Protection Systems for Machines: an Engineering Guide

GBH Enterprises, Ltd.

Engineering Design Guide:
GBHE-EDG-MAC-1601

Protection Systems for Machines: an
Engineering Guide

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(statutory or otherwise) is excluded except to the extent that exclusion is
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Engineering Design Guide:
Protection Systems for Machines: an Engineering Guide
CONTENTS

SECTION

0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE

2

1 SCOPE

2

2 FIELD OF APPLICATION

2

3 DEFINITIONS

2

4 CRITICAL MACHINE SYSTEMS

3

5 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES
5.1 Protection Against Over Pressure
5.2 Protection Against High or Low Temperature
5.3 Displacement Measuring Devices
5.4 Vibration Detection Devices
5.5 Pulsation Dampers
5.6 Knock-out Pots
5.7 Special Considerations for Dry Vacuum Pumps

3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5

6 DYNAMIC MACHINES
6.1 Dynamic Pumps
6.2 Sealless Pumps
6.3 Dynamic Compressors and Blowers
6.4 Gas Turbines/Expanders and Steam Turbines

5
6
7
7
8

7 CENTRIFUGES

8

8 LARGE ELECTRIC MOTORS AND ALTERNATORS

9

9 GEARBOXES

9

10 OIL LUBRICATED PLAIN BEARINGS AND LUBRICATING
OIL SYSTEMS

9

11 SEALS AND SEALANT SYSTEMS

10


12 CONDITION MONITORING

10

13 TRIP AND ALARM SCHEDULES FOR ALL MACHINE
SYSTEMS

10

14 TESTING OF PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR MACHINES
14.1 All Machines
14.2 Critical Machines

11
11
11

15 MACHINES SAFETY DOCUMENTS

11

APPENDICES
A

EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES DIRECTIVES

12

B

REFERENCE DOCUMENTS FOR POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT MACHINES

13

REFERENCE DOCUMENTS FOR DYNAMIC MACHINES

14

C

DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS ENGINEERING GUIDE

15


0

INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE

This Engineering Guide contains information on specific machine types and
protection systems that should be considered for adoption.
The purpose of this guide is to lay down basic requirements which the equipment
specifier and user should consider. This guide does not include rules for
equipment design as it is assumed that the equipment has been properly
designed and constructed for the conditions to which it will be subjected in
service.
This guide is written to highlight the need for ensuring that the protection systems
for machines are appropriately classified and tested.
Protection may be required for a number of reasons. Compliance with safety and
environmental regulations and company policy is the most important. Avoidance
of production loss or equipment damage is a commercial decision and the need
for protection is determined by business requirements.
To determine the level of protection required, risk based assessment is the most
appropriate.

1

SCOPE

This guide is intended to include the commonly used machine systems for which
protection systems may be required.
The decision on whether a protection system is necessary for safety,
environmental or business reasons should be determined on a case-by-case
basis.
Instrument protection systems may be alarms or trips. They can also be either
hard wired or incorporated into computer software.
The decision processes covering the need for protection and how it should be
provided is outside the scope of this guide.
Machine Systems used within the European Union are required to comply with
European Communities Directives (see Appendix A).
For additional information on Critical Safety Instrumented Systems see GEP 3.

2

FIELD OF APPLICATION

This guide is written to assist engineers in the selection of appropriate systems
for machines if protection is considered necessary.

3

DEFINITIONS

For the purposes of this guide, the following definitions apply:
Registration

Registration is a declaration within GBHE of formal
status given to equipment for the purpose of ensuring
integrity.

Machine System

A Machine System is any reciprocating or rotary
device used to produce a change in the properties
within chemical process plants. Examples are:
pumps, fans, compressors, turbines, centrifuges
and agitators. Included in the Machine System are
sub-systems required for machine operation or safety.

Critical Machine
System

Unacceptable
Situation

A Critical Machine System is a Machine System that
has been assessed to cause an Unacceptable
Situation if the machine or its protective systems
should fail.

