Products from Petroleum based Feedstocks versus "Biobased Products" from Biomass Feedstocks - Infographic

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Comparative Flow-Charts of Products from Petroleum based Feedstocks versus "Biobased Products" from Biomass Feedstocks - Infographic

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Methanol Flowsheets - A Competitive Review

Gerard B. Hawkins

Methanol Plant - Theory of Distillation

Gerard B. Hawkins

OXIDATIVE COUPLING COMBINED WITH DISTILLATION TO REMOVE MERCAPTAN SULFUR FROM NGLS CONTENTS Background Figure 1. Typical LPG Fractionation line-up and Sulfur Compound Distribution Potential Market for low Sulfur LPGs Sulfur removal from LPGs Oxidative coupling combined with distillation Figure 2. Debutanizer with Catalytic Oxidative Coupling Aspen Simulation Results Integration of reaction and distillation Technical Issues Practical Issues Future Considerations Market Issues Technical Issues Additional Technical Requirements References Appendix Kerosene Sweetening

OXIDATIVE COUPLING COMBINED WITH DISTILLATION TO REMOVE MERCAPTAN SULFUR FROM...

Gerard B. Hawkins

Biological Systems: A Special Case Up till now we have discussed various aspects of the separation and processing of fine solids without too much reference (except in the examples) to the specifics of the properties of the materials concerned. Though the material properties are the dominant influence on efficient process design and operation, it has been postulated that the necessary characteristics for process selection and optimization can be found fairly readily using easily-applicable rheological and other techniques. This underlying assumption also seems to hold good for biological suspensions; however, certain aspects of the behavior of these systems are sufficiently specialized for them to merit a separate discussion viz: 1 TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL SEPARATION 1.1 Whole-Organism Case 1.2 Part-Cell Separations 1.3 Isolation of Individual Molecular Species 2 SETTING ABOUT DEVISING AN EFFECTIVE PROCESS FOR SEPARATION OF A BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL 2.1 Whole-Organism Case 2.1.1 Characterization of Biopolymers in the Liquor 2.1.2 Release of Internal Water 2.2 Part -Cell Separations 2.2.1 Selectivity 2.2.2 Cost 2.3 Isolation of Individual Molecular Species 3 Examples 3.1 Effective Design and Operation of a Process for Harvesting of Single Cell Protein 3.2 Harvesting of Mycoprotein for Human Consumption 3.3 Thickening of a Filamentous Organism Suspension 3.4 Separation of Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate Polymer (PHB) from Alcaligenes Eutrophus Biomass 3.5 Isolation of Organic Acid Produced by an Enzymatic Process 4 REFERENCES Table Figures

Biological Systems - A Special Case

Gerard B. Hawkins

BENFIELD LIQUOR - DETERMINATION OF IRON

Gerard B. Hawkins

Integration of Special Purpose Centrifugal Pumps into a Process CONTENTS 1 SCOPE 2 PRELIMINARY CHOICE OF PUMP SECTION A - INLET CONDITIONS Al Calculation of Basic Nett Positive Suction Head (NPSH) A2 Correction to Basic NPSH for Temperature Rise at Pump Inlet A3 Correction to Basic NPSH for Acceleration Head A4 Calculation of Available NPSH A5 Correction to NPSH for Fluid Properties A6 Calculation of Suction Specific Speed A7 Priming A8 Submergence SECTION B – FLOW / HEAD RATING SEQUENCE B1 Calculation of Static Head B2 Calculation of Margins for Control B3 Calculation of Q-H Duty B4 Stability and Parallel Operation B5 Corrections to Q-H Duty for Fluid Properties B6 Guide to Pump Type and Speed SECTION C – DRIVER POWER RATING C1 Estimation of Pump Efficiency C2 Calculation of Absorbed Power C3 Calculation of Driver Power Rating C4 Preliminary Power Ratings of Electric Motors C5 Starting Conditions for Electric Motors C6 Reverse Flow and Reverse Rotation SECTION D - CASING PRESSURE RATING D1 Calculation of Maximum Inlet Pressure D2 Calculation of Differential Pressure D3 Pressure Waves D4 Pressure due to Liquid Thermal Expansion D5 Casing Hydrostatic Test Pressure SECTION E – SEALING CONSIDERATIONS E1 Preliminary Choice of Seal E2 Fluid Attributes E3 Definition of Flushing Arrangements APPENDICES A RELIABILITY CLASSIFICATION B SYMBOLS AND PREFERRED UNITS DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE

