SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  10
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
GBHE Technical Bulletin CTB #10
HYDROGENATION REACTOR DESIGN
Fixed Bed Reactor Internals
The following is designed to give an overview on and some insight in the general
design features of hydrogenation reactors and the impact of the various reactor
internals on performance.
GBHE can offer assistance in the design and alteration of hydrogenation reactors
and their internals to meet specific production and engineering needs. It should
be noted that specific advice can only be given on a case to case basis. For
more information, please contact GBHE
outlet collector
graded catalyst inert
supports
catalyst separation
screens
separation screen
debris collector
void space
inlet distributor
inert balls
catalyst bed
liquid redistributor if
required
catalyst
unloading
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
INLET DISTRIBUTOR
Reactors operate in different flow regimes within the catalyst bed. In normal
operation, however, there are only three conditions that affect inlet design, viz.
gas phase, liquid phase and mixed phase flow regimes.
With gas flows, inlet velocities are sometimes high and inlet baffles are used to
prevent direct impingement on the reactor bed. These baffles are located on the
reactor centre line and can be as simple as a set of concentric rings with a cover
plate.
Mixed phase flow distributors are more complicated and are covered elsewhere.
The mixed phase flow designs will be the same for the reactor inlet and a
distribution tray. In some high velocity applications it may be necessary to include
both an impingement baffle and a two-phase flow distributor.
DEBRIS COLLECTOR
Reactors contain debris collectors for two reasons:
1. To provide an increased area for fluid flow.
2. To collect trash and any 'tramp material' which can be caught in the
baskets. They will collect millscale from furnaces, storage tanks and
exchangers and still allow the feed stream to pass.
In chemical reactors with clean feed streams these baskets may not be required.
They are typically made from 100 mm diameter baskets of mesh or perforated
plate which is approximately 150 to 200 mm long. They are located triangularly in
an inert bed of alumina balls and are tied together in hexagonal clusters.
As many baskets as possible are fitted into the reactor on a 180 to 200 mm pitch.
Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please
contact GBHE
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
INERT BALLS (top of bed)
It is possible to include a layer of inert ceramic balls directly below the inlet. This
can be a single size or random distribution size material. They protect the
catalyst bed from direct impingement of the inlet feedstock stream. The layer is
usually 0.15 metres in depth unless a greater depth is needed for the inlet debris
collector if used.
The ceramic material is usually alumina. Typically, the balls have a diameter of
12.5 mm. A screen is sometimes included below the layer of inert ceramic
material to prevent the more dense balls from sinking into the catalyst bed during
normal operation.
Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please
contact GBHE
CATALYST SEPARATION SCREENS (top of bed)
The separation screen keeps the ballast out of the catalyst bed. The screen is cut
into segments to pass through the manhole and laced together inside to form a
complete circle.
The screen is not attached to the reactor and is free to settle with the bed during
the run. It falls with the catalyst when the latter is unloaded.
Typical screen sizes are given in Table C2
PT-1.
Table C2
PT-1. Screen sizes for Vulcan Series VIG catalysts. Typical values.
VIG-T02 1.2 mm VIG-T03 2.5 mm
Separation Screen Mesh size 18x18 mm
wire diameter 0.58 mm
(0.023")
width of opening 0.83 mm
(0.0326")
34.4% open area
mesh size 12x12 mm
wire diameter 0.89 mm
(0.035")
width of opening 1.22 mm
(0.048")
33.2% open area
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please
contact GBHE
CATALYST BED
GBHE VULCAN Series VIG catalysts are HGS shaped catalyst. They can be
dense or sock loaded. When used in existing vessels or in new units, there are
some factors that need to be taken into consideration to make optimum use of
the catalyst activity.
Design of the reactor internals is part of this performance maximization. GBHE
offers to advise wherever possible and make process recommendations for
various options.
Manholes have not been shown in Figure 1. They are, however, an important
factor in new reactors. Further details are available on request.
In general, manholes can be located in the centre line or on the side of the vessel
and can vary in size from 400 to 600 mm.
Similarly, catalyst drop out nozzles are required. Usually, dimensions are
comparable to those for manholes.
Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please
contact GBHE
CATALYST SEPARATION SCREENS (bed support)
A fine screen whose opening is less than the catalyst size is sometimes used
between the catalyst and the inert support. It prevents catalyst pieces and fines
generated during normal operation from reaching the outlet and are designed to
have a maximum open surface area and will not seriously affect the total reactor
pressure drop.
The fine mesh is not usually strong enough to span the bed on top of the inert fill.
Any distortion or movement of the screen will allow catalyst to by-pass and may
cause rupture of the fine material. It is therefore necessary to include a second
screen to ensure that weaker screen does not bend and/or rupture. The lower
screen is usually sized to prevent the smallest of the inert balls from passing
through (see also reference for inert support loading).
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
Table C2
PT -2. Screen sizes for VULCAN Series VIG catalysts. Typical values.