An Unacceptable Situation is a situation resulting in
one or more of:
(a) harm or serious nuisance to the public;
(b) serious harm to people on site;
(c) serious harm to the environment.


4

CRITICAL MACHINE SYSTEMS

Machine Systems should be classified critical if failure results in an unacceptable
level of:
(a)

Hazard due to loss of containment of process substance.

(b)

Process system hazard.

(c)

Mechanical (not chemical) hazard e.g. ejection of parts.

(d)

Risk of serious business consequences (discretionary).

The procedure to adopt for machine systems is specified in GEP 5.
Critical Machine Systems may require specific protective systems to control the
identified risk (see 14.2).

5

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES

This clause covers the following Positive Displacement (PD) machines:
(a)

PD pumps - rotary and reciprocating.

(b)

PD compressors and vacuum pumps - rotary and reciprocating.

This group of machines is capable of generating high discharge pressures and
low inlet pressures. The highest pressure possible may be limited by the driver
power available, the machines component strengths, and the discharge system
pressure strength.
Note:
For sealless PD pumps see also 6.2.
A list of reference documentation for PD machines is provided in Appendix B.


5.1

Protection Against Over Pressure

PD machines should be protected from over pressure on each discharge stage
by a pressure relief device. This device may be internal, as is common for
diaphragm pumps, or external as is common for reciprocating compressors.
Pressure switches may be used to reduce the need to relieve. In some cases an
instrument protection system could eliminate the need for a relief device. This
approach may be appropriate if the process fluid cannot be vented safely and
economically.
Protection may not be required if the machine and the discharge system can
withstand the highest possible pressure or if the risks associated with failure due
to overpressure are acceptably low.
All relief devices/streams that prevent an occurrence of an Unacceptable
Situation, whether internal or external, should be subject to Registration and
regular testing in accordance with GBHE-SPEC-05.01. The internal devices on
pumps, for example, could either be tested in situ or after being removed as
appropriate.
Reciprocating compressor crankcases that could contain a flammable gas and
cannot withstand an explosion pressure of 8 bar g. should be fitted with suitable
relief devices in accordance with GBHE-EDG-MAC-5705. These should also be
subject to Registration and regularly inspected to ensure freedom of movement
(testing may not be possible).

5.2

Protection Against High or Low Temperature

High temperature reduces the strength of most engineering materials and may
mean that the machine can no longer contain the pressure. Low temperature can
change the material behavior from ductile to brittle. Material in the latter condition
is significantly more liable to sudden, catastrophic failure than in the former.
Fitting appropriate temperature devices can provide protection.
One situation where high temperature protection is strongly recommended is the
discharge side of air compressors where oil is in contact with discharge air.
Examples are reciprocating compressors that use oil to lubricate the valves and
cylinders and oil flooded screw compressors. The hazard is fire or explosions
and there has been a number of each in compressors on client sites (see GBHEMAC-5703).

5.3

Displacement Measuring Devices

On horizontal reciprocating compressors, bearer rings normally support the
piston weight. As these rings wear in service, the bottom clearance between the
piston and the cylinder bore will reduce. This can be monitored by the use of rod
drop indicators.
On high pressure reciprocating plunger pumps (e.g. URACA), crankshaft
deflection devices should be fitted. On-line detection is recommended because
the interval between initiation of a crack and catastrophic failure can be very
short. On-line detection is essential on hazardous duties (see GBHE-MAC-2235 /
GBHE-SPEC-06.05).

5.4

Vibration Detection Devices

Vibration levels typically vary due to either changes in mechanical condition or in
the process. Often detection of increased vibration at an early stage can lead to
actions that prevent a major failure.
For reciprocating compressors, the device would normally be in the form of a
seismic transducer or peizo-electric accelerometer. This type of device can be
wired-in so that it can be removed from the machine without taking it out of
service. However, the risk of running the machine without protection needs to be
assessed.
For large screw compressors, e.g. with power > 500 kW radial vibration should
be monitored using at least one accelerometer on the casing.
For detailed guidance see GBHE-EDG-MAC-4506.

