Cost Estimating: Turbo Blowers

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Cost Estimating: Turbo Blowers This GBHE Engineering Guide provides information to assist in preparing an estimate for the cost of single stage, integrally geared, turbo-blowers. The data contained is based on analysis of past purchases for projects and offers by vendors.

Technologie Business

GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

Engineering Design Guide:
GBHE-EDP-MAC-3222

Cost Estimating: Turbo Blowers
Information contained in this publication or as otherwise supplied to Users is
believed to be accurate and correct at time of going to press, and is given in
good faith, but it is for the User to satisfy itself of the suitability of the information
for its own particular purpose. GBHE gives no warranty as to the fitness of this
information for any particular purpose and any implied warranty or condition
(statutory or otherwise) is excluded except to the extent that exclusion is
prevented by law. GBHE accepts no liability resulting from reliance on this
information. Freedom under Patent, Copyright and Designs cannot be assumed.

Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com

Engineering Design Guide:

Cost Estimating: Turbo
Blowers

CONTENTS

1

SCOPE

2

COST ESTIMATE

2.1

Calculation of Absorbed Power

2.2

Obtaining Basic Cost from Figure 1

APPENDICES

A

TURBO BLOWER COSTS

FIGURES
1

GRAPH SHOWING TURBO BLOWER COSTS VERSUS POWER

Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com

1

SCOPE

This GBHE Engineering Guide provides information to assist in preparing an
estimate for the cost of single stage, integrally geared, turbo-blowers. The data
contained is based on analysis of past purchases for projects and offers by
vendors.

2

COST ESTIMATE
This Engineering Guide applies to all lubricated air compressors.

2.1

Calculate

2.2

Obtain Basic Cost from Fig 1
The basic cost is for a single stage, integrally geared blower operating
beyond the limit of an arduous duty fan and constructed in standard
materials of construction, i.e. cast or fabricated steel casing, forged steel
welded impellor, steel shaft running in plain bearings.

Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com

The cost includes:
(a)

Blower;

(b)

Gear box (integral) ;

(c)

Inlet guide vane control (manual);

(d)

Couplings and guard ;

(e)

Lubrication system (base frame mounted);

(f)

Combination baseplate.

APPENDIX

Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com

Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com

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Mixing of Gas Liquid Systems

Gerard B. Hawkins

Homogeneous Reactors 0 INTRODUCTION / PURPOSE 1 SCOPE 2 FIELD OF APPLICATION 3 DEFINITIONS 4 DESIGN STEPS 4.1 Residence Time and Flow Pattern 4.2 Modeling of Ideal Reactor Types 4.3 Costing 5 EQUIPMENT SELECTION SUMMARY 6 EQUIPMENT EXAMPLES 6.1 Gas Reactors - Plug Flow 6.2 Gas Reactors - Backmixed or Batch 6.3 Liquid Reactors - Low Viscosity 6.4 Liquid Reactors - High Viscosity 7 MEASUREMENT OF HOMOGENEOUS REACTION KINETICS 7.1 Gas Phase Reactions 7.2 Liquid Phase Reactions 8 NOMENCLATURE TABLES 1 EQUIPMENT SUMMARY FIGURES 1 LOOP REACTOR 2 BACKMIXED GAS REACTOR 3 IN-LINE FLOW MIXERS 4 SPINNING CONE THIN-FILM REACTOR 5 STIRRED VESSEL REACTOR 6 JET-MIXED REACTOR VESSEL 7 EXTRUDER 8 SCRAPED-FILM REACTOR 9 Z-BLADE MIXER 10 CONTINUOUS FLOW 11 STOPPED FLOW

Homogeneous Reactors

Gerard B. Hawkins

En vedette (20)

Orifice Restrictors - Design Guidelines

Large Water Pumps

Protection Systems for Machines: an Engineering Guide

Suspensions Processing Guide - Basic Principles & Test Methods

Fundamentals of Suspensions & Dispersion's

Reactor and Catalyst Design

Sedimentation

Centrifugal Compressors

Equinix and Customers to Present on "Mobility" at PTC '13.

The Preliminary Choice of Fan or Compressor

Lubricated Air Compressors - Operating and Maintenance Procedures Required to...

Reciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case Explosions

Integration of Reciprocating Metering Pumps Into A Process

Pumps for Hydrocarbon Service

Selection and Use of Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers

Intercloud ptc 13

Hydrogen Compressors

Mechanical Seals

Mixing of Gas Liquid Systems

Homogeneous Reactors

Similaire à Cost Estimating: Turbo Blowers

Examination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and Blowers 0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE 0.1 Reasons for Critical Classification of Arduous Duty Fans < 500 kW 0.2 Reasons for Critical Classification of Arduous Duty Fans > 500 kW 0.3 Critical Classification for High Substance Hazard Reasons 0.4 Centrifugal Blowers 0.5 General Purpose Fans 1 SCOPE 3 2 FIELD OF APPLICATION 3 3 DEFINITIONS 3 4 PRINCIPLES 4 5 CONDITION MONITORING 4 6 EXAMINATION 4 6.1 Impeller 5 6.2 Shaft and Sleeves 5 6.3 Bearings 5 7 ADDITIONAL EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL FANS DEEMED CRITICAL FOR HIGH PROCESS SUBSTANCE HAZARD REASONS 7 7.1 Casing 7 7.2 Dynamic Seals 7 APPENDICES A EXAMINATION LOGIC DIAGRAM