VIG-T02 VIG-T03
Top Screen
(catalyst support)
Mesh size 18x18
wire diameter 0.58 mm
(0.023")
Width of opening 0.83 mm
(0.0326")
34.4% open area
mesh size 12x12
wire diameter 0.89 mm
(0.035")
width of opening 1.22 mm
(0.048")
33.2% open area
Bottom Screen Mesh size 8 x 8
Wire diameter 1.2 mm
(0.047")
Width of opening 1.98 mm
(0.078")
38.9% open area
Mesh size 8 x 8
Wire diameter 1.2 mm
(0.047")
Width of opening 1.98 mm
(0.078")
38.9% open area
In some cases, a single bed can be split into two or more sections by separation
screens.
Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please
contact GBHE
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
CATALYST BED SUPPORTS
There are a number of methods for bed supports. These include a grating and
beam arrangement, proprietary screens or inert fill.
The method covered here it the application of inert balls. An outlet collector must
be used when using an inert fill system. The material usually is high purity α-
alumina.
The philosophy is to use a layered fill. The layer directly beneath the catalyst
should be approx. twice the catalyst size. The bottom layer should be approx. 1.3
- 2.5 cm thick (½ - 1"). The balls should cover the outlet collector by a minimum
of 7.6 cm (3") and should be at least 7.6 cm (3") into the straight part of the shell.
Typical support system data for VULCAN Series VIG catalysts are given in table
C2
PT-3.
Table C
2
PT-3
VIG-T02 VIG-T03
Top layer below catalyst bed
(15.2 cm (6") depth)
3.2 mm (1/8") 3.2 mm (1/8")
Next layer below top balls
(15.2 cm (6") depth)
6.4 mm (1/4") 6.4 mm (1/4")
Bottom layer below second
layer (fill rest of the volume)
12.7 mm (1/2") 12.7 mm (1/2")
Where a second bed is used, it may be necessary to use a grating and a beam.
In case alumina balls are used, they should be sized according to the values
given in table C2
PT -2.
Table C
2
PT-4
VIG-T02 VIG-T03
Top layer below catalyst bed
(7.6-15.2 cm (3-6") depth)
3.2 mm (1/8") 3.2 mm (1/8")
Next layer below top balls
(7.6-15.2 cm (3-6") depth)
6.4 mm (1/4") 6.4 mm (1/4")
Bottom layer below second
layer (fill rest of the volume)
12.7 mm (1/2") 12.7 mm (1/2")
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please
contact GBHE
OUTLET COLLECTOR
A gas outlet collector is used whenever an inert fill support material is used. It is
essential that the inert support goes into the straight part of the vessel. The outlet
collector must be submerged in the inert support material and essentially not
protrude into the catalyst bed.
The inert support and outlet collector both keep the liquid/gas flow evenly
distributed across the bottom of the reactor. Without these, the fluid flow would
tend to move toward the outlet nozzle before passing through the whole of the
bed.
The screen and support which make up the collector can take up a large space in
the bottom of the reactor. Therefore, layout and design have to be checked to
ensure optimum design is feasible.
The basic design is a 3x3 mesh with a wire diameter of 2.0 mm. Support bar
spacing is such that it prevents collapse with the design pressure drop.
Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please
contact GBHE
LIQUID REDISTRIBUTOR
The liquid redistributor is used to ensure equal loading of liquid and vapour at the
top of the catalyst bed. It is a perforated tray with chimneys and chimney cover.
The principle of a typical redistributor is shown in figure C2
PT-3.
The holes are sized to give a liquid head on the tray. This will depend on the
variation expected to cover the full range of applied liquid flow rates.
The number of chimneys is set by the gas flow. The chimney covers are sized to
overhang the chimney and prevent liquid passing straight down the chimneys.
The distributors are used at the bed inlet as redistributors in a multiple bed
system. An inlet baffle is commonly used to prevent direct impingement.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
Figure C2
PT -3
Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please
contact GBHE
CATALYST UNLOADING CONNECTIONS
The drop out nozzle is filled with inert support balls. Typically a 15.2 cm (6") pipe
is used as drop out nozzle. It has a removable length which projects into the
vessel. The extended pipe length reaches up to the catalyst bed.
For a bed supported on beams a 30.5 cm (12") manhole is typical. The bottom of
the nozzle is flush with the bottom of the catalyst bed.
Both methods need a protective internal cover which stops if the opening cover is
removed accidentally.
Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please
contact GBHE
Perforated Tray
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
VOID SPACE
The use in void space is allowed in reactor design to allow access to the top of
the reactor. It also avoids direct impingement of the inlet streams onto the
packed surface if no other internals are used.
A void space will also be included if the reactor is split into two beds. This allows
access to both beds.
Typical void spaces depend on reactor diameter and applied internals. Values
can be given after full review of the reactor vessel sketches and process
conditions.
Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please
contact GBHE.
Information contained in this publication or as otherwise supplied to Users is
believed to be accurate and correct at time of going to press, and is given in
good faith, but it is for the User to satisfy itself of the suitability of the information
for its own particular purpose. GBHE accepts no liability for loss or damage or
personnel injury caused by or resulting from reliance on this information.
Freedom under Patent, Copyright and Designs cannot be assumed.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Principles of Pre-reforming Technology
Principles of Pre-reforming TechnologyPrinciples of Pre-reforming Technology
Principles of Pre-reforming TechnologyGerard B. Hawkins
 