5.5

Pulsation Dampers

Reciprocating machines can cause large pressure pulses that could result in
failure. Fitting pulsation dampers can reduce the pulses to an acceptable level.
For reciprocating compressors, pulsation dampers are usually volume bottles
engineered within the inlet, interstage and delivery pipework. Inspection of these
is often covered by the relevant pressure vessel regulations.


The dampers used for reciprocating and rotary PD pumps are similar, but
normally include a gas volume trapped in a ’bag’ to absorb the pulse. In the event
of a damper failure the pump could be subjected to very high pressures, so it
may be necessary to build in appropriate pressure detection or relief.
Relief devices should be subject to Registration and regularly tested in
accordance with GBHE-SPEC.05.01.

5.6

Knock-out Pots

Knock out pots can be used to reduce the risk of liquid ingestion by a
reciprocating compressor. If liquid is ingested, a major rupture of the machine is
possible. Normally the first stage cylinder is the most vulnerable to liquid
entrained with the process gas, but condensation or liquid build up can affect
later stages.
The pots should be designed to effectively separate gas and liquid and should be
fitted with high liquid level detection. In some cases it may be necessary to use
two dissimilar level measurement systems to obtain satisfactory overall reliability
(Average Probability of Failure on Demand – PFDavg).
Oil-injected rotary PD compressors can fail in a similar way. For example on
direct refrigeration systems liquid refrigerant has been known to migrate into the
compressor.
Knock-out pots prevent this occurrence.
For reference see GBHE-EDG-MAC-1013 and GBHE-EDG-MAC-1033.

5.7

Special Consideration for Dry Vacuum Pumps

Explosions can occur within dry vacuum pumps when used on flammable gas
duties. The ignition source is typically a local hot spot created by heat of
compression, friction, tight clearances, piping corrosion deposits and possible
mechanical rubs. As the fire or explosion requires oxygen, the startup cycle often
presents the highest risk.


For intrinsic safety, vacuum pumps and associated pipework, etc. should be
designed to withstand 1.5 x the maximum explosion pressure. This is typically up
to 10 times the nominal maximum operating pressure. The factor depends on the
characteristics of the flammable vapor.
The calculation of the maximum pressure in multi-stage pumps depends on the
pump and system design. In this case, amplification between chambers (known
as ‘pressure piling’) may be possible. A detailed assessment should be carried
out.
Explosions can occur on either the inlet side or the exhaust and could transmit
along process pipework.
Inlet and exhaust flame arrestors may need to be fitted; however these need to
be evaluated by test.
If the pump and its systems are not able to withstand the explosion pressure
appropriate protection measures are necessary to prevent the incident. These
could include monitoring pump cooling, vibration levels or preventing a
flammable atmosphere. The use of temperature protection to detect the onset of
a hot spot is of doubtful value since the location is difficult to predict.
The preferred, and most common, solution is pressure containment.

6

DYNAMIC MACHINES

This clause covers the following dynamic machines:
(a)

Dynamic pumps - centrifugal, axial, mixed flow.

(b)

Dynamic compressors and blowers - centrifugal, axial, mixed flow.

(c)

Gas turbines/expanders and steam turbines.

A list of reference documentation for dynamic machines is provided in Appendix
C.