Examination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and Blowers

Gerard B. Hawkins

Design and Rating of Trayed Distillation Columns 0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE 1 SCOPE 2 FIELD OF APPLICATION 3 DEFINITIONS 4 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY 5 PERFORMANCE GUARANTEES 6 TRAY DESCRIPTION 7 DESIGN CALCULATIONS 7.1 Rough Design 7.2 Preliminary Design 7.3 Detailed Design and Rating 8 PROGRAM USE – DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 8.1 General Considerations 8.2 Effects of Design Variables on Performance Parameters 9 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF TRAY DESIGN 9.1 Liquid Feeds 9.2 Vapor Feeds 9.3 Two Phase or Flashing Feeds 9.4 Reboiler Returns 9.5 Liquid Drawoffs 9.6 Vapor Drawoffs 9.7 Reboiler Circuits 10 TRAY VIBRATION 10.1 Unstable Flow 10.2 Oscillation Frequencies 10.3 Analysis of Tray Vibration and Action to be Taken 11 REFERENCES APPENDICES A TRAY DEFINITIONS FIGURES 1 TYPICAL TRAY LAYOUT 2 LIQUID RECIRCULATION ON A LARGE ONE-PASS TRAY 3 BASIC CROSS FLOW TRAY LAYOUTS 4 TRAY DESIGN DEFINITIONS 5 LIQUID FEEDS 6 REBOIL RETURN NOZZEL 7 PARTIAL LIQUID DRAWOFF FROM BOTTOM OF DOWNCOMER 8 CHIMMNEY TRAY 9 VAPOR DRAWOFF – INTERMEDIATE TRAY 10 TOWER INTERNALS FOR REBOILER CIRCUITS 11 IDEALIZED PRESSURE DROP CHARACTERISTIC 12 TYPICAL SIEVE TRAY PRESSURE DROP CHARACTERISTIC

Design and Rating of Trayed Distillation Columns

Gerard B. Hawkins

Design and Simulation of Continuous Distillation Columns 0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE 1 SCOPE 2 FIELD OF APPLICATION 3 DEFINITIONS 4 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION 5 ROUGH METHOD OF COLUMN DESIGN 5.1 Sharp Separations 5.2 Sloppy Separations 6 DETAIL DESIGN USING THE CHEMCAD DISTILLATION PROGRAM 6.1 Sharp Separations 6.2 Sloppy Separations 7 COMPLEX COLUMNS 7.1 Multiple Feeds 7.2 Sidestream Take-Offs 8 DESIGN USING A LABORATORY COLUMN SIMULATION 9 DESIGN USING ACTUAL PLANT DATA 9.1 Uprating or Debottlenecking Exercises 10 REFERENCES APPENDICES A WORKED EXAMPLE B SLOPPY SEPARATIONS C SIMULATION USING PLANT DATA : CASE HISTORIES TABLES

Design and Simulation of Continuous Distillation Columns

Gerard B. Hawkins

Data Sources For Calculating Chemical Reaction Equilibria

Gerard B. Hawkins

Batch Distillation 1 SCOPE 2 FIELD OF APPLICATION 3 DEFINITIONS 4 BACKGROUND TO THE DESIGN 4.1 General 4.2 Choice of batch/continuous operation 4.3 Boiling point curve and cut policy 4.4 Method of design 4.5 Scope of calculations required for design 5 SIMPLE BATCH DISTILLATION 6 FRACTIONAL BATCH DISTILLATION 6.1 General 6.2 Approximate methods 6.3 Rigorous design - use of a computer model 6.4 Other factors influencing the design 6.4.1 Occupation 6.4.2 Choice of Batch Rectification or Stripping 6.4.3 Batch size 6.4.4 Initial estimate of cut policy 6.4.5 Liquid Holdup 6.4.6 Total reflux operation and heating-up time 6.4.7 Column operating pressure 6.5 Optimum Design of the Batch Still 6.6 Special design problems 7 GENERAL ASPECTS OF EQUIPMENT DESIGN 7.1 Kettle reboilers 7.2 Column Internals 7.3 Condensers and reflux split boxes 8 PROCESS CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION IN BATCH DISTILLATION 9 MECHANICAL DESIGN FEATURES 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES A McCABE - THIELE METHOD - TYPICAL EXAMPLE

Batch Distillation

Gerard B. Hawkins

Fixed Bed Reactor Scale-up Checklist The purpose of this checklist is to identify the stages and potential problems associated with the scale up of fixed bed reactors from the drawing board to the full scale plant, and to determine how they should be checked. The checking can be done using various methods. These are: • Literature data. • Lab testing. • Calculation. • Modeling. • Semi-tech testing. • Piloting or Sidestream testing. Identifying the stages that need to be addressed for a particular catalyst/reactor development will help in estimating the time needed for the development of the reactor

Fixed Bed Reactor Scale-up Checklist

Gerard B. Hawkins

Cast White Metal Bearings

Gerard B. Hawkins

SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN Case Study #0618416GB/H Contents 1. SMR Pre-Reformer Design 2. Inlet Baffle Design 3. Outlet Collector 4. Hold Down Grating 5. Floating Hold Down Screen 6. Catalyst Drop Out Nozzle 7. Thermowell Detail 8. Technical Performance requirements 9. SMR Pre-Reformer Isolation Technical Review and Commentary on Proposed Design APPENDIX A. Operating / Mechanical Data B. Materials Specifications C. Fabrication and Inspection Requirements D. Weights E. Nozzle Data F. Instrument Connections G. Manholes

SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case Study

Gerard B. Hawkins

Thermal Design Margins for Heat Exchangers 0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE 1 SCOPE 2 FIELD OF APPLICATION 3 DEFINITIONS 4 TERMINOLOGY 5 REASONS FOR SPECIFYING A DESIGN MARGIN 5.1 Instantaneous Rates 5.2 Future Uprating 5.3 Plant Upsets 5.4 Process Control 5.5 Uncertainties in Properties 5.6 Uncertainties in Design Methods 5.7 Fouling 6 COMBINATION OF DESIGN MARGINS 7 CRITICAL AND NON-CRITICAL DUTIES 7.1 General 7.2 Penalties of Over-design 8 OPTIMIZATION OF EXCHANGER DUTY 9 WAYS OF PROVIDING DESIGN MARGINS 9.1 The Provision of Excess Surface 9.2 Decreasing the Design Temperature Difference 9.3 Increasing the Design Process Throughput 9.4 Increasing the Design Fouling Resistance 9.5 Reducing the Design Process Outlet Temperature Approach 9.6 Adjusting the Physical Properties 10 ACCURACY OF THE DESIGN METHODS FOR SHELL AND TUBE EXCHANGERS 10.1 Pressure Drop 10.2 Heat Transfer 11 SUGGESTED DESIGN MARGINS 11.1 No Phase Change Duties 11.2 Condensers 11.3 Boilers 12 EFFECT OF UNDER- OR OVER-SURFACE ON PERFORMANCE FIGURES 1 EFFECT OF LENGTH ON EXCHANGER DUTY COUNTERCURRENT FLOW, C* = 1.0 2 EFFECT OF NUMBER OF TUBES ON EXCHANGER PERFORMANCE COUNTERCURRENT FLOW, C* = 1.0, ALL RESISTANCE IN TUBES 3 EFFECT OF TUBE LENGTH ON NUMBER OF TUBES, AREA AND PRESSURE DROP

Thermal Design Margins for Heat Exchangers

Gerard B. Hawkins

Integration of Special Purpose Centrifugal Fans into a Process 0 INTRODUCTION 1 SCOPE 2 NOTATION 3 PRELIMINARY CHOICE OF NUMBER OF FANS 3.1 Volume Flow Q o 3.2 Definitions 3.3 Estimate of Equivalent Pressure Rise Δ P e 3.4 Choice of Fan Type 3.5 Choice of Control Method 4 GAS DENSITY CONSIDERATIONS 4.1 Calculation of Inlet Pressure 4.2 Calculation of Gas Density 4.3 Atmospheric Air Conditions 5 CAPACITY AND PRESSURE RISE RATING 5.1 Calculation of Fan Capacity 5.2 Calculation of Fan Pressure Rise 5.3 Multiple Duty Points 5.4 Stability 5.5 Parallel Operation 6 GUIDE TO FAN SELECTION 6.1 Effect of Gas Contaminants 6.2 Selection of Blade Type 6.3 Selection of Rotational Speed 6.4 Wind milling and Slowroll 6.5 Estimate of Fan External Dimensions 7 POWER RATING 7.1 Estimate of Fan Efficiency 7.2 Calculation of Absorbed Power 7.3 Calculation of Driver Power Rating 7.4 Motor Power Ratings 7.5 Starting Conditions for Electric Motors 8 CASING PRESSURE RATING 8.1 Calculation of Maximum Inlet Pressure ΔP i max 8.2 Calculation of Maximum Pressure Rise Δ P s max 8.3 Calculation of Casing Test Pressure 8.4 Rating for Explosion 9 NOISE RATING 9.1 Estimate of Fan Sound Power Rating LR 9.2 Acceptable Sound Power Level LW 9.3 Acceptable Sound Pressure Level L p 9.4 Assessment of Silencing Requirements APPENDICES A RELIABILITY CLASSIFICATION B FAN LAWS FIGURES 3.4 GUIDE TO FAN TYPE 4.5 VARIATION OF AIR DENSITY WITH TEMPERATURE AND ALTITUDE 6.3.1 DUTY BOUNDARY FOR SINGLE - INLET IMPELLERS 6.3.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEAD COEFFICIENT AND SPECIFIC SIZE 6.3.6 ROTATIONAL SPEEDS FOR FAN IMPELLERS WITH BACK SWEPT VANES 6.3.7 ROTATIONAL SPEED FOR FAN IMPELLERS WITH RADIAL VANES 6.3.8 RELATIONSHIP OF IMPELLER TIP SPEED TO SHAPE 6.3.9 BOUNDARY DEFINING ARDUOUS DUTY 7.1 NOMOGRAPH FOR ESTIMATING THE EFFICIENCY OF A SINGLE STAGE FAN 7.2 GRAPH: COEFFICIENT OF COMPRESSIBILITY vs PRESSURE RATIO 7.5 GRAPH: MOMENT OF INERTIA OF FAN AND MOTOR (wR2) vs kW

Integration of Special Purpose Centrifugal Fans into a Process

Gerard B. Hawkins

0 INTRODUCTION / PURPOSE 1 SCOPE SECTION ONE - INTEGRATING.THE PUMP INTO THE SYSTEM 2 AVAILABILITY CONSIDERATIONS 3 CHOICE OF NUMBER OF PUMPS 4 CHOICE OF PUMP TYPE 4.1 Barske Type 4.2 Peripheral Type 4.3 Multistage Centrifugal Type 4.4 Inlet Booster Pumps 5 DRIVERS 5.1 Steam Turbines 5.2 Electric Motors 5.3 Dual Drivers 6 DUTY 6.1 Differential Head 6.2 Capacity 6.3 NPSH 7 MINIMUM FLOW THROUGH PUMP 7.1 Limit due to Instability in Head/Flow Characteristic 7.2 Minimum Flow Arrangements 7.3 Variable Speed Control 8 TRANSIENT EFFECTS 8.1 Reverse Flow upon Trip 8.2 Flashing 9 TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS IN CASINGS 10 INLET STRAINERS AND CASING PIPING CONNECTIONS 10.1 Strainers 10.2 Casing Piping Arrangements 11 SEAL COOLING 11.1 Packed Glands for Category 1 Pumps 11.2 Mechanical Seals SECTION TWO - PUMP CONSTRUCTION FEATURES 12 MINIMUM FLOW THROUGH PUMP 12.1 Limit Due to First Stage Cavitation Damage 12.2 Limit Due to Instability in Head/Flow Characteristic 13 IMPELLER/DIFFUSER STAGE 13 .1 Local Cavitation 13.2 Labyrinth or Bushing Clearances 13.3 Clearances Affecting Hydraulic Forces 14 ROTOR 14. 1 Rotor Dynamics 14.2 Rotor Mechanical Balance 14.3 Torsional Critical Speeds 14.4 Rotor Assembly 15 GLAND ARRANGEMENTS 15.1 Guarding 15.2 Soft-Packed Glands 15.3 Mechanical Seals for Category 1 Pumps 15.4 Mechanical Seals for Category 2 Pumps 16 AXIAL HYDRAULIC THRUST BALANCE METHODS 16. 1 Opposed Impeller Configuration 16.2 Balance Disc 16.3 Balance Piston 17 CASING 17.1 Casing Type 17.2 Casing Connections 18 MATERIALS 19 DRIVER CONSIDERATIONS