Steam Reforming - Types of Reformer Design
Steam Reforming - Types of Reformer DesignSteam Reforming - Types of Reformer Design
Steam Reforming - Types of Reformer DesignGerard B. Hawkins
 
Critical Variables in Catalytic Reforming and Unit Monitoring Best Practices
Critical Variables in Catalytic Reforming and Unit Monitoring Best PracticesCritical Variables in Catalytic Reforming and Unit Monitoring Best Practices
Critical Variables in Catalytic Reforming and Unit Monitoring Best PracticesGerard B. Hawkins
 
Design of Methanol Water Distillation Column
Design of Methanol Water Distillation Column  Design of Methanol Water Distillation Column
Design of Methanol Water Distillation Column Rita EL Khoury
 
Types of Distillation & column internals
Types of Distillation & column internalsTypes of Distillation & column internals
Types of Distillation & column internalsBharat Kumar
 
Selection of Reboilers for Distillation Columns
Selection of Reboilers for Distillation ColumnsSelection of Reboilers for Distillation Columns
Selection of Reboilers for Distillation ColumnsGerard B. Hawkins
 
High Temperature Shift Catalyst Reduction Procedure
High Temperature Shift Catalyst Reduction ProcedureHigh Temperature Shift Catalyst Reduction Procedure
High Temperature Shift Catalyst Reduction ProcedureGerard B. Hawkins
 
Aspen Plus - Physical Properties (1 of 2) (Slideshare)
Aspen Plus - Physical Properties (1 of 2) (Slideshare)Aspen Plus - Physical Properties (1 of 2) (Slideshare)
Aspen Plus - Physical Properties (1 of 2) (Slideshare)Chemical Engineering Guy
 
Methanol Plant - Theory of Distillation
Methanol Plant - Theory of DistillationMethanol Plant - Theory of Distillation
Methanol Plant - Theory of DistillationGerard B. Hawkins
 
Theory and Operation - Secondary Reformers -
Theory and Operation - Secondary Reformers - Theory and Operation - Secondary Reformers -
Theory and Operation - Secondary Reformers - Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Steam Reforming - Catalyst Loading
Steam Reforming - Catalyst LoadingSteam Reforming - Catalyst Loading
Steam Reforming - Catalyst LoadingGerard B. Hawkins
 
Selection of Heat Exchanger Types
Selection of Heat Exchanger TypesSelection of Heat Exchanger Types
Selection of Heat Exchanger TypesGerard B. Hawkins
 
Design of packed columns
Design of packed columnsDesign of packed columns
Design of packed columnsalsyourih
 
Process design for chemical engineers
Process design for chemical engineersProcess design for chemical engineers
Process design for chemical engineersAmanda Ribeiro
 
Primary Reforming Flowsheets
Primary Reforming FlowsheetsPrimary Reforming Flowsheets
Primary Reforming FlowsheetsGerard B. Hawkins
 
Ammonia Synthesis Flowsheet - Operator training
Ammonia Synthesis Flowsheet - Operator trainingAmmonia Synthesis Flowsheet - Operator training
Ammonia Synthesis Flowsheet - Operator trainingGerard B. Hawkins
 

Tendances (20)

Principles of Pre-reforming Technology
Principles of Pre-reforming TechnologyPrinciples of Pre-reforming Technology
Principles of Pre-reforming Technology
 
Chemial Reactor by Manish
Chemial Reactor by ManishChemial Reactor by Manish
Chemial Reactor by Manish
 
