The Desertec concept, with supplementary slides.

1. THE DESERTEC
CONCEPT
Dr Gerry Wolff
Coordinator of Desertec-UK
Clean power from deserts
Probably the single most effective means of
cutting worldwide emissions of CO2

2. THE DESERTEC CONCEPT: BACKGROUND
■ Developed by the 'TREC' international network of
scientists and engineers, an initiative of the Club of
Rome.
■ Now promoted by the Desertec Foundation and the
Desertec Industrial Initiative.
■ Underpinned by detailed research at the German
Aerospace Centre (DLR), the US DoE, and
elsewhere.
■ Uses proven technologies that are available now.
■ The Desertec concept is taking shape now.
Desertec-UK

3. THE DESERTEC CONCEPT IN BRIEF
■ Colossal amounts of clean electricity may be
generated in deserts using 'concentrating
solar power' (CSP)─and wind power and
photovoltaics (PV).
■ Efficient 'transfers' and transmission of solar
electricity over long distances via low-loss
‘HVDC’ transmission lines.
■ Spin-off benefits including desalination of
sea water using waste heat from power
generation.
Desertec-UK

4. DESERTEC IS HAPPENING NOW
■ CSP plants are already feeding electricity into the European
transmission grid.
■ The Desertec Industrial Initiative is a consortium of blue-chip
companies (including ABB, Deutsche Bank, E.ON, Munich Re,
RWE, and Siemens) aiming to build CSP plants and develop the
HVDC supergrid.
■ New CSP plants are under construction in Spain, Morocco,
Algeria, Egypt, Israel, and other parts of the world.
■ More are planned by the Union for the Mediterranean
('Mediterranean Solar Plan') and the World Bank.
■ Several HVDC transmission lines are already in place. Imera and
others plan to build more. The EC is providing funds for the
supergrid.
■ About 9 to 14 GW of CSP capacity is in the pipeline worldwide
(World Bank and EER estimates).
Desertec-UK

5. Desertec-UK
PS10 and PS20 power towers in Spain

6. Desertec-UK
Parabolic trough CSP plant, Kramer Junction, California

7. Desertec-UK
Fresnel mirror systems

8. HOW CSP WORKS
Desertec-UK

9. Desertec-UK
Dish/engine systems in New Mexico

10. Desertec-UK
CPV systems, Australia

11. Desertec-UK

12. GENERATING ELECTRICITY WITHOUT
THE SUN
■ Solar heat may be stored in melted salts so that
the generation of electricity may continue at night
or on cloudy days.
■ Gas or biofuels may be used as a stop-gap source
of heat when there is no sun.
■ With those two things, CSP plants can provide
power ‘on demand’—very useful in matching
supplies to constantly-varying demands.
Desertec-UK

13. HEAT STORAGE TANKS
Desertec-UK

14. TRANSMISSION: START WITH THE EXISTING GRID
Desertec-UK

15. A TRANSMISSION GRID IS LIKE A LAKE
Desertec-UK
■ Water (electricity) may be 'transferred' over a long
distance without actual transmission.
■ Solar power fed into southern Europe can be an
immediate benefit for countries further north.

16. TRANSMISSION: SUBMARINE SUPERGRID
■ Low-loss submarine HVDC supergrids proposed by MRP (A) and
Airtricity (B).
■ Endorsed by EU Energy Commissioner, Günther Oettinger and former
Energy Commissioner, Andris Piebalgs. The EC is providing support
for the supergrid.
■ Some submarine HVDC cables are already in place.
■ Investment company Imera has announced a €4.4 billion plan to
develop "EuropaGrid North Sea" and "EuropaGrid Atlantic".
Desertec-UK
A
B

17. TRANSMISSION: DESERTEC SCHEMATIC
Desertec-UK
■ Low-loss HVDC
transmission lines
connect various
sources of clean
electricity.
■ HVDC lines
integrate with
existing HVAC
grids.

18. BENEFITS OF AN HVDC SUPERGRID
■ Security of supply: a shortfall in any one area can normally be
met from elsewhere.
■ Reduces wastage: surplus power in any one area may be
moved to where it is needed.
■ Smoothes out variations: the wind is always blowing
somewhere across a large area like EUMENA.
■ Access to offshore wind farms, waves farms, etc—and CSP!
■ Needed for a single market for electricity (promoting
competition between suppliers).
■ Good for UK exports of renewable energy.
Desertec-UK

19. WORDWIDE POTENTIAL OF THE
DESERTEC CONCEPT
■ With CSP, less than 1% of the world's deserts could
produce as much electricity as the world is using now.
■ Less than 5% of the world's deserts could produce
electricity equivalent to the world's total energy
consumption.
■ Using low-loss HVDC transmission lines, it is feasible and
economic to transmit electricity for 3000 km or more.
■ 90% of the world’s people live within 2700 km of a desert.
Desertec-UK

20. Desertec-UK
3000 km

21. HUGE QUANTITIES OF CLEAN ENERGY IN DESERTS
Desertec-UK
World: the area of desert needed to generate (with CSP) as much
electricity as the world is using now. EU and MENA: corresponding areas
for Europe and for the Middle East with North Africa.