Integration of Special Purpose Centrifugal Pumps into a Process

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0 INTRODUCTION The four main sources of Fugitive Emissions on most plants are valves, machine seals, re-makable joints and pressure relief devices. Other possible sources include open-ended lines, sampling connections, drains and vents. Sometimes special precautions are taken to minimize Fugitive Emissions, for example the use of bellows seal valves. However, generally no special precautions are taken and the subsequent Fugitive Emissions to atmosphere represent a significant amount of plant losses. Regulatory requirements covering Fugitive Emissions exist in many countries and therefore a leak reduction program should be implemented. Fugitive Emissions also represent financial losses to the business as well as potential damage to the environment.

Fugitive Emissions

Gerard B. Hawkins

Process Synthesis INTRODUCTION 1 A SUGGESTED GENERAL APPROACH 2 EXAMPLES OF PROCESS SELECTION 2.1 Harvesting and Thickening of Single Cell Protein 2.2 Dewatering of a Specialty Latex 3 REFERENCES TABLES 1 THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENT RANGE OF PH FOR “PROTEIN” ORGANISM FLOCCULATION 2 THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF VARYING EXTENTS OF CELL BREAKAGES 3 PREDICTED AND OBSERVED FILTER CAKE SOLIDS CONTENTS FOR THE VARIOUS LATICES AFTER COAGULATION FIGURES 1 THE “PROTEIN” BACTERIAL HARVESTING SYSTEM 2 PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE FILTERS 3 H-ACID ISOLATION 4 A SUGGESTED APPROACH TO DETERMINING FEASIBLE PROCESS OPTIONS, AND OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR SEPARATION OF FINE SOLIDS FROM SUSPENSION 5 MODULI VERSUS SOLIDS CONTENT FORTYPICAL FORWARD FLOCCULATED “PROTEIN” SUSPENSIONS 6 DECISION TREE FOR SELECTION OF AS1 HARVESTING CONDITIONS WHEN PRINCIPAL CONSTRAINT CONCERNS THE DEGREE OF THICKENING REQUIRED IN THE CONCENTRATE 7 DECISION TREE FOR SELECTION OF AS1 HARVESTING CONDITIONS WHEN PRINCIPAL CONSTRAINT CONCERNS THE USE OF FLOTATION AS A UNIT OPERATION FOR THICKENING 8 DECISION TREE FOR SELECTION OF AS1 HARVESTING CONDITIONS WHEN PRINCIPAL CONSTRAINT CONCERNS THE QUALITY OF THE RECYCLED LIQUOR 9 MODULUS SOLIDS CONTENT CURVES FOR THEVARIOUS COAGULATED LATICES