Steam Reforming - Types of Reformer Design
Steam Reforming - Types of Reformer DesignSteam Reforming - Types of Reformer Design
Steam Reforming - Types of Reformer Design
 
Reactor and Catalyst Design
Reactor and Catalyst DesignReactor and Catalyst Design
Reactor and Catalyst Design
 
Critical Variables in Catalytic Reforming and Unit Monitoring Best Practices
Critical Variables in Catalytic Reforming and Unit Monitoring Best PracticesCritical Variables in Catalytic Reforming and Unit Monitoring Best Practices
Critical Variables in Catalytic Reforming and Unit Monitoring Best Practices
 
Design of Methanol Water Distillation Column
Design of Methanol Water Distillation Column  Design of Methanol Water Distillation Column
Design of Methanol Water Distillation Column
 
Types of Distillation & column internals
Types of Distillation & column internalsTypes of Distillation & column internals
Types of Distillation & column internals
 
Selection of Reboilers for Distillation Columns
Selection of Reboilers for Distillation ColumnsSelection of Reboilers for Distillation Columns
Selection of Reboilers for Distillation Columns
 
Troubleshooting of Catalytic Reactors
Troubleshooting of Catalytic ReactorsTroubleshooting of Catalytic Reactors
Troubleshooting of Catalytic Reactors
 
High Temperature Shift Catalyst Reduction Procedure
High Temperature Shift Catalyst Reduction ProcedureHigh Temperature Shift Catalyst Reduction Procedure
High Temperature Shift Catalyst Reduction Procedure
 
Aspen Plus - Physical Properties (1 of 2) (Slideshare)
Aspen Plus - Physical Properties (1 of 2) (Slideshare)Aspen Plus - Physical Properties (1 of 2) (Slideshare)
Aspen Plus - Physical Properties (1 of 2) (Slideshare)
 
Methanol Plant - Theory of Distillation
Methanol Plant - Theory of DistillationMethanol Plant - Theory of Distillation
Methanol Plant - Theory of Distillation
 
Theory and Operation - Secondary Reformers -
Theory and Operation - Secondary Reformers - Theory and Operation - Secondary Reformers -
Theory and Operation - Secondary Reformers -
 
Ammonia CO2 Removal Systems
Ammonia CO2 Removal SystemsAmmonia CO2 Removal Systems
Ammonia CO2 Removal Systems
 
Steam Reforming - Catalyst Loading
Steam Reforming - Catalyst LoadingSteam Reforming - Catalyst Loading
Steam Reforming - Catalyst Loading
 
Selection of Heat Exchanger Types
Selection of Heat Exchanger TypesSelection of Heat Exchanger Types
Selection of Heat Exchanger Types
 
Design of packed columns
Design of packed columnsDesign of packed columns
Design of packed columns
 
Process design for chemical engineers
Process design for chemical engineersProcess design for chemical engineers
Process design for chemical engineers
 
Primary Reforming Flowsheets
Primary Reforming FlowsheetsPrimary Reforming Flowsheets
Primary Reforming Flowsheets
 
Ammonia Synthesis Flowsheet - Operator training
Ammonia Synthesis Flowsheet - Operator trainingAmmonia Synthesis Flowsheet - Operator training
Ammonia Synthesis Flowsheet - Operator training
 

Similaire à Hydrogenation Reactor Design Considerations

Selection of Internals for Distillation Columns
Selection of Internals for Distillation ColumnsSelection of Internals for Distillation Columns
Selection of Internals for Distillation ColumnsGerard B. Hawkins
 
Solid Catalyzed Gas Phase Reactor Selection
Solid Catalyzed Gas Phase Reactor SelectionSolid Catalyzed Gas Phase Reactor Selection
Solid Catalyzed Gas Phase Reactor SelectionGerard B. Hawkins
 
Selection and Use of Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers
Selection and Use of Printed Circuit Heat ExchangersSelection and Use of Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers
Selection and Use of Printed Circuit Heat ExchangersGerard B. Hawkins
 
Design and Rating of Packed Distillation Columns
Design and Rating of Packed Distillation ColumnsDesign and Rating of Packed Distillation Columns
Design and Rating of Packed Distillation ColumnsGerard B. Hawkins
 
Usage of Support Balls, Meshes & Hold Down Screens
Usage of Support Balls, Meshes & Hold Down ScreensUsage of Support Balls, Meshes & Hold Down Screens
Usage of Support Balls, Meshes & Hold Down ScreensGerard B. Hawkins
 