Boiler Feedwater Pumps

Gerard B. Hawkins

1 SCOPE 2 CHOICE OF COMPRESSOR TYPE 2.1 Parameters 2.2 Preliminary Choice of Machine Type 2.3 Review of Other Types of Compressor 3 CHOICE OF NUMBER OF COMPRESSORS 3.1 Influence of Reliability Classification 3.2 Driver Considerations 3.3 Deterioration of Standby Machines 4 EFFECTS OF PROCESS GAS COMPOSITION 4.1 Particulate Contamination 4.2 Droplets in Suspension 4.3 Polymer Deposit 4.4 Molecular Weight Variation 4.5 Compressibility Variation 4.6 Gas Dryness 4.7 Gas Solution in Lubricating Oil for Cylinder and Gland 5 THROUGHPUT REGULATION 5.1 Inlet Line Throttle Valve 5.2 Inlet Line Cut-off Valve 5.3 Compressor Inlet Valve Lifter 5.4 Clearance Volume Variation 5.5 Speed Variation 5.6 Bypass 5.7 Hybrid Regulation Systems 6 PRINCIPAL FEATURES 6.1 Calculate Discharge Gas Temperature 6.2 Choice of Number of Stages 6.3 Configuration 6.4 Valve Operation Limit on Piston Speed 6.5 Limits for Mean Piston Speed 6.6 Estimation of Volumetric Efficiency 6.7 Estimation of Crankshaft Rotational Speed 6.8 Calculation of Piston Diameter 6.9 Choice of Number of Cylinders 7 DRIVER TYPE 7.1 Electric Motors 7.2 Steam Turbines 7.3 Special Drivers 8 VESSELS APPENDICES A RELIABILITY CLASSIFICATION B CONDITIONS FOR LUBRICATED CYLINDERS AND GLANDS C ESTIMATE OF LUBE OIL CONTAMINATION OF PROCESS GAS D INFLUENCE OF GAS COMPOSITION AND MACHINE CONSTRUCTION ON FILLED PTFE PISTON RING SEALS E LIMITS ON GAS TEMPERATURES FIGURES 1 SELECTION CHART 2 DESIGN SEQUENCE 1 - ESTIMATE NUMBER OF STAGES 3 DESIGN SEQUENCE 2 - ESTIMATE CYLINDER SIZES

Integration of Special Purpose Reciprocating Compressors into a Process

Gerard B. Hawkins

Critical Variables in Catalytic Reforming and Unit Monitoring Best Practices

Gerard B. Hawkins

Pressure Systems CONTENTS 0 INTRODUCTION 1 SCOPE 2 DEFINITIONS ADDITIONAL TO THOSE IN THE EP GLOSSARY 2.1 PRESSURE VESSEL 2.2 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE STORAGE TANK 2.3 VESSEL 2.4 PIPING SYSTEM 2.5 NON-PRESSURE PROTECTIVE DEVICE 2.6 ASSOCIATED RELIEF EQUIPMENT 3 APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES 3.1 IMPLEMENTATION OF PEG 4 3.2 DESIGN, MANUFACTURE, REPAIR AND MODIFICATION 3.3 VERIFICATION OF DESIGN 3.4 GBHE REGISTRATION AND RECORDS 3.5 PERIODIC EXAMINATION 4 AUDITING 4.1 General 4.2 Scope of Audit APPENDICES A EQUIPMENT WHICH MAY BE EXEMPTED FROM GBHE REGISTRATION C DOCUMENTATION FOR INCLUSION IN FILES OF REGISTERED EQUIPMENT D ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PERIODIC EXAMINATION OF SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF EQUIPMENT E DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF PRESSURE SYSTEMS PROCEDURES F DECISION TREE FOR REGISTRATION OF PIPING SYSTEMS G REGISTERED EQUIPMENT WHICH MAY BE EXEMPTED FROM DESIGN VERIFICATION TABLES 1 REGISTERED VESSELS AND PIPING SYSTEMS: MAXIMUM EXAMINATION INTERVALS 2 EQUIPMENT TO BE CONSIDERED FOR CATEGORY LLT FIGURES 1 SIMPLE PRESSURE RELIEF ARRANGEMENT 2 COMPLEX PRESSURE RELIEF ARRANGEMENT DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS INFORMATION FOR ENGINEERS DOCUMENT