6.1

Dynamic Pumps

This group of machines has a maximum pressure raising capability that depends
on the fluid density, impeller tip speed and the number of stages. It is normal
design practice for the machine to have a maximum pressure rating that exceeds
the maximum possible operating pressure. Therefore, overpressure protective
devices for these machines are not normally required.
If the machine is driven by a variable speed prime mover, e.g. electric motor with
inverter, steam turbine, etc. protection against over speeding may be necessary
to prevent excessive pressure or mechanical stresses.
Operating a centrifugal pump in a fully isolated condition, whilst full of liquid,
results in a pressure increase due to thermal expansion. An external mechanical
seal or packed gland may relieve the pressure. An internal seal may not.
If the pump is constructed from brittle materials, like grey cast iron or
thermosetting resins, it could burst catastrophically. In some cases the attached
pipework is also ruptured as a consequence and the total contents of the system
are lost.
Ductile pumps or the local pipework system will normally yield and leak to relieve
the pressure. The maximum loss in this case would be the trapped volume.
Some self-priming pumps have built-in non-return valves on the suction side and
in this case the pump can be fully isolated with only the discharge valve
obviously closed.
With thermally sensitive fluids, operating with the discharge valve closed (dead
heading) can generate sufficient temperature to cause an explosion.
If the risks associated with isolated operation cannot be adequately controlled by
relying on correct operating procedures, suitable protection will be necessary.
Depending on the hazard, this typically could be one (or more) of a reliable kickback (recycle) to suction vessel, relief valve, valve position interlocked with pump
drive and high temperature trips. The last should be placed so as to detect the
local high temperature in the event of no flow.
Consideration should also be given to the use of an intrinsically safe fluid transfer
system if this is possible.


The radial loads on a pump impeller increase as the flow moves away from the
best efficiency point (b.e.p.). These loads increase shaft stresses and bearing
loads and in many cases will lead to fatigue failure if prolonged. Depending on
pump design, the minimum allowable continuous flow is typically between 25 and
40% b.e.p.
Also pumps with relatively large suction areas, such as boiler feed pumps, suffer
from suction re-circulation at low flow. This can cause unstable flow and initiate
the onset of cavitation. Again dependent on design, a minimum flow of 25 to 50%
b.e.p. may be required to prevent pump damage.
Appropriate minimum flow provision needs to be made in such cases. This would
typically be a re-cycle to the suction vessel. For small pumps a simple orifice
restriction in the recycle is suitable. On larger pumps, where the power loss
would be significant, the economics of the various options such as orifice, control
valves, leak off valves needs to be considered.
It may be necessary on certain other centrifugal pumps to provide shutdown
protection (see 6.2).

6.2

Sealless Pumps

Sealless pumps can be of the canned motor or magnetic drive type. Most are
dynamic (e.g. centrifugal), but they are also available as PD pumps. This clause
applies to all of these.
Canned motor pumps have reliable secondary containment and in this case most
of the protection listed below is to prevent equipment damage and production
loss. Exceptions may be the use of high temperature devices if the fluid is
thermally sensitive.
Magnetic drive pumps have secondary containment of varying effectiveness and
reliability depending on the design. Most make no special provision, but, for
example, double can arrangements, secondary shaft seals options, etc. are
available.


The requirement for protection depends on the design and associated identified
failure modes, but the following devices may be considered for fitting. These are
in addition to those discussed in 6.1.
(a)

Thermistors, in the canned motor windings or thermocouple probes on
magnetic drive cans to trip on high temperature.

(b)

Motor power sensing to alarm or trip on high or low power draw.

(c)

Liquid sensing to detect leakage from primary containment.

(d)

Liquid detection to prevent dry running.

(e)

Internal cooling flow temperature monitoring to alarm and/or trip on high
temperature.

(f)

Low flow detection to alarm or trip at minimum flow value.

(g)

Bearing monitor for alarm and/or trip on excessive bearing wear. The
device may also detect corrosion.

(h)

Axial position monitor; for alarm and/or trip on excessive axial movement.

When a canned pump is used in an explosive atmosphere it may be a
requirement of the certification that low liquid level and high temperature trip
devices are fitted. These should be appropriately classified and tested.

6.3

Dynamic Compressors and Blowers

These machines are often of high capital cost and there is rarely a complete
spare available. The following protection systems are typically fitted to cover
safety and environmental considerations and also equipment damage and
production loss. However, machine systems of this type need to be considered
individually and the requirements for protective systems based on risk
assessment. The need for alarm and/or trip functions also needs to be
determined.