Gas-Solid-Liquid Mixing Systems
Gas-Solid-Liquid Mixing SystemsGas-Solid-Liquid Mixing Systems
Gas-Solid-Liquid Mixing SystemsGerard B. Hawkins
 
Examination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and Blowers
Examination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and BlowersExamination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and Blowers
Examination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and BlowersGerard B. Hawkins
 
Overflows and Gravity Drainage Systems
Overflows and Gravity Drainage SystemsOverflows and Gravity Drainage Systems
Overflows and Gravity Drainage SystemsGerard B. Hawkins
 
Reciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case Explosions
Reciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case ExplosionsReciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case Explosions
Reciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case ExplosionsGerard B. Hawkins
 
Mechanical Constraints on Thermal Design of Shell and Tube Exchangers
Mechanical Constraints on Thermal Design of Shell and Tube ExchangersMechanical Constraints on Thermal Design of Shell and Tube Exchangers
Mechanical Constraints on Thermal Design of Shell and Tube ExchangersGerard B. Hawkins
 
SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case Study
SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case StudySMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case Study
SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case StudyGerard B. Hawkins
 
Boiler Water Circulation Pumps
Boiler Water Circulation PumpsBoiler Water Circulation Pumps
Boiler Water Circulation PumpsGerard B. Hawkins
 
Operating Manual - Mole Sieve Adsorbents
Operating Manual - Mole Sieve Adsorbents Operating Manual - Mole Sieve Adsorbents
Operating Manual - Mole Sieve Adsorbents Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Pipelinedesignforisoturbulentflowofnon newtonianfluids-131017112903-phpapp02
Pipelinedesignforisoturbulentflowofnon newtonianfluids-131017112903-phpapp02Pipelinedesignforisoturbulentflowofnon newtonianfluids-131017112903-phpapp02
Pipelinedesignforisoturbulentflowofnon newtonianfluids-131017112903-phpapp02Xavier Rodríguez
 

Similaire à Hydrogenation Reactor Design Considerations (20)

Selection of Internals for Distillation Columns
Selection of Internals for Distillation ColumnsSelection of Internals for Distillation Columns
Selection of Internals for Distillation Columns
 
Solid Catalyzed Gas Phase Reactor Selection
Solid Catalyzed Gas Phase Reactor SelectionSolid Catalyzed Gas Phase Reactor Selection
Solid Catalyzed Gas Phase Reactor Selection
 
Selection and Use of Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers
Selection and Use of Printed Circuit Heat ExchangersSelection and Use of Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers
Selection and Use of Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers
 
Design and Rating of Packed Distillation Columns
Design and Rating of Packed Distillation ColumnsDesign and Rating of Packed Distillation Columns
Design and Rating of Packed Distillation Columns
 
Batch Distillation
Batch DistillationBatch Distillation
Batch Distillation
 
Usage of Support Balls, Meshes & Hold Down Screens
Usage of Support Balls, Meshes & Hold Down ScreensUsage of Support Balls, Meshes & Hold Down Screens
Usage of Support Balls, Meshes & Hold Down Screens
 
Mechanical Seals
Mechanical SealsMechanical Seals
Mechanical Seals
 
Gas-Solid-Liquid Mixing Systems
Gas-Solid-Liquid Mixing SystemsGas-Solid-Liquid Mixing Systems
Gas-Solid-Liquid Mixing Systems
 
Boiler Feedwater Pumps
Boiler Feedwater PumpsBoiler Feedwater Pumps
Boiler Feedwater Pumps
 
Examination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and Blowers
Examination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and BlowersExamination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and Blowers
Examination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and Blowers
 
Large Water Pumps
Large Water PumpsLarge Water Pumps
Large Water Pumps
 
Overflows and Gravity Drainage Systems
Overflows and Gravity Drainage SystemsOverflows and Gravity Drainage Systems
Overflows and Gravity Drainage Systems
 
Reciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case Explosions
Reciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case ExplosionsReciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case Explosions
Reciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case Explosions
 
Mechanical Constraints on Thermal Design of Shell and Tube Exchangers
Mechanical Constraints on Thermal Design of Shell and Tube ExchangersMechanical Constraints on Thermal Design of Shell and Tube Exchangers
Mechanical Constraints on Thermal Design of Shell and Tube Exchangers
 
SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case Study
SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case StudySMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case Study
SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN: Case Study
 
High Shear Mixers
High Shear MixersHigh Shear Mixers
High Shear Mixers
 
Mixing of Miscible Liquids
Mixing of Miscible LiquidsMixing of Miscible Liquids
Mixing of Miscible Liquids
 