Pressure Systems

Gerard B. Hawkins

Boiler Water Circulation Pumps 1 SCOPE 2 CHOICE OF TYPE AND NUMBER OF PUMPS 2.1 Need for Continuous Flow 2.2 Pump Reliability 3 CHOICE OF DRIVER 4 DUTY CALCULATIONS 5 CHOICE OF SEAL 5.1 Mechanical Seals 5.2 Soft-packed Glands 5.3 Construction Features 5.4 Guarding 6 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES 6.1 Vertical Glandless Wet-stator Motor Pumps 7 LAYOUT 7.1 Non-return Valves 7.2 Reducers at Pump Connections 7.3 Glandless Pumps for System Pressures Exceeding 60 bar abs 7.4 Access round Glandless Pumps 7.5 Cooling Water Supply 8 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAMS 8.1 Horizontal Pumps in Category 1 8.2 Vertical Wet-stator Motor Pumps in Category APPENDICES A PROPERTIES OF WATER AT THE SATURATION LINE B ANNEX TO API 610, 6TH EDITION 1981: VERTICAL GLANDLESS WET-STATOR MOTOR PUMPS C ANNEX TO API 610, 6TH EDITION 1981: HORIZONTAL BACK PULL-OUT PUMPS FOR BOILER WATER CIRCULATION DUTY FIGURES 3.1 NPSH CORRECTION FOR WATER 3.2 VELOCITY OF SOUND IN WATER AT 50 BAR (NO BUBBLES) 3.3 VELOCITY OF SOUND IN WATER AT 50 BAR (WITH 3% VAPOR CONTENT) 8.1 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - CATEGORY 1 8.2 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - SOFT PACKED GLAND INSTALLATION 8.3 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - MECHANICAL SEAL INSTALLATION 8.4 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM VERTICAL WET STATOR PUMPS - CATEGORY 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Boiler Water Circulation Pumps

Gerard B. Hawkins

Gas Mixing

Gerard B. Hawkins

Reactor Modeling Tools - An Overview CONTENTS 1 SCOPE 2 OPTIONS IN REACTOR MODELING 2.1 General 2.2 Level of Complexity of Model 2.3 Mode of Operation of Model 2.4 Deterministic versus Empirical Modeling 2.5 Platforms for Model 2.6 Steady State versus Dynamic Model 2.7 Dimensions Modeled in Reactor 2.8 Scale of Modeling for Multiphase Reactors 2.9 Writing and Using the Model APPENDICES A CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT REACTOR MODELS B NEEDS FOR MODELING AT DIFFERENT SCALES IN HETEROGENEOUS CATALYTIC REACTORS C REACTOR MODELS EMPLOYED WITHIN GBHE DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS ENGINEERING GUIDE

Reactor Modeling Tools - An Overview

Gerard B. Hawkins

Air Cooled Heat Exchanger Design 0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE 1 SCOPE 2 FIELD OF APPLICATION 3 DEFINITIONS 4 SUITABILITY FOR AIR COOLING 4.1 Options Available For Cooling 4.2 Choice of Cooling System 5 SPECIFICATION OF AN AIR COOLED HEAT EXCHANGER 5.1 Description and Terminology 5.2 General 5.3 Thermal Duty and Design Margins 5.4 Process Pressure Drop 5.5 Design Ambient Conditions 5.6 Process Physical Properties 5.7 Mechanical Design Constraints 5.8 Arrangement 5.9 Air Side Fouling 5.10 Economic Factors in Design 6 CONTROL 7 PRESSURE RELIEF 8 ASSESSMENT OF OFFERS 8.1 General 8.2 Manual Checking Of Designs 8.3 Computer Assessment 8.4 Bid Comparison 9 FOULING AND CORROSION 9.1 Fouling 9.2 Corrosion 10 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 10.1 Performance Testing 10.2 Air-Side Cleaning 10.3 Mechanical Maintenance 10.4 Tube side Access 11 REFERENCES

Air Cooled Heat Exchanger Design

Gerard B. Hawkins

Pumps for Ammonium Nitrate Service Engineering Design Guide: GBHE-EDG-MAC-1503 CONTENTS 1 SCOPE SECTION ONE: INTEGRATION OF PUMPS INTO THE PROCESS 2 PROPERTIES OF FLUID 2.1 Decomposition 2.2 Combustion 2.3 Detonation 2.4 Deliquescence 2.5 Density 2.6 Viscosity 2.7 Vapor Pressure 2.8 Freezing Point 2.9 Specific Heat 2.10 Surface Tension 2.11 Thermal Conductivity 3 CALCULATION OF DUTY 3.1 Centrifugal Pumps 4 CHOICE OF PUMP TYPE 4.1 Centrifugal Pumps 4.2 Rotary Pumps 4.3 Reciprocating Pumps 5 LINE DIAGRAMS 5.1 Centrifugal Pumps with Mechanical Seals 5.2 Vertical Suspended Cantilever Shaft Pumps for Melt Service 5.3 Horizontal Self-Priming Pumps 5.4 Reciprocating Pumps 5.5 Seal Water Supply System 6 LAYOUT 6.1 Vertical Cantilever Shaft Pumps - Tank Proportions SECTION TWO: CONSTRUCTION FEATURES OF PUMPS 7 SEALS FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 7.1 Below 30% AN 7.2 30-45% AN 7.3 45-90% AN 7.4 Above 90% AN 8 PACKED GLANDS FOR RECIPROCATING PUMPS 8.1 Below 90% AN 9 SEAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS 10 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 10.1 Casing 10.2 Rotor 10.3 Bearing Lubrication 10.4 Coupling 10.5 Baseplate 11 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES OF VERTICAL CANTILEVER SHAFT IMMERSED PUMPS 11.1 Motor 11.2 Insulation and Jacketing 11.3 Rotor 11.4 Bearing Lubrication 11.5 Preservation 12 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES OF RECIPROCATING PLUNGER PUMPS 12.1 Speed Limits 12.2 Casing and Gearbox 12.3 Couplings 13 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 13.1 Recommended Materials 13.2 Forbidden Materials APPENDIX A: BEARING LUBRICANTS FIGURES 2.5.1 DENSITY OF AMMONIUM NITRATE SOLUTIONS 2.5.2 DENSITY OF AMMONIUM NITRATE SOLUTIONS 2.6 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY OF AMMONIUM NITRATE SOLUTIONS 2.7.1 WATER VAPOR PRESSURE ABOVE AMMONIUM NITRATE SOLUTIONS 2.7.2 AMMONIA VAPOR PRESSURE FOR AM!AMMONIUM NITRATE MELT 2.8 FREEZING POINT OF AMMONIUM NITRATE SOLUTIONS 2.9 SPECIFIC HEAT OF AMMONIUM NITRATE SOLUTIONS 4 SELECTION OF PUMP TYPE 5. 1 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS WITH MECHANICAL SEALS 5.2 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM: VERTICAL SUSPENDED CANTILEVER PUMPS 5.3 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM: HORIZONTAL SELF PRIMING PUMPS 5.4 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM: RECIPROCATING PLUNGER PUMPS 5.5 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM SEAL: WATER PUMPS AND INJECTION PUMP SYSTEMS 7.2 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF SEAL WITH NO INJECTION FLUSH 7.3 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF CRANE TYPE 52B WITH 'J' SEAT INCORPORATING TETRALIPS INBOARD AND OUTBOARD 7.4 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF LABYRINTH SEAL FOR VERTICAL SUSPENDED CANTILEVER SHAFT PUMPS 8.1 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF SOFT PACKED GLAND FOR RECIPROCATING PLUNGER PUMPS FOR DELIVERY PRESSURES UP TO 10 BAR G. 12 TEMPERATURES ATTAINED ON DISSOLUTION OF ANHYDROUS CAUSTIC SODA TABLES 13.1 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 13.2 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION VERTICAL CANTILEVER SHAFT IMMERSED PUMPS 13.3 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION RECIPROCATING PLUNGER PUMPS