Process Synthesis

Gerard B. Hawkins

Other Separations Techniques for Suspensions PRESSURE-DRIVEN MEMBRANE SEPARATION PROCESSES 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 MEMBRANES 1.3 OPERATION 1.4 FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE 1.4.1 Polarization / Fouling 1.4.2 Pressure 1.4.3 Crossflow 1.4.4 Temperature 1.4.5 Concentration 1.4.6 Membrane Pore Size 1.4.7 Particle Size 1.4.8 Particle Charge 1.4.9 Other Factors 1.5 ADVANTAGES / LIMITATIONS 1.6 SUMMARY OF SYMBOLS USED 2 ELECTRO-DIALYSIS 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 EQUIPMENT 2.3 IMPORTANT PARAMETERS IN ED 2.4 EXAMPLES 3 ELECTRODEWATERING AND ELECTRODECANTATION 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 PRINCIPLES AND OPERATION 3.3 EQUIPMENT AND OPERATING PARAMETERS 3.4 EXAMPLES 4 MAGNETIC SEPARATION METHODS 5 REFERENCES FIGURES 1 APPLICATION RANGES FOR MEMBRANE SEPARATION TECHNIQUES 2 SIMPLE UF / CMF RIG 4 FLUX VERSUS PRESSURE 5 ELECTRODIALYSIS PROCESS 6 ELECTRODIALYSIS PLANT FOR BATCH PROCESS 7 DEPENDENCE OF MEMBRANE AREA AND ENERGY ON CURRENT DENSITY 8 DIFFUSION ACROSS THE BOUNDARY LAYER

Other Separations Techniques for Suspensions

Gerard B. Hawkins

Determination of Hydrocarbons in Anhydrous Ammonia By Gas Chromatography SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION The method is suitable for the determination of hydrocarbons from C1 to C4 (see 6.4.2) in gaseous ammonia, or in mixtures of ammonia and air. It is valid for concentrations in the range 10-10000 ppm. The method may be used for the analysis of the atmosphere from a ships hold After purging with ammonia and for the analysis of gasified liquid anhydrous ammonia during or after loading. In these cases, hydrocarbon contamination may arise from the previous cargo of the vessel, the nature of which should be ascertained prior to carrying out the analysis

Determination of Hydrocarbons in Anhydrous Ammonia By Gas Chromatography

Gerard B. Hawkins

In-Situ Oxidation Procedure for High and Low Temperature Shift Catalysts

Gerard B. Hawkins

Quality of Life Correlates to Oil Consumption - Infographic

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The Most Popular Free Lance Tools

Gerard B. Hawkins

Reactor Modeling Tools – Multiple Regressions CONTENTS 0 INTRODUCTION 1 SCOPE 2 THEORY 3 EXCEL 2007: MULTIPLE REGRESSIONS 3.1 Overview 3.2 Multiple Regression Using the Data Analysis ADD-IN 3.3 Interpret Regression Statistics Table 3.4 Interpret ANOVA Table 3.5 Interpret Regression Coefficients Table 3.6 Confidence Intervals for Slope Coefficients 3.7 Test Hypothesis of Zero Slope Coefficients ("Test of Statistical Significance") 3.8 Test Hypothesis on a Regression Parameter 3.8.1 Using the p-value approach 3.8.2 Using the critical value approach 3.9 Overall Test of Significance of the Regression Parameters 3.10 Predicted Value of Y Given Regressors 3.11 Excel Limitations 4 SPECIAL FEATURES REQUIRING MORE SOPHISTICATED TECHNIQUES 5 USER INFORMATION SUPPLIED A SUBROUTINE B DATA C RESULTS 6 EXAMPLE

Reactor Modeling Tools – Multiple Regressions

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BENFIELD LIQUOR:Determination of Diethanolamine Using an Auto Titrator 1 SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION This method is suitable for the determination of diethanolamine in Benfield Liquor. 2 PRINCIPLE Diethanolamine is converted quantitatively into ammonia by boiling in the presence of sulfuric acid and copper sulfate. The ammonia is distilled from an alkaline medium and absorbed into boric acid. The solution is titrated with standard acid.

BENFIELD LIQUOR:Determination of Diethanolamine Using an Auto Titrator

Gerard B. Hawkins

Carbon Formation in Mixed Feed Preheat Coils

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Capital Projects Assessment [Infographic]

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Determination of Argon in Ammonia Plant Process Gas Streams by Gas Chromatogr...