Typical protection systems:
(a)

Anti-surge control to maintain flow above surge limit. This is not strictly
protection, but is included for completeness.

(b)

Surge detection. Axial compressors are more easily damaged by surge
and require a higher integrity system than centrifugal machines.
Traditionally anti-surge trip systems have been hard-wired and
independent of other computer control functions.

(c)

Low suction pressure.

(d)

Protection against over pressure by a relief valve is generally the best
option if the process fluid can be vented safely and economically. If this is
not the case, a high integrity safety instrumented system could be
considered. A further option is a combination of the two where the
instrument set point is lower than the relief valve. The intention is to
reduce the demand on the relief valve whilst retaining it as ultimate
protection.

(e)

High discharge temperature.

(f)

Axial position for hydrodynamic thrust bearing installations.

(g)

Non-return valve or automatic isolation valve to prevent reverse
flow/reverse rotation when not driven. The integrity required of this system
needs to be addressed.

(h)

High liquid level in inlet vessel (if fitted and liquid entrainment is possible).

(j)

High vibration.

(k)

Where the process substance hazard is high, e.g. toxic or flammable
gases, seal failure detection should be provided. See clause 11 for more
information.

For further detailed design information including surge protection see GBHEMAC-1135.
Bearing and lubrication system protection is covered separately in clause 10.


6.4

Gas Turbines/Expanders and Steam Turbines

The comments on compressors in 6.1 also generally apply to these machines as
does the requirements for protective systems. The main difference is the
potential for overspeed.
Where the speed of a driver is controlled by limiting the input energy, as with gas
or steam turbines, there is the potential for overspeed. Causes could be the
failure of the control system or sudden loss of load, e.g. due to coupling failure.
The machines in this group should have overspeed protection that is completely
independent of the normal speed control system. Traditionally this device would
be mechanical, e.g. a governor or a spring-loaded bolt, but electronic speed
measuring systems are now becoming common. In the latter case it is normal to
install three independent systems and obtain the reliability necessary by using 2
out of 3 voting.
The function of the overspeed system is to initiate the closure of an emergency
stop valve on the steam or gas inlet if the speed increases to a pre-determined
safe limit, usually 10% above the normal speed. Typically, the emergency stop
valves are designed to be fail safe and are spring closed and oil or steam
pressure opened.
In cases where the motive fluid is at high pressure, the emergency trip valve
should be positioned at or close to the machine to minimize the response time.
Testing the operation of the emergency trip system may be hazardous, as it often
requires the machine to accelerate to trip speed. During testing, the speed
should be carefully monitored and, if the emergency valve does not operate as
required, manual intervention may be necessary. Consequently, the method and
frequency of testing the emergency stop system needs to be carefully
considered.
On large steam turbines machines, facilities should be included for on-line trip
testing by incorporating dual valves.
Inspection of components in the trip system that are liable to wear and prejudice
the operation is recommended.
Note: GBHE-EDS-MAC-21-05A specifies instrumentation for special purpose
steam turbines with reference to API 612.


7

CENTRIFUGES

On duties that are non flammable, the minimum requirement is typically a
vibration monitor.
Solid bowl decanter centrifuges can also have high conveyor torque
measurement in addition to the normal electrical overload protection.
On flammable duties, a nitrogen inerting system may be required. The operation
of this would normally be monitored by flow and pressure measurement.
Permanent oxygen monitoring may also be fitted, but alternatively spot checks at
(say) the end of the inerting purge phase may be sufficient.
Inerting systems, including protection and monitoring, are normally designed for
each application as the arrangement of chutes, hoppers, vessels, etc associated
with the centrifuge vary considerably. The atmosphere in these should also not
support combustion.