Pumps for Ammonium Nitrate Service

Gerard B. Hawkins

SYNOPSIS The principles underlying centrifugal separation of particulate species are briefly considered, and the main types of separator available are noted. The procedures available for scale-up from laboratory or semi-technical data are then discussed in detail with particular reference to perhaps the most important class of machine for fine particle processing: the disc-nozzle centrifuge. Starting with the basic concepts behind their design, discussion follows to explain the factors which may limit centrifuge performance. It is shown how a few simple; laboratory scale tests can give a valuable insight into the design and operation of full-scale industrial machines.

Centrifugation

Gerard B. Hawkins

Similaire à Cost Estimating: Turbo Blowers (20)

Examination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and Blowers

Design and Rating of Trayed Distillation Columns

Design and Simulation of Continuous Distillation Columns

Data Sources For Calculating Chemical Reaction Equilibria

Batch Distillation

Fixed Bed Reactor Scale-up Checklist

Cast White Metal Bearings

SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case Study

Thermal Design Margins for Heat Exchangers

Integration of Special Purpose Centrifugal Fans into a Process

Boiler Feedwater Pumps

Integration of Special Purpose Reciprocating Compressors into a Process

Critical Variables in Catalytic Reforming and Unit Monitoring Best Practices

Pressure Systems

Boiler Water Circulation Pumps

Gas Mixing

Reactor Modeling Tools - An Overview

Air Cooled Heat Exchanger Design

Pumps for Ammonium Nitrate Service

Centrifugation

Plus de Gerard B. Hawkins

GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases This Process Safety Guide has been written with the aim of assisting process engineers, hazard analysts and environmental advisers in carrying out gas dispersion calculations. The Guide aims to provide assistance by: • Improving awareness of the range of dispersion models available within GBHE, and providing guidance in choosing the most appropriate model for a particular application. • Providing guidance to ensure that source terms and other model inputs are correctly specified, and the models are used within their range of applicability. • Providing guidance to deal with particular topics in gas dispersion such as dense gas dispersion, complex terrain, and modeling the chemistry of oxides of nitrogen. • Providing general background on air quality and dispersion modeling issues such as meteorology and air quality standards. • Providing example calculations for real practical problems. SCOPE The gas dispersion guide contains the following Parts: 1 Fundamentals of meteorology. 2 Overview of air quality standards. 3 Comparison between different air quality models. 4 Designing a stack. 5 Dense gas dispersion. 6 Calculation of source terms. 7 Building wake effects. 8 Overview of the chemistry of the oxides of nitrogen. 9 Overview of the ADMS complex terrain module. 10 Overview of the ADMS deposition module. 11 ADMS examples. 12 Modeling odorous releases. 13 Bibliography of useful gas dispersion books and reports. 14 Glossary of gas dispersion modeling terms. Appendix A : Modeling Wind Generation of Particulates. APPENDIX B TABLE OF PROPERTY VALUES FOR SPECIFIC CHEMICALS

GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases

Gerard B. Hawkins

El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...

Gerard B. Hawkins

Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming Contents 1 Introduction 2 Underpinning Theory 2.1 Conceptualization 2.2 Reforming Reactions 2.3 Carbon Formation Chemistry 2.3.1 Natural Gas 2.3.2 Carbon Formation for Naphtha Feeds 2.3.3 Carbon Gasification 2.4 Heat Transfer 3 Causes 3.1 Effects of Carbon Formation 3.2 Types of Carbon 4 What are the Effects of Carbon Formation? 4.1 Why does Carbon Formation Get Worse? 4.1.1 So what is the Next Step? 4.2 Consequences of Carbon Formation 4.3 Why does Carbon Form where it does? 4.3.1 Effect on Process Gas Temperature 4.4 Why does Carbon Formation Propagate Down the Tube? 4.4.1 Effect on Radiation on the Fluegas Side 4.5 Why does Carbon Formation propagate Up the Tube? 5 How do we Prevent Carbon Formation 5.1 The Role of Potash 5.2 Inclusion of Pre-reformer 5.3 Primary Reformer Catalyst Parameters 5.3.1 Activity 5.3.2 Heat Transfer 5.3.3 Increased Steam to Carbon Ratio 6 Steam Out 6.1 Why does increasing the Steam to Carbon Ratio Not Work? 6.2 Why does reducing the Feed Rate not help? 6.3 Fundamental Principles of Steam Outs TABLES 1 Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Typical Reformer 2 Typical Catalyst Loading Options FIGURES 1 Hot Bands 2 Conceptual Pellet 3 Naphtha Carbon Formation 4 Heat Transfer within an Reformer 5 Types of Carbon Formation 6 Effect of Carbon on Nickel Crystallites 7 Absorption of Heat 8 Comparison of "Base Case" v Carbon Forming Tube 9 Carbon Formation Vicious Circle 10 Temperature Profiles 11 Carbon Pinch Point 12 Carbon Formation 13 Effect on Process Gas Temperature 14 How does Carbon Propagate into an Unaffected Zone? 15 Movement of the Carbon Forming Region 16 Effect of Hot Bands on Radiative Heat Transfer 17 Effect of Potash on Carbon Formation 18 Application of a Pre-reformer 19 Effect of Activity on Carbon Formation

Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming

Gerard B. Hawkins

Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...

Gerard B. Hawkins

STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTS

Gerard B. Hawkins

Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption: Case Study: #06023300 Plant Note Book Series: PNBS-0602 CONTENTS 0 SCOPE 1 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FEED CONSUMPTION 2 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FUEL CONSUMPTION 3 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION FOR PILOT BURNERS OF FLARES 4 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER FROM DEMIN. UNIT 5 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER TO PACKAGE BOILERS 6 CALCULATION OF MP STEAM EXPORT 7 CALCULATION OF LP STEAM IMPORT 8 DETERMINATION OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION 9 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT ISBL 10 ADJUSTMENT OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION FOR TEST RUN CONDITIONS 11 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN MP STEAM CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES 12 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES 13 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT OSBL 14 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT

Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:

Gerard B. Hawkins

Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel Gas

Gerard B. Hawkins

Ammonia Plant Technology Pre-Commissioning Best Practices GBHE-APT-0102 PICKLING & PASSIVATION CONTENTS 1 PURPOSE OF THE WORK 2 CHEMICAL CONCEPT 3 TECHNICAL CONCEPT 4 WASTES & SAFETY CONCEPT 5 TARGET RESULTS 6 THE GENERAL CLEANING SEQUENCE MANAGEMENT 6.6.1 Pre-cleaning or “Physical Cleaning 6.6.2 Pre-rinsing 6.6.3 Chemical Cleaning 6.6.4 Critical Factors in Cleaning Success 6.6.5 Rinsing 6.6.6 Inspection and Re-Cleaning, if Necessary 7 Systems to be treated by Pickling/Passivation

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Ammonia Plant Technology Pre-Commissioning Best Practices Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure CONTENTS 1 Scope 2 Aim/purpose 3 Responsibilities 4 Procedure 4.1 Main cleaning methods 4.1.1 Mechanical cleaning 4.1.2 Cleaning with air 4.1.3 Cleaning with steam (for steam networks only) 4.1.4 Cleaning with water 4.2 Choice of the cleaning method 4.3 Cleaning preparation 4.4 Protection of the devices included in the network 4.5 Protection of devices in the vicinity of the network 4.6 Water flushing procedure 4.6.1 Specific problems of water flushing 4.6.2 Preparation for water flushing 4.6.3 Performing a water flush 4.6.4 Cleanliness criteria 4.7 Air blowing procedure 4.7.1 Specific problems of air blowing 4.7.2 Preparation for air blowing 4.7.3 Performing air blowing 4.7.4 Cleanliness checks 4.8 Steam blowing procedure 4.8.1 Specific problems of steam blowing 4.8.2 Preparation for steam blowing 4.8.3 Performing steam blowing 4.8.4 Cleanliness checks 4.9 Chemical cleaning procedure 4.9.1 Specific problems of cleaning with a chemical solution 4.9.2 Preparation for chemical cleaning 4.9.3 Performing a chemical cleaning 4.9.4 Cleanliness criteria 4.10 Re-assembly - general guideline 4.11 Preservation of flushed piping

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PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC EFFLUENT STREAMS CONTENTS 0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE 1 SCOPE 2 FIELD OF APPLICATION 3 DEFINITIONS 3.1 IPU 3.2 AOS 3.3 BODs 3.4 COD 3.5 TOC 3.6 Toxicity 3.7 Refractory Organics/Hard COD 3.8 Heavy Metals 3.9 EA 3.10 Biological Treatment Terms 3.11 BATNEEC 3.12 BPEO 3.13 EQS/LV 3.14 IPC 3.15 VOC 3.16 F/M Ratio 3.17 MLSS 3.18 MLVSS 4 DESIGN/ECONOMIC GUIDELINES 5 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION 5.1 General 5.2 Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) 5.3 Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Costs (BATNEEC) 5.4 Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO) 5.5 Environmental Quality Standards(EQS) 6 IPU EXIT CONCENTRATION 7 SITE/LOCAL REQUIREMENTS 8 PROCESS SELECTION PROCEDURE 8.1 Waste Minimization Techniques (WMT) 8.2 AOS Stream Definition 8.3 Technical Check List 8.4 Preliminary Selection of Suitable Technologies 8.5 Process Sequences 8.6 Economic Evaluation 8.7 Process Selection APPENDICES A DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 1 B DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 2 C THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION PRIORITY CANDIDATE LIST D THE UK RED LIST E CURRENT VALUES FOR EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS AND CORRESPONDING LIMIT VALUES F ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGIES G EMERGING TECHNOLOGY H PROPRIETARY/LESS COMMON TECHNOLOGIES J COMPARATIVE COST DATA