Boiler Water Circulation Pumps
Boiler Water Circulation PumpsBoiler Water Circulation Pumps
Boiler Water Circulation Pumps
 
Operating Manual - Mole Sieve Adsorbents
Operating Manual - Mole Sieve Adsorbents Operating Manual - Mole Sieve Adsorbents
Operating Manual - Mole Sieve Adsorbents
 
Pipelinedesignforisoturbulentflowofnon newtonianfluids-131017112903-phpapp02
Pipelinedesignforisoturbulentflowofnon newtonianfluids-131017112903-phpapp02Pipelinedesignforisoturbulentflowofnon newtonianfluids-131017112903-phpapp02
Pipelinedesignforisoturbulentflowofnon newtonianfluids-131017112903-phpapp02
 

Plus de Gerard B. Hawkins

Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Pressure Relief Systems   Vol 2Pressure Relief Systems   Vol 2
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2Gerard B. Hawkins
 
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
GAS DISPERSION -  A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy GasesGAS DISPERSION -  A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy GasesGerard B. Hawkins
 
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices Guide
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer -  Best Practices Guide101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer -  Best Practices Guide
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices GuideGerard B. Hawkins
 
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis   Plant Note Book Series: P...Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis   Plant Note Book Series: P...
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...Gerard B. Hawkins
 
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTS
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTSSTEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTS
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTSGerard B. Hawkins
 
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:  Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption: Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel Gas
Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel GasCalculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel Gas
Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel GasGerard B. Hawkins
 
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning ProcedurePiping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning ProcedureGerard B. Hawkins
 
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS Gerard B. Hawkins
 
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...Gerard B. Hawkins
 
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGetting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGerard B. Hawkins
 
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS Gerard B. Hawkins
 
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND  PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND  PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción
Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción
Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
Amine Gas Treating Unit  - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide Amine Gas Treating Unit  - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide Gerard B. Hawkins
 
Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...
Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...
Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...Gerard B. Hawkins
 

Plus de Gerard B. Hawkins (20)

Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Pressure Relief Systems   Vol 2Pressure Relief Systems   Vol 2
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
 
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
GAS DISPERSION -  A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy GasesGAS DISPERSION -  A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
 
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices Guide
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer -  Best Practices Guide101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer -  Best Practices Guide
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices Guide
 
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...
 
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
 
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis   Plant Note Book Series: P...Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis   Plant Note Book Series: P...
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...
 
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTS
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTSSTEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTS
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTS
 
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:  Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
 
Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel Gas
Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel GasCalculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel Gas
Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel Gas
 
Pickling & Passivation
Pickling & PassivationPickling & Passivation
Pickling & Passivation
 
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning ProcedurePiping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
 
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
 
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...
 
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...
 
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGetting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
 
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
 
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND  PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND  PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...
 
Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción
Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción
Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción
 
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
Amine Gas Treating Unit  - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide Amine Gas Treating Unit  - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
 
Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...
Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...
Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...
 

Dernier

How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?IES VE
 
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...Aggregage
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationIES VE
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXTarek Kalaji
 
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxBuilding AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxUdaiappa Ramachandran
 
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDEADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDELiveplex
 
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarAI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarPrecisely
 
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesDavid Newbury
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024SkyPlanner
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsSafe Software
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1DianaGray10
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLRuncy Oommen
 
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintMahmoud Rabie
 
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.YounusS2
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UbiTrack UK
 
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCostKubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCostMatt Ray
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1DianaGray10
 
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureEric D. Schabell
 

Dernier (20)

How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
 
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
 
20230104 - machine vision
20230104 - machine vision20230104 - machine vision
20230104 - machine vision
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
 
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxBuilding AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
 
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDEADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
 
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarAI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
 
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
 
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
 
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
 
20150722 - AGV
20150722 - AGV20150722 - AGV
20150722 - AGV
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
 
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCostKubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
 