8

LARGE ELECTRIC MOTORS AND ALTERNATORS

Protection for electrical systems is not covered in this guide.
Motors and alternators with rolling element bearings require no special
protection.
Oil lubricated plain bearing and lubrication system protection is covered
separately in clause 10.

9

GEARBOXES

Vibration monitoring may be appropriate for gearboxes. Experience in GBHE
indicates that the best option is to fit one accelerometer per shaft in the vertical
direction set to measure peak velocity. The frequency range should be up to
10,000 Hz or twice tooth meshing frequency if this is higher. For additional
protection, separate seismic transducers can be installed to detect major failure.
Rolling element bearings require no special protection.
For further detailed information, see GBHE-MAC-1102.


Oil lubricated plain bearing and lubrication system protection is covered
separately in clause 10.

10

OIL LUBRICATED PLAIN BEARINGS AND LUBRICATING OIL
SYSTEMS

Machines with non pressurized, oil lubricated plain bearings (e.g. pedestal
bearings with oil sumps and oil rings power) should be provided with visible oil
level indication and possibly bearing temperature measurement.
Where pressurized systems are used, protection needs to be considered for the
complete system.
When a shaft driven oil pump is used, auxiliary electric motor driven pumps are
often fitted as both backup and to enable the machine to start. Falling oil
pressure is used to start the auxiliary pump. On critical duties twin auxiliary
pumps fed from different electrical supplies may be appropriate. The design and
operating parameters of the auxiliary system should be decided on a case-bycase basis.
Systems should be considered to protect against:
(a)

Low oil level in tank.

(b)

Low oil supply pressure (the location will depend on the system).

(c)

High supply filter differential pressure.

(d)

High oil temperature.

(e)

Low oil temperature (start inhibit).

(f)

High thrust and radial bearing temperature.

(g)

Loss of lubrication during run down after power failure. In this case an
overhead tank that provides gravity feed during the run down period is
typical.

For lube oil systems for special purpose steam turbines see GBHE-EDS-MAC21-05A.


11

SEALS AND SEALANT SYSTEMS

There are no reliable means of preventing the failure of a single mechanical seal
by protection systems. Reducing maximum vibration levels (by suitable
monitoring systems) may help, but the benefit is not predictable. The most
effective approach is early detection of a leak followed by appropriate mitigating
actions, e.g. shutdown and isolate. Gas detection systems can be used when
appropriate.
Double mechanical seals provide more secure containment since, in most cases,
only one good seal is necessary to prevent leakage.
Monitoring the barrier fluid system to identify abnormal conditions can be used to
minimize the risk of two failed seals.
When the barrier fluid is liquid, level in the reservoir and seal supply pressure are
typical measurements. If the system uses a pump for circulation, then flow
measurement should also be considered.
For gas seals a low differential pressure together with low and high flow are
normal. These should also be considered for purged labyrinth seals.

12

CONDITION MONITORING

Condition monitoring can be used to detect and trend changes in the condition of
machine systems (e.g. increasing vibration). Trend information is much more
useful than a single high vibration signal as it can be used to predict the rate of
deterioration and allows maintenance to be planned. It is also less sensitive to
spurious signals.
When condition monitoring is effective, the protection system would rarely be
activated.
The implementation of a condition monitoring program for a machine should be
based on a cost/benefit assessment. It is only of value if the main failure modes
that are under consideration are progressive and can be detected, the key
factors to be considered are:
(a)

Would an unplanned outage lose more income than one that is planned.

(b)

Would the machine suffer secondary damage as a consequence of the
first failure and what would be the additional costs associated with this.


13

TRIP AND ALARM SCHEDULES FOR ALL MACHINE SYSTEMS

The schedule should list those devices that protect the machine system or
mitigate consequential damage. These could be fitted to the process system or
be part of the machine or package (e.g. low oil pressure trip, etc.).
The schedule should provide the following details:
(a)

A description of the device (explaining its function).

(b)

Its reference (tag number).