22. ENERGY DENSITIES
Desertec-UK

23. DESERTEC SPIN-OFFS
■Waste heat from the generation of solar
electricity may be used for the
desalination of sea water.
■The shaded areas under solar collectors
are protected against the harshness of
direct tropical sunlight. They have many
potential uses including horticulture using
desalinated sea water.
Desertec-UK

24. WASTE HEAT FROM CSP MAY BE USED FOR
DESALINATION OF SEA WATER
Desertec-UK

25. CSP: PROTECTION FROM THE SUN
Desertec-UK
Shaded areas under solar mirrors
have many potential uses including
horticulture using desalinated sea
water. Land that would otherwise be
unproductive may be used for
growing food.

26. CSP: COOLING BY SHADING
Desertec-UK
■ Solar collectors
provide shade
■ Waste heat may
be used to drive
air conditioners.
■ The system
generates
electricity

27. POWER FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
In principle, heat or electricity from CSP plants, or
both, may be used to power industrial processes:
■ Synthesis of hydrocarbons from CO2 and H2O.
■ Synthesis of hydrogen by electrolysis of water or
direct thermal cracking of water.
■ Production and processing of steel, aluminium,
etc. (Hydrogen as a reducing agent?)
■ Glass making.
■ Etc.
Desertec-UK

28. FURTHER INFORMATION
www.desertec-uk.org.uk
Desertec-UK
www.desertec.org

29. CSP COSTS (1)
Desertec-UK

30. CSP COSTS (2)
■ German Aerospace Centre (DLR): CSP is likely to
become one of the cheapest sources of electricity in
Europe, including the cost of transmission.
■ Vinod Khosla: "... we are poised for breakaway
growth—for explosive growth—not because we are
cleaner [than "clean" coal-fired electricity] but
because we are cheaper. We happen to be cleaner
incidentally."
■ CSP costs are falling while the cost of traditional
sources of energy are rising.
Desertec-UK

31. HOLDING DOWN COSTS
Desertec-UK

32. SUPERGRID COSTS
■ The estimated cost of a EUMENA-wide Supergrid:
■ €45bn for 100 GW (20 x 5 GW).
■ €5bn for 10 GW (2 x 5 GW) between North Africa and the UK.
■ Divided amongst 30+ countries and spread over 10 years, average
annual cost per country would be €150 million or less.
■ For comparison:
■ €132.5bn (£90bn) is Gordon Brown's estimate of the cost of
cleaning up the UK's nuclear legacy.
■ €7.5bn (£5.1bn) is the estimated cost of adding a new lane to
the M1 motorway.
■ €166bn (US$235bn) is the annual subsidy worldwide to fossil
fuel industries (New Economics Foundation, 2004).
Desertec-UK

33. WORLDWIDE POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLES
■ Renewable energy technologies can provide 100 percent of
the world’s energy (not just electricity) and it is technically
feasible to make the transition by 2030. See “A path to
sustainable energy by 2030” by Mark Z. Jacobson and Mark
A. Delucchi in the November 2009 issue of Scientific
American.
■ Using renewables, total world demand for power in 2030
would be 11.5 terawatts compared with 16.9 terawatts with
conventional sources of energy.
■ In the JD scenario, wind supplies 51 percent of the demand
worldwide, provided by 3.8 million large wind turbines. For
comparison, the world manufactures 73 million cars and light
trucks every year.
www.energyfair.o

34. WIND
POWER 1
A network of land-based 2.5-megawatt (MW) turbines restricted
to nonforested, ice-free, nonurban areas operating at as little as
20% of their rated capacity could supply more than 40 times
current worldwide consumption of electricity and more than 5
times total global use of energy in all forms. There is additional
potential in offshore wind farms. See “Global potential for wind-
generated electricity”, Xi Lua, Michael B. McElroya, and Juha
Kiviluomac, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America, June 22, 2009.
www.energyfair.o

35. WIND
POWER 2
The "economically competitive potential" of wind power in
Europe is 3 times projected demand for electricity in 2020 and 7
times projected demand in 2030. Offshore wind power alone
could meet between 60% and 70% of projected demand for
electricity in 2020 and about 80% of projected demand in 2030.
See “Europe's onshore and offshore wind energy potential”,
European Environment Agency, 2009.
www.energyfair.o

36. MATCHING VARIABLE DEMANDS WITH
VARIABLE SUPPLIES
■ The variability of sources such as wind power is much less
of an issue than is sometimes suggested. See “Managing
Variability” by independent consultant David Milborrow, July
2009.
■ Electricity transmission networks in the UK are already
designed to cope with unscheduled outages of power
stations and variations in consumer demand.
■ For a small additional cost, wind power could provide up to
40% of the UK's electricity—and more is possible.
■ There is a range of techniques for matching variable
demands with variable supplies.
www.energyfair.o