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PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCs) FOREWORD CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 THE NEED FOR VOC CONTROL 3 CONTROL AT SOURCE 3.1 Choice or Solvent 3.2 Venting Arrangements 3.3 Nitrogen Blanketing 3.4 Pump Versus Pneumatic Transfer 3.5 Batch Charging 3.6 Reduction of Volumetric Flow 3.7 Stock Tank Design 4 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT 4.1 By Inference or Calculation 4.2 Flow Monitoring Equipment 4.3 Analytical Instruments 4.4 Vent Emissions Database 5 ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY 5.1 Available Options 5.2 Selection of Preferred Option 5.3 Condensation 5.4 Adsorption 5.5 Absorption 5.6 Thermal Incineration 5.7 Catalytic Oxidation 5.8 Biological Filtration 5.9 Combinations of Process technologies 5.10 Processes Under Development 6 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 7 REFERENCES Appendix 1. Photochemical Ozone Creation Potentials Appendix 2. Examples of Adsorption Preliminary Calculations Appendix 3. Example of Thermal Incineration Heat and Mass Balance Appendix 4. Cost Correlations

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EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS CONTENTS 1 Introduction 2 When should Emergency Isolation Valves be Installed 3 Emergency Isolation Valves and Associated Equipment 3.1 Installations on existing plant 3.2 Actuators 3.3 Power to close or power to open 3.4 The need for testing 3.5 Hand operated Emergency Valves 3.6 The need to stop pumps in an emergency 3.7 Location of Operating Buttons 3.8 Use of control valves for Isolation 4 Detection of Leaks and Fires 5 Precautions during Maintenance 6 Training Operators to use Emergency Isolation Valves 7 Emergency Isolation when no remotely operated valve is available References Glossary Appendix I Some Fires or Serious Escapes of Flammable Gases or Liquids that could have been controlled by Emergency Isolation Valves Appendix II Some typical Installations

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PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING LINE DIAGRAMS PROCESS CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGY 2.1 Philosophy of the Design Process 2.2 Outline of Methodology 2.3 Additional Aspects of Methodology 3 WORKBOOK 4 EXAMPLE: BATCH NEUTRALIZATION AND STRIPPING PROCESS 4.1 Start of Stage 1 4.2 Stage 1 4.3 Stage 2 4.3 Stage 3 5 REFERENCES TABLES 1 DESIGN OBJECTIVES 2 OUTPUT FROM EACH STAGE 3 STEP BY STEP APPROACH 4 FUNCTION 5 OPERATION 6 FAILURES 7 STAGE 3 PROMPTS (DATA SHEET) 8 PRELIMINARY MASS BALANCE 9 PRELIMINARY EQUIPMENT LIST 10 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS 11 STAGE 2: DEVELOPMENT OF OPERATING STATES AND TRANSMISSIONS 12 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS FIGURES 1 DESIGN PROCESS 2 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY. 3 SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY 4 POSSIBLE OUTCOMES FROM A KEYWORD PROMPT 5 OPERATING STATES 6 OPERATING STATES/TRANSITIONS 7 EXAMPLE: OVERALL BLOCK DIAGRAM 8 EXAMPLE: “PRIMITIVE PFD” 9 EXAMPLE: STAGE 1 “WORKING DIAGRAM”. 10 EXAMPLE: MAIN OPERATING STATES AND TRANSITIONS 11 EXAMPLE: DETAILED PFD (END OF STAGE 1) 12 EXAMPLE: STAGE 2 “WORKING DIAGRAM” 13 EXAMPLE: STAGE 3 “REV 0” ELD

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OXIDATIVE COUPLING COMBINED WITH DISTILLATION TO REMOVE MERCAPTAN SULFUR FROM NGLS CONTENTS Background Figure 1. Typical LPG Fractionation line-up and Sulfur Compound Distribution Potential Market for low Sulfur LPGs Sulfur removal from LPGs Oxidative coupling combined with distillation Figure 2. Debutanizer with Catalytic Oxidative Coupling Aspen Simulation Results Integration of reaction and distillation Technical Issues Practical Issues Future Considerations Market Issues Technical Issues Additional Technical Requirements References Appendix Kerosene Sweetening

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1. GBH Enterprises, Ltd. Engineering Design Guide: GBHE-EDP-MAC-3222 Cost Estimating: Turbo Blowers Information contained in this publication or as otherwise supplied to Users is believed to be accurate and correct at time of going to press, and is given in good faith, but it is for the User to satisfy itself of the suitability of the information for its own particular purpose. GBHE gives no warranty as to the fitness of this information for any particular purpose and any implied warranty or condition (statutory or otherwise) is excluded except to the extent that exclusion is prevented by law. GBHE accepts no liability resulting from reliance on this information. Freedom under Patent, Copyright and Designs cannot be assumed. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com

2. Engineering Design Guide: Cost Estimating: Turbo Blowers CONTENTS 1 SCOPE 2 COST ESTIMATE 2.1 Calculation of Absorbed Power 2.2 Obtaining Basic Cost from Figure 1 APPENDICES A TURBO BLOWER COSTS FIGURES 1 GRAPH SHOWING TURBO BLOWER COSTS VERSUS POWER Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com

3. 1 SCOPE This GBHE Engineering Guide provides information to assist in preparing an estimate for the cost of single stage, integrally geared, turbo-blowers. The data contained is based on analysis of past purchases for projects and offers by vendors. 2 COST ESTIMATE This Engineering Guide applies to all lubricated air compressors. 2.1 Calculate 2.2 Obtain Basic Cost from Fig 1 The basic cost is for a single stage, integrally geared blower operating beyond the limit of an arduous duty fan and constructed in standard materials of construction, i.e. cast or fabricated steel casing, forged steel welded impellor, steel shaft running in plain bearings. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com

4. The cost includes: (a) Blower; (b) Gear box (integral) ; (c) Inlet guide vane control (manual); (d) Couplings and guard ; (e) Lubrication system (base frame mounted); (f) Combination baseplate. APPENDIX Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com

5. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com

6. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com

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