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
 

Hydrogenation Reactor Design Considerations

  • 1. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com GBHE Technical Bulletin CTB #10 HYDROGENATION REACTOR DESIGN Fixed Bed Reactor Internals The following is designed to give an overview on and some insight in the general design features of hydrogenation reactors and the impact of the various reactor internals on performance. GBHE can offer assistance in the design and alteration of hydrogenation reactors and their internals to meet specific production and engineering needs. It should be noted that specific advice can only be given on a case to case basis. For more information, please contact GBHE outlet collector graded catalyst inert supports catalyst separation screens separation screen debris collector void space inlet distributor inert balls catalyst bed liquid redistributor if required catalyst unloading
  • 2. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com INLET DISTRIBUTOR Reactors operate in different flow regimes within the catalyst bed. In normal operation, however, there are only three conditions that affect inlet design, viz. gas phase, liquid phase and mixed phase flow regimes. With gas flows, inlet velocities are sometimes high and inlet baffles are used to prevent direct impingement on the reactor bed. These baffles are located on the reactor centre line and can be as simple as a set of concentric rings with a cover plate. Mixed phase flow distributors are more complicated and are covered elsewhere. The mixed phase flow designs will be the same for the reactor inlet and a distribution tray. In some high velocity applications it may be necessary to include both an impingement baffle and a two-phase flow distributor. DEBRIS COLLECTOR Reactors contain debris collectors for two reasons: 1. To provide an increased area for fluid flow. 2. To collect trash and any 'tramp material' which can be caught in the baskets. They will collect millscale from furnaces, storage tanks and exchangers and still allow the feed stream to pass. In chemical reactors with clean feed streams these baskets may not be required. They are typically made from 100 mm diameter baskets of mesh or perforated plate which is approximately 150 to 200 mm long. They are located triangularly in an inert bed of alumina balls and are tied together in hexagonal clusters. As many baskets as possible are fitted into the reactor on a 180 to 200 mm pitch. Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please contact GBHE
  • 3. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com INERT BALLS (top of bed) It is possible to include a layer of inert ceramic balls directly below the inlet. This can be a single size or random distribution size material. They protect the catalyst bed from direct impingement of the inlet feedstock stream. The layer is usually 0.15 metres in depth unless a greater depth is needed for the inlet debris collector if used. The ceramic material is usually alumina. Typically, the balls have a diameter of 12.5 mm. A screen is sometimes included below the layer of inert ceramic material to prevent the more dense balls from sinking into the catalyst bed during normal operation. Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please contact GBHE CATALYST SEPARATION SCREENS (top of bed) The separation screen keeps the ballast out of the catalyst bed. The screen is cut into segments to pass through the manhole and laced together inside to form a complete circle. The screen is not attached to the reactor and is free to settle with the bed during the run. It falls with the catalyst when the latter is unloaded. Typical screen sizes are given in Table C2 PT-1. Table C2 PT-1. Screen sizes for Vulcan Series VIG catalysts. Typical values. VIG-T02 1.2 mm VIG-T03 2.5 mm Separation Screen Mesh size 18x18 mm wire diameter 0.58 mm (0.023") width of opening 0.83 mm (0.0326") 34.4% open area mesh size 12x12 mm wire diameter 0.89 mm (0.035") width of opening 1.22 mm (0.048") 33.2% open area
  • 4. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please contact GBHE CATALYST BED GBHE VULCAN Series VIG catalysts are HGS shaped catalyst. They can be dense or sock loaded. When used in existing vessels or in new units, there are some factors that need to be taken into consideration to make optimum use of the catalyst activity. Design of the reactor internals is part of this performance maximization. GBHE offers to advise wherever possible and make process recommendations for various options. Manholes have not been shown in Figure 1. They are, however, an important factor in new reactors. Further details are available on request. In general, manholes can be located in the centre line or on the side of the vessel and can vary in size from 400 to 600 mm. Similarly, catalyst drop out nozzles are required. Usually, dimensions are comparable to those for manholes. Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please contact GBHE CATALYST SEPARATION SCREENS (bed support) A fine screen whose opening is less than the catalyst size is sometimes used between the catalyst and the inert support. It prevents catalyst pieces and fines generated during normal operation from reaching the outlet and are designed to have a maximum open surface area and will not seriously affect the total reactor pressure drop. The fine mesh is not usually strong enough to span the bed on top of the inert fill. Any distortion or movement of the screen will allow catalyst to by-pass and may cause rupture of the fine material. It is therefore necessary to include a second screen to ensure that weaker screen does not bend and/or rupture. The lower screen is usually sized to prevent the smallest of the inert balls from passing through (see also reference for inert support loading).