(c)

Its set point with reference to its normal operating range.

(d)

Method of testing.

(e)

Frequency of testing.

14

TESTING OF PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR MACHINES

14.1

All Machines

Protection systems should be classified in accordance with GEP 3. The
inspection/testing frequencies should be based on the importance of the
particular protective system. In general, systems that need high reliability would
be tested more frequently than those that have a lower requirement.
The test method will depend on the system design. Ideally, the complete system
from sensor to output signal would be included. However, in some cases it may
be appropriate and sufficient to test the system downstream of the sensor only.
This could be by signal injection.

14.2

Critical Machines

For classified Critical Machines, design verification will identify those protective
devices that are necessary to prevent the particular machine from causing an
Unacceptable Situation.


15

MACHINES SAFETY DOCUMENTS

The following is a list of Machines Safety documents for reference purposes:
(a)

Engineering Procedures
GBHE-EDP-MAC-6601

Registration of Machines: Critical Machine
Systems

GBHE-EDP-MAC-3602

Registration of Machines: Classification

GBHE-EDP-MAC-66-03A Registration of Machines: Documentation
GBHE-EDP-MAC-3604
GBHE-SPEC.05.01

(b)

Design Verification of Critical Machine Systems
Registered Pressure Equipment : Procedures
and Standard Forms.

Engineering Guides
GBHE-EDG-MAC-2234

Lubricated Air Compressors: Operating and
Maintenance
Procedures Required to Avoid Fires and
Explosions

GBHE-EDG-MAC-2235
GBHE-EDG-MAC-5703

Fire Precautions in Lubricated Air
Compressors

GBHE-EDG-MAC-5705

(c)

The Periodic Inspection of URACA Pumps

Reciprocating Compressors: Protection
Against Crank Case Explosions.

Allied Documents
Engineering Aspects of Safety Auditing.


APPENDIX A


The suppliers of all Machine Systems first used within the European Union since
1 January 1995 are required to ensure that they comply with the European
Communities Machinery Directive 89/392/EEC and all amendments. This
directive is implemented in each country by national regulations.
As part of the risk assessment carried out under the regulations, the supplier
should identify the protective systems necessary for machine system safety. The
declaration of conformity cannot be issued unless these are provided and
referred to in the operating and maintenance instructions supplied with the
machine.
The user also has responsibility for the safe use of Machines Systems under the
national regulations arising from the Use of Work Equipment Directive
89/655/EEC and all amendments. The requirements are similar to those of the
Machinery Directive and risk assessment is necessary. To adequately control
risk, there may be a need for protective systems.


APPENDIX B

REFERENCE DOCUMENTS FOR POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT MACHINES

The following is a list of reference documentation for positive displacement
machines:
GBHE-EDG-MAC-1010

Integration of Special-Purpose Reciprocating Pumps
into a Process

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1012

Integration of Rotary Positive Displacement Pumps
into a Process

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1013

Integration of Reciprocating Metering Pumps into a
Process

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1033

Integration of Special Purpose Reciprocating
Compressors into a Process

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1110

Construction of Special-Purpose Multiplex Plunger
Reciprocating Pumps

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1536

Hydrogen Compressors.

APPENDIX C

REFERENCE DOCUMENTS FOR DYNAMIC MACHINES

The following is a list of reference documentation for dynamic machines:
(a)

Engineering Guides

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1014

Integration of Special Purpose Centrifugal Pumps into
a Process

GBHE-EDG-MAC-10244 Integration of Special Purpose Centrifugal Fans into a
Process
GBHE-EDG-MAC-1119

Vertical Shaft Immersed Casing Pumps

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1134

Centrifugal Compressors

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1135

Centrifugal Compressors: Technical Specification


GBHE-EDG-MAC-1503

Pumps for Ammonium Nitrate Service

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1504

Boiler Feedwater Pumps

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1507

Large Water Pumps

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1508

Pumps for Hydrocarbon Service

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1514

Pumps for Sodium Hydroxide Service

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1515

Boiler Water Circulation Pumps.