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Determination of Carbon Dioxide, Ethane And Nitrogen in Natural Gas by Gas Chromatography 1 SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION This document is a method for the determination of carbon dioxide, ethane and nitrogen in natural gas in the range 0-10% v/v. 2 PRINCIPLE The gas sample will be injected automatically by a ten port valve onto the poraplot U column. The nitrogen will elute first and be switched to the mole sieve column. The mole sieve column will be isolated and the poraplot column will elute the carbon dioxide and ethane via a restrictor column to the detector. After the elution of the carbon dioxide and ethane the poraplot column will be back flushed. Then the nitrogen will be allowed to elute from the mole sieve column (see figure 1.) ...

Determination of Carbon Dioxide, Ethane And Nitrogen in Natural Gas by Gas C...

Gerard B. Hawkins

Determination of Anions by Ion Chromatography 1 SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION This method is suitable for the determination of inorganic anions in Ammonia Solution in the range 100 ppb to 50 ppm m/v. 2 PRINCIPLE The sample is passed through a column of anion exchange resin, on which the anions are absorbed and separated. They are then eluted with dilute sodium carbonate/sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and passed through a suppressor. This replaces the cations with hydrogen ions and thus reduces the background conductivity of the eluent. Final measurement is by conductivity

Determination of Anions by Ion Chromatography

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Pressure Relief Systems BACKGROUND TO RELIEF SYSTEM DESIGN Vol.1 of 6 The Guide has been written to advise those involved in the design and engineering of pressure relief systems. It takes the user from the initial identification of potential causes of overpressure or under pressure through the process design of relief systems to the detailed mechanical design. "Hazard Studies" and quantitative hazards analysis are not described; these are seen as complementary activities. Typical users of the Guide will use some Parts in detail and others in overview.

Pressure Relief Systems

Gerard B. Hawkins

GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases This Process Safety Guide has been written with the aim of assisting process engineers, hazard analysts and environmental advisers in carrying out gas dispersion calculations. The Guide aims to provide assistance by: • Improving awareness of the range of dispersion models available within GBHE, and providing guidance in choosing the most appropriate model for a particular application. • Providing guidance to ensure that source terms and other model inputs are correctly specified, and the models are used within their range of applicability. • Providing guidance to deal with particular topics in gas dispersion such as dense gas dispersion, complex terrain, and modeling the chemistry of oxides of nitrogen. • Providing general background on air quality and dispersion modeling issues such as meteorology and air quality standards. • Providing example calculations for real practical problems. SCOPE The gas dispersion guide contains the following Parts: 1 Fundamentals of meteorology. 2 Overview of air quality standards. 3 Comparison between different air quality models. 4 Designing a stack. 5 Dense gas dispersion. 6 Calculation of source terms. 7 Building wake effects. 8 Overview of the chemistry of the oxides of nitrogen. 9 Overview of the ADMS complex terrain module. 10 Overview of the ADMS deposition module. 11 ADMS examples. 12 Modeling odorous releases. 13 Bibliography of useful gas dispersion books and reports. 14 Glossary of gas dispersion modeling terms. Appendix A : Modeling Wind Generation of Particulates. APPENDIX B TABLE OF PROPERTY VALUES FOR SPECIFIC CHEMICALS

GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases

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101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices Guide

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El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...