  • 5. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com Table C2 PT -2. Screen sizes for VULCAN Series VIG catalysts. Typical values. VIG-T02 VIG-T03 Top Screen (catalyst support) Mesh size 18x18 wire diameter 0.58 mm (0.023") Width of opening 0.83 mm (0.0326") 34.4% open area mesh size 12x12 wire diameter 0.89 mm (0.035") width of opening 1.22 mm (0.048") 33.2% open area Bottom Screen Mesh size 8 x 8 Wire diameter 1.2 mm (0.047") Width of opening 1.98 mm (0.078") 38.9% open area Mesh size 8 x 8 Wire diameter 1.2 mm (0.047") Width of opening 1.98 mm (0.078") 38.9% open area In some cases, a single bed can be split into two or more sections by separation screens. Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please contact GBHE
  • 6. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com CATALYST BED SUPPORTS There are a number of methods for bed supports. These include a grating and beam arrangement, proprietary screens or inert fill. The method covered here it the application of inert balls. An outlet collector must be used when using an inert fill system. The material usually is high purity α- alumina. The philosophy is to use a layered fill. The layer directly beneath the catalyst should be approx. twice the catalyst size. The bottom layer should be approx. 1.3 - 2.5 cm thick (½ - 1"). The balls should cover the outlet collector by a minimum of 7.6 cm (3") and should be at least 7.6 cm (3") into the straight part of the shell. Typical support system data for VULCAN Series VIG catalysts are given in table C2 PT-3. Table C 2 PT-3 VIG-T02 VIG-T03 Top layer below catalyst bed (15.2 cm (6") depth) 3.2 mm (1/8") 3.2 mm (1/8") Next layer below top balls (15.2 cm (6") depth) 6.4 mm (1/4") 6.4 mm (1/4") Bottom layer below second layer (fill rest of the volume) 12.7 mm (1/2") 12.7 mm (1/2") Where a second bed is used, it may be necessary to use a grating and a beam. In case alumina balls are used, they should be sized according to the values given in table C2 PT -2. Table C 2 PT-4 VIG-T02 VIG-T03 Top layer below catalyst bed (7.6-15.2 cm (3-6") depth) 3.2 mm (1/8") 3.2 mm (1/8") Next layer below top balls (7.6-15.2 cm (3-6") depth) 6.4 mm (1/4") 6.4 mm (1/4") Bottom layer below second layer (fill rest of the volume) 12.7 mm (1/2") 12.7 mm (1/2")
  • 7. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please contact GBHE OUTLET COLLECTOR A gas outlet collector is used whenever an inert fill support material is used. It is essential that the inert support goes into the straight part of the vessel. The outlet collector must be submerged in the inert support material and essentially not protrude into the catalyst bed. The inert support and outlet collector both keep the liquid/gas flow evenly distributed across the bottom of the reactor. Without these, the fluid flow would tend to move toward the outlet nozzle before passing through the whole of the bed. The screen and support which make up the collector can take up a large space in the bottom of the reactor. Therefore, layout and design have to be checked to ensure optimum design is feasible. The basic design is a 3x3 mesh with a wire diameter of 2.0 mm. Support bar spacing is such that it prevents collapse with the design pressure drop. Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please contact GBHE LIQUID REDISTRIBUTOR The liquid redistributor is used to ensure equal loading of liquid and vapour at the top of the catalyst bed. It is a perforated tray with chimneys and chimney cover. The principle of a typical redistributor is shown in figure C2 PT-3. The holes are sized to give a liquid head on the tray. This will depend on the variation expected to cover the full range of applied liquid flow rates. The number of chimneys is set by the gas flow. The chimney covers are sized to overhang the chimney and prevent liquid passing straight down the chimneys. The distributors are used at the bed inlet as redistributors in a multiple bed system. An inlet baffle is commonly used to prevent direct impingement.
  • 8. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com Figure C2 PT -3 Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please contact GBHE CATALYST UNLOADING CONNECTIONS The drop out nozzle is filled with inert support balls. Typically a 15.2 cm (6") pipe is used as drop out nozzle. It has a removable length which projects into the vessel. The extended pipe length reaches up to the catalyst bed. For a bed supported on beams a 30.5 cm (12") manhole is typical. The bottom of the nozzle is flush with the bottom of the catalyst bed. Both methods need a protective internal cover which stops if the opening cover is removed accidentally. Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please contact GBHE Perforated Tray
  • 9. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com VOID SPACE The use in void space is allowed in reactor design to allow access to the top of the reactor. It also avoids direct impingement of the inlet streams onto the packed surface if no other internals are used. A void space will also be included if the reactor is split into two beds. This allows access to both beds. Typical void spaces depend on reactor diameter and applied internals. Values can be given after full review of the reactor vessel sketches and process conditions. Further advice can be given for design of reactor internals if required. Please contact GBHE. Information contained in this publication or as otherwise supplied to Users is believed to be accurate and correct at time of going to press, and is given in good faith, but it is for the User to satisfy itself of the suitability of the information for its own particular purpose. GBHE accepts no liability for loss or damage or personnel injury caused by or resulting from reliance on this information. Freedom under Patent, Copyright and Designs cannot be assumed.
  • 10. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts / Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com