(b)

Engineering Specifications

GBHE-EDS-MAC-21-05A Special Purpose Steam Turbines.


DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS ENGINEERING GUIDE
This Engineering Guide makes reference to the following documents:
GROUP ENGINEERING PROCEDURES
GEP 3 Critical Safety Instrumented Systems (referred to in clause 1 and 14.1)
GEP 5 Critical Machine Systems (referred to in clause 4)
ENGINEERING PROCEDURES
GBHE-EDP-MAC-6601

Registration of Machines: Critical Machine Systems

GBHE-EDP-MAC-3602

Registration of Machines: Classification (referred to in
clause 15)

GBHE-EDP-MAC-66-03A Registration of Machines: Documentation (referred to
in clause 15)

GBHE-EDP-MAC-3604

Design Verification of Critical Machine Systems

Registered Pressure Equipment: Procedures and
Standard Forms (referred to in 5.1, 5.5 and clause 15)


ENGINEERING GUIDES
GBHE-EDG-MAC-1010

Integration of Special-Purpose Reciprocating Pumps
into a Process (referred to in Appendix B)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1012

Integration of Rotary Positive Displacement Pumps
into a Process (referred to in Appendix B)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1013

Integration of Reciprocating Metering Pumps into a
Process (referred to in Appendix B)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1014

Integration of Special Purpose Centrifugal Pumps into
a Process (referred to in Appendix C)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1024

Integration of Special-Purpose Centrifugal Fans into a
Process (referred to in Appendix C)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1033

Integration of Special Purpose Reciprocating
Compressors into a Process (referred to in 5.6 and
Appendix B)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1102

High Precision Gears (referred to in clause 9)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1110

Construction of Special-Purpose Multiplex Plunger
Reciprocating Pumps (referred to in Appendix B)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1119

Vertical Shaft Immersed-Casing Pumps (referred to in
Appendix C)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1134

Centrifugal Compressors (referred to in 6.3 and
Appendix C)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1135

Centrifugal Compressors: Technical Specification
(referred to in Appendix C)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1503

Pumps for Ammonium Nitrate Service (referred to in
Appendix C)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1504

Boiler Feedwater Pumps (referred to in Appendix C)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1507

Large Water Pumps (referred to in Appendix C)


GBHE-EDG-MAC-1508

Pumps for Hydrocarbon Service (referred to in
Appendix C)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1514

Pumps for Sodium Hydroxide Service (referred to in
Appendix C)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1515

Boiler Water Circulation Pumps (referred to in
Appendix C)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-1536

Hydrogen Compressors (referred to in Appendix B)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-2234

Lubricated Air Compressors: Operating and
Maintenance Procedures
Required to Avoid Fires and Explosions (referred to in
clause 15)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-2235

The Periodic Inspection of URACA Pumps (referred to
in 5.3 and clause 15)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-4506

Vibration Monitoring of Machines (referred to in 5.4)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-5703

Fire Precautions in Lubricated Air Compressors
(referred to in 5.2 and clause 15)

GBHE-EDG-MAC-5705

Reciprocating Compressors: Protection Against Crank
Case Explosions (referred to in 5.1 and clause 15)
Engineering Aspects of Safety Auditing (referred to in
clause 15)

ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS
GBHE-EDS-MAC-21-05A Special Purpose Steam Turbines (referred to in 6.4
and clause 10)


GBHE REPORTS
Liquid Ingestion by Reciprocating Compressors (referred to in 5.6)

OTHER DOCUMENTS
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE
API 612

Special-Purpose Steam Turbines for Refinery Service (referred to
in 6.4)

89/392/EEC Approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to
Machinery (referred to in Appendix A)
89/655/EEC Minimum safety and health requirements for the use of work
equipment by workers at work (referred to in Appendix A).


Protection Systems for Machines: an Engineering Guide

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