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Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming Contents 1 Introduction 2 Underpinning Theory 2.1 Conceptualization 2.2 Reforming Reactions 2.3 Carbon Formation Chemistry 2.3.1 Natural Gas 2.3.2 Carbon Formation for Naphtha Feeds 2.3.3 Carbon Gasification 2.4 Heat Transfer 3 Causes 3.1 Effects of Carbon Formation 3.2 Types of Carbon 4 What are the Effects of Carbon Formation? 4.1 Why does Carbon Formation Get Worse? 4.1.1 So what is the Next Step? 4.2 Consequences of Carbon Formation 4.3 Why does Carbon Form where it does? 4.3.1 Effect on Process Gas Temperature 4.4 Why does Carbon Formation Propagate Down the Tube? 4.4.1 Effect on Radiation on the Fluegas Side 4.5 Why does Carbon Formation propagate Up the Tube? 5 How do we Prevent Carbon Formation 5.1 The Role of Potash 5.2 Inclusion of Pre-reformer 5.3 Primary Reformer Catalyst Parameters 5.3.1 Activity 5.3.2 Heat Transfer 5.3.3 Increased Steam to Carbon Ratio 6 Steam Out 6.1 Why does increasing the Steam to Carbon Ratio Not Work? 6.2 Why does reducing the Feed Rate not help? 6.3 Fundamental Principles of Steam Outs TABLES 1 Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Typical Reformer 2 Typical Catalyst Loading Options FIGURES 1 Hot Bands 2 Conceptual Pellet 3 Naphtha Carbon Formation 4 Heat Transfer within an Reformer 5 Types of Carbon Formation 6 Effect of Carbon on Nickel Crystallites 7 Absorption of Heat 8 Comparison of "Base Case" v Carbon Forming Tube 9 Carbon Formation Vicious Circle 10 Temperature Profiles 11 Carbon Pinch Point 12 Carbon Formation 13 Effect on Process Gas Temperature 14 How does Carbon Propagate into an Unaffected Zone? 15 Movement of the Carbon Forming Region 16 Effect of Hot Bands on Radiative Heat Transfer 17 Effect of Potash on Carbon Formation 18 Application of a Pre-reformer 19 Effect of Activity on Carbon Formation

Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming

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Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...

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STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTS

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Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption: Case Study: #06023300 Plant Note Book Series: PNBS-0602 CONTENTS 0 SCOPE 1 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FEED CONSUMPTION 2 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FUEL CONSUMPTION 3 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION FOR PILOT BURNERS OF FLARES 4 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER FROM DEMIN. UNIT 5 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER TO PACKAGE BOILERS 6 CALCULATION OF MP STEAM EXPORT 7 CALCULATION OF LP STEAM IMPORT 8 DETERMINATION OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION 9 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT ISBL 10 ADJUSTMENT OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION FOR TEST RUN CONDITIONS 11 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN MP STEAM CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES 12 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES 13 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT OSBL 14 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT

Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:

Gerard B. Hawkins

Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel Gas

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Ammonia Plant Technology Pre-Commissioning Best Practices GBHE-APT-0102 PICKLING & PASSIVATION CONTENTS 1 PURPOSE OF THE WORK 2 CHEMICAL CONCEPT 3 TECHNICAL CONCEPT 4 WASTES & SAFETY CONCEPT 5 TARGET RESULTS 6 THE GENERAL CLEANING SEQUENCE MANAGEMENT 6.6.1 Pre-cleaning or “Physical Cleaning 6.6.2 Pre-rinsing 6.6.3 Chemical Cleaning 6.6.4 Critical Factors in Cleaning Success 6.6.5 Rinsing 6.6.6 Inspection and Re-Cleaning, if Necessary 7 Systems to be treated by Pickling/Passivation

Pickling & Passivation

Gerard B. Hawkins

Ammonia Plant Technology Pre-Commissioning Best Practices Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure CONTENTS 1 Scope 2 Aim/purpose 3 Responsibilities 4 Procedure 4.1 Main cleaning methods 4.1.1 Mechanical cleaning 4.1.2 Cleaning with air 4.1.3 Cleaning with steam (for steam networks only) 4.1.4 Cleaning with water 4.2 Choice of the cleaning method 4.3 Cleaning preparation 4.4 Protection of the devices included in the network 4.5 Protection of devices in the vicinity of the network 4.6 Water flushing procedure 4.6.1 Specific problems of water flushing 4.6.2 Preparation for water flushing 4.6.3 Performing a water flush 4.6.4 Cleanliness criteria 4.7 Air blowing procedure 4.7.1 Specific problems of air blowing 4.7.2 Preparation for air blowing 4.7.3 Performing air blowing 4.7.4 Cleanliness checks 4.8 Steam blowing procedure 4.8.1 Specific problems of steam blowing 4.8.2 Preparation for steam blowing 4.8.3 Performing steam blowing 4.8.4 Cleanliness checks 4.9 Chemical cleaning procedure 4.9.1 Specific problems of cleaning with a chemical solution 4.9.2 Preparation for chemical cleaning 4.9.3 Performing a chemical cleaning 4.9.4 Cleanliness criteria 4.10 Re-assembly - general guideline 4.11 Preservation of flushed piping

Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure

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DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Scope of this Guide 1.3 Use of the Guide 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 2.1 Principal Concerns 2.2 Mechanisms for Ozone Formation 2.3 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential 2.4 Health and Environmental Effects 2.5 Air Quality Standards for Ground Level Concentrations of Ozone, Targets for Reduction of VOC Discharges and Statutory Discharge Limits 3 VENTS REDUCTION PHILOSOPHY 3.1 Reduction at Source 3.2 End-of-pipe Treatment 4 METHODOLOGY FOR COLLECTION & ASSESSMENT OF PROCESS FLOW DATA 4.1 General 4.2 Identification of Vent Sources 4.3 Characterization of Vents 4.4 Quantification of Process Vent Flows 4.5 Component Flammability Data Collection 4.6 Identification of Operating Scenarios 4.7 Quantification of Flammability Characteristics for Combined Vents 4.8 Identification, Quantification and Assessment of Possibility of Air Ingress Routes 4.9 Tabulation of Data 4.10 Hazard Study and Risk Assessment 4.11 Note on Aqueous / Organic Wastes 4.12 Complexity of Systems 4.13 Summary 5 SAFE DESIGN OF VENT COLLECTION HEADER SYSTEMS 5.1 General 5.2 Process Design of Vent Headers 5.3 Liquid in Vent Headers 5.4 Materials of Construction 5.5 Static Electricity Hazard 5.6 Diversion Systems 5.7 Snuffing Systems 6 SAFE DESIGN OF THERMAL OXIDISERS 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Design Basis 6.3 Types of High Temperature Thermal Oxidizer 6.4 Refractories 6.5 Flue Gas Treatment 6.6 Control and Safety Systems 6.7 Project Program 6.8 Commissioning 6.9 Operational and Maintenance Management APPENDICES A GLOSSARY B FLAMMABILITY C EXAMPLE PROFORMA D REFERENCES DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS GUIDE TABLE 1 PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE CREATION POTENTIAL REFERENCED TO ETHYLENE AS UNITY FIGURES 1 SCHEMATIC OF TYPICAL VENT COLLECTION AND THERMAL OXIDIZER SYSTEM 2 TYPICAL KNOCK-OUT POT WITH LUTED DRAIN 3 SCHEMATIC OF DIVERSION SYSTEM 4 CONVENTIONAL VERTICAL THERMAL OXIDIZER 5 CONVENTIONAL OXIDIZER WITH INTEGRAL WATER SPARGER 6 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH STAGED AIR INJECTION 7 DOWN-FIRED UNIT WITH WATER BATH QUENCH 8 FLAMELESS THERMAL OXIDATION UNIT 9 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH REGENERATIVE HEAT RECOVERY 10 TYPICAL PROJECT PROGRAM 11 TYPICAL FLAMMABILITY DIAGRAM 12 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR 13 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR ON 100 Rm³ OF FLAMMABLE GAS

DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS

Gerard B. Hawkins

PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC EFFLUENT STREAMS CONTENTS 0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE 1 SCOPE 2 FIELD OF APPLICATION 3 DEFINITIONS 3.1 IPU 3.2 AOS 3.3 BODs 3.4 COD 3.5 TOC 3.6 Toxicity 3.7 Refractory Organics/Hard COD 3.8 Heavy Metals 3.9 EA 3.10 Biological Treatment Terms 3.11 BATNEEC 3.12 BPEO 3.13 EQS/LV 3.14 IPC 3.15 VOC 3.16 F/M Ratio 3.17 MLSS 3.18 MLVSS 4 DESIGN/ECONOMIC GUIDELINES 5 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION 5.1 General 5.2 Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) 5.3 Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Costs (BATNEEC) 5.4 Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO) 5.5 Environmental Quality Standards(EQS) 6 IPU EXIT CONCENTRATION 7 SITE/LOCAL REQUIREMENTS 8 PROCESS SELECTION PROCEDURE 8.1 Waste Minimization Techniques (WMT) 8.2 AOS Stream Definition 8.3 Technical Check List 8.4 Preliminary Selection of Suitable Technologies 8.5 Process Sequences 8.6 Economic Evaluation 8.7 Process Selection APPENDICES A DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 1 B DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 2 C THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION PRIORITY CANDIDATE LIST D THE UK RED LIST E CURRENT VALUES FOR EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS AND CORRESPONDING LIMIT VALUES F ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGIES G EMERGING TECHNOLOGY H PROPRIETARY/LESS COMMON TECHNOLOGIES J COMPARATIVE COST DATA

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Gerard B. Hawkins

PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCs) FOREWORD CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 THE NEED FOR VOC CONTROL 3 CONTROL AT SOURCE 3.1 Choice or Solvent 3.2 Venting Arrangements 3.3 Nitrogen Blanketing 3.4 Pump Versus Pneumatic Transfer 3.5 Batch Charging 3.6 Reduction of Volumetric Flow 3.7 Stock Tank Design 4 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT 4.1 By Inference or Calculation 4.2 Flow Monitoring Equipment 4.3 Analytical Instruments 4.4 Vent Emissions Database 5 ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY 5.1 Available Options 5.2 Selection of Preferred Option 5.3 Condensation 5.4 Adsorption 5.5 Absorption 5.6 Thermal Incineration 5.7 Catalytic Oxidation 5.8 Biological Filtration 5.9 Combinations of Process technologies 5.10 Processes Under Development 6 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 7 REFERENCES Appendix 1. Photochemical Ozone Creation Potentials Appendix 2. Examples of Adsorption Preliminary Calculations Appendix 3. Example of Thermal Incineration Heat and Mass Balance Appendix 4. Cost Correlations

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PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING LINE DIAGRAMS PROCESS CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGY 2.1 Philosophy of the Design Process 2.2 Outline of Methodology 2.3 Additional Aspects of Methodology 3 WORKBOOK 4 EXAMPLE: BATCH NEUTRALIZATION AND STRIPPING PROCESS 4.1 Start of Stage 1 4.2 Stage 1 4.3 Stage 2 4.3 Stage 3 5 REFERENCES TABLES 1 DESIGN OBJECTIVES 2 OUTPUT FROM EACH STAGE 3 STEP BY STEP APPROACH 4 FUNCTION 5 OPERATION 6 FAILURES 7 STAGE 3 PROMPTS (DATA SHEET) 8 PRELIMINARY MASS BALANCE 9 PRELIMINARY EQUIPMENT LIST 10 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS 11 STAGE 2: DEVELOPMENT OF OPERATING STATES AND TRANSMISSIONS 12 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS FIGURES 1 DESIGN PROCESS 2 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY. 3 SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY 4 POSSIBLE OUTCOMES FROM A KEYWORD PROMPT 5 OPERATING STATES 6 OPERATING STATES/TRANSITIONS 7 EXAMPLE: OVERALL BLOCK DIAGRAM 8 EXAMPLE: “PRIMITIVE PFD” 9 EXAMPLE: STAGE 1 “WORKING DIAGRAM”. 10 EXAMPLE: MAIN OPERATING STATES AND TRANSITIONS 11 EXAMPLE: DETAILED PFD (END OF STAGE 1) 12 EXAMPLE: STAGE 2 “WORKING DIAGRAM” 13 EXAMPLE: STAGE 3 “REV 0” ELD

