination to rules,
contrivance, and ritual
• children’s play: turbulence,
gaiety, spontaneous,
diversion

26. Games:
• any form of playful competition whose outcome is
determined by physical skill, strategy or chance employed
singly or in a combination
1. Games derive from play
3 Important parts:
2. Games involve competition
3. The outcome of the game is determined by use
of physical skill, strategy, or chance.

27. • Games that have
outcomes determined
primarily by chance –
(dice) – are not sports
• Games that involve strong
elements of strategy but
involve no physical skill are
not sport, e.g. bridge, chess,
and other board games

28. 1. Primarily Rules – Each sport game is different
because each game poses a problem to be
solved.
2. Secondary Rules – defines the institutionalized
form of the game or what we might called the
parent game.
• Can be altered or modified

29. Classification of Games:
1. Territory or invasion games –
defined by the problem of needing
to invade the space of the
opponent to score
2 Types:
1. Goals are used (basketball,
soccer etc.)
2. Lines are used ( Rugby etc.)

30. 2. Target games – the primary rules of propelling
objects with great accuracy toward the targets
2 Types:
1. Directly opposed
2. Indirectly opposed

31. 4. Field Games – primary rules
that require one opponent to
strike an object such as to
elder defenders on the field
3. Court Games – an object
is strategically propelled in
ways cannot be returned by
the opponent

32. Competition in Sports and Games
Competition – a rivalry in
which opponents strive
to gain something at the
expense of each other
3 related meanings of the concept:
1. To come together
2. To strive to achieve an objective
3. To be is a state of rivalry

33. The Institutionalization of Sport
• Rules were suggested, someone thought of a
new game to play, the goal of the game was
explained, equipment was probably assigned
and special space was acquired.

34. The Codification of Rules:
• the rules governing the sport are codified
• defined primarily by the
rules and secondarily by the
traditions that develop within
the sport as it becomes
institutionalized.

35. The Role of the Referee:
It is to ensure fairness
by seeing that all
contestants honor the
rules and that no
contestants get an
advantage that is
disallowed by the rule.

36. The Genesis of Sport Organizations:
• the forming of sports organizations

37. Importance of Records:
• provide standards against
which participants measure
their improvement and set
goals.
• provide great items of great interest to those who
follow the sport but do not necessarily participate in it.
• primary motivation: increased competence and
getting better

38. The Public Nature of Institutionalized Sport:
• the public role becomes
part of the culture
• the facet of institutionalized
sport that is responsible for
sport journalism, sport
broadcasting, and sport
literature

39. Sport Spectating
• most frequently mentioned leisure time activities
• sport spectator is not just a fan
• often a sophisticated,
knowledgeable, and
appreciative viewer

40. Sport Aesthetics
• sports and athletes have always been subjects for art
• to understand aesthetic
in sports, we must find
beauty in sport rather
than in paintings
• the beauty of the art is found in the performance itself

41. Aesthetics of Form Sports
• the physical form of the performance
is the determining factor in the
competition – diving, gymnastics and
figure skating

42. • sport performances
are decided by a
judging system and the
judges look for
aesthetic qualities in the
performance

43. Aesthetic Quality of other Sports:
4 Beauty Present in Sports
1. The beauty of a well-developed
body in motion
2. The beauty of a brilliant play or a
perfectly executed maneuver.
3. The beauty in a dramatic
competition
4. The beauty in the unity of a
entire performance

45. Sport Ethics
• ethics or moral philosophy,
is concerned with how the
people ought to behave,
particularly in situations in
which there is potential for
behaving well or poorly
• most people believe deeply that
participation in sport builds character

46. Fair Play:
• concept of fair play
encompasses how a
sportsperson behaves not
only during a contest but
before
• a sport should be played fairly
and vigorously, with opponents
always honoring one and
another

47. Rules and Nature of Games:
• a competition should be viewed as a test among
opponents in which all have agreed what the test will be.

48. Sport cannot ultimately survive, if participants
regularly abuse the rules and conventions that define
the sport

49. THANK YOU!