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Amine Gas Treating Unit Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide for H2S/CO2 Amine Systems Contents Process Capabilities for gas treating process Typical Amine Treating Typical Amine System Improvements Primary Equipment Overview Inlet Gas Knockout Absorber Three Phase Flash Tank Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger Regenerator Filtration Amine Reclaimer Operating Difficulties Overview Foaming Failure to Meet Gas Specification Solvent Losses Corrosion Typical Amine System Improvements Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during Sour Gas Treating APPENDIX Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide

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Three things you will take away from the session: • How to run an effective tenant-to-tenant migration • Best practices for before, during, and after migration • Tips for using migration as a springboard to prepare for Copilot in Microsoft 365 Main ideas: Migration Overview: The presentation covers the current reality of cross-tenant migrations, the triggers, phases, best practices, and benefits of a successful tenant migration Considerations: When considering a migration, it is important to consider the migration scope, performance, customization, flexibility, user-friendly interface, automation, monitoring, support, training, scalability, data integrity, data security, cost, and licensing structure Next Wave: The next wave of change includes the launch of Copilot, which requires businesses to be prepared for upcoming changes related to Copilot and the cloud, and to consolidate data and tighten governance ShareGate: ShareGate can help with pre-migration analysis, configurable migration tool, and automated, end-user driven collaborative governance

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💥 You’re lucky! We’ve found two different (lead) developers that are willing to share their valuable lessons learned about using UiPath Document Understanding! Based on recent implementations in appealing use cases at Partou and SPIE. Don’t expect fancy videos or slide decks, but real and practical experiences that will help you with your own implementations. 📕 Topics that will be addressed: • Training the ML-model by humans: do or don't? • Rule-based versus AI extractors • Tips for finding use cases • How to start 👨‍🏫👨‍💻 Speakers: o Dion Morskieft, RPA Product Owner @Partou o Jack Klein-Schiphorst, Automation Developer @Tacstone Technology

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UiPathCommunity

Dubai, known for its towering skyscrapers, luxurious lifestyle, and relentless pursuit of innovation, often finds itself in the global spotlight. However, amidst the glitz and glamour, the emirate faces its own set of challenges, including the occasional threat of flooding. In recent years, Dubai has experienced sporadic but significant floods, disrupting normalcy and posing unique challenges to its infrastructure. Among the critical nodes in this bustling metropolis is the Dubai International Airport, a vital hub connecting the world. This article delves into the intersection of Dubai flood events and the resilience demonstrated by the Dubai International Airport in the face of such challenges.

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apidays

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The microservices honeymoon is over. When starting a new project or revamping a legacy monolith, teams started looking for alternatives to microservices. The Modular Monolith, or 'Modulith', is an architecture that reaps the benefits of (vertical) functional decoupling without the high costs associated with separate deployments. This talk will delve into the advantages and challenges of this progressive architecture, beginning with exploring the concept of a 'module', its internal structure, public API, and inter-module communication patterns. Supported by spring-modulith, the talk provides practical guidance on addressing the main challenges of a Modultith Architecture: finding and guarding module boundaries, data decoupling, and integration module-testing. You should not miss this talk if you are a software architect or tech lead seeking practical, scalable solutions. About the author With two decades of experience, Victor is a Java Champion working as a trainer for top companies in Europe. Five thousands developers in 120 companies attended his workshops, so he gets to debate every week the challenges that various projects struggle with. In return, Victor summarizes key points from these workshops in conference talks and online meetups for the European Software Crafters, the world’s largest developer community around architecture, refactoring, and testing. Discover how Victor can help you on victorrentea.ro : company training catalog, consultancy and YouTube playlists.

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