37. SECURITY OF ENERGY SUPPLIES
■ The TRANS-CSP scenario provides greater security of electricity
supplies than current systems:
■ Less imported energy. CSP imports would be the exception (< 15%
of European electricity supplies).
■ Greater diversity of sources of electricity. CSP adds to that
diversity.
■ Plentiful supplies of clean electricity means greater energy security for
everyone.
■ Supergrid allows shortfalls in any area to be met from elsewhere.
■ CSP plants are hard to disrupt and easy to repair.
■ The transmission grid can be designed (like the internet) to be resilient
in the face of damage or attack.
■ There would be a buyers' market for solar electricity. It would be difficult
to create a solar cartel and any such cartel would probably be self-
defeating.
Desertec-UK

38. ENDORSEMENTS (1)
At the inaugural meeting of the Union for the Mediterranean in
July 2008, Prime Minister Gordon Brown said:
... in the Mediterranean region, concentrated solar power offers the
prospect of an abundant low carbon energy source. Indeed, just as
Britain's North Sea could be the Gulf of the future for offshore wind, so
those sunnier countries represented here could become a vital source of
future global energy by harnessing the power of the sun. So I am
delighted that the EU is committing at this summit to work with its
neighbours—including Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and the League of Arab
States—to explore the development of a new 'Mediterranean Solar Plan'
for the development and deployment of this vital technology from the
Sahara northwards.
Desertec-UK

39. ENDORSEMENTS (2)
■ 173 MPs have signed Early Day Motion 123 in support of the
DESERTEC concept (rank 39 out of 2109 EDMs).
■ The German government has formally endorsed the DESERTEC
concept.
■ The Dutch House of Representatives has voted 134 to 16 in favour of
the DESERTEC concept.
■ H.E Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the President of the Republic of Tunisia,
has endorsed the concept.
■ Prince Hassan bin Talal of Jordan is a strong supporter of the concept.
■ In the EUMENA region, CSP plants are being built in Spain, Italy,
Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, and Israel.
■ Other endorsements: Al Gore, Google Inc, Vinod Khosla, Hans-Gert
Pöttering, The Climate Group, Forum for the Future, …
Desertec-UK

40. WHAT GOVERNMENTS CAN DO
■ Remove overt and hidden subsidies for established
sources of power.
■ Ensure that a proper price is paid for the
environmental cost of CO2 emissions.
■ Create an appropriate international system of
incentives.
■ Create a single market for electricity throughout
Europe (good) or EUMENA (better).
■ Upgrade existing transmission grids and develop a
EUMENA-wide HVDC supergrid.
Desertec-UK

41. THE DLR REPORTS (2005-2007)
■ The ‘MED-CSP’, TRANS-CSP’ and ‘AQUA-CSP’ reports
produced by the German Aerospace Center (DLR).
■ They are the foundation of the Desertec concept.
■ Show in detail, country by country, how Europe, the
Middle East and North Africa (EUMENA) can:
■ meet all needs for electricity.
■ make deep cuts in CO2 emissions.
■ phase out nuclear power at the same time.
■ Concentrating solar power (CSP) as one of several
renewable sources of energy throughout EUMENA.
Desertec-UK

42. MINIMISING THE USE OF FRESH WATER
■ Steam generation:
■ Water is recycled. Avoid leaks.
■ Use dish/engine systems or CPV.
■ Cooling:
■ Use dry cooling (best with power towers). Small loss of
efficiency.
■ Use dish/engine systems or CPV.
■ Use sea water for cooling.
■ Cleaning mirrors:
■ Brushes.
■ Damp cloths or sponges.
■ Self-cleaning glass.
Desertec-UK

43. SOME MOTIVATIONS
■ UK businesses and householders will welcome the
opportunity to buy inexpensive clean power from deserts.
■ DESERTEC is a bold plan that is likely to be popular with
voters.
■ CSP costs are falling while the costs of fossil fuels and
nuclear power are rising.
■ Global security: plentiful cheap power increases energy
security for everyone.
■ The technologies are all proven and available now.
■ CSP plants are quick to build.
■ Many opportunities for “UK plc”.
■ DESERTEC can help meet targets for renewable energy
and cuts in CO2 emissions.
Desertec-UK

44. DESERTEC BENEFITS
■ Plentiful, inexhaustible, inexpensive and carbon-free power for
EUMENA—and corresponding cuts in CO2 emissions (mitigation).
■ Alleviation of climate-change-induced shortages of water, food and
usable land (adaptation).
■ Jobs and earnings in large new industries throughout EUMENA.
Large commercial opportunities for “UK plc”.
■ Global security:
■ By alleviating shortages of energy, water, food and usable
land, CSP can reduce the risk of conflict over those resources.
(cf Margaret Beckett’s speeches).
■ A win-win solar collaboration amongst countries of EUMENA
can help to improve relations amongst different groups of
people. (cf Nicolas Sarkozy’s call for “a new trans-Mediterranean
partnership”).
Desertec-UK

45. BENEFITS FOR THE UK
■ With or without electricity imports into the UK:
■ Cutting worldwide emissions of CO2 (we are all at risk).
■ Plentiful supplies of clean energy means, and increased
diversity of supplies, means increased energy security for
everyone.
■ Holding down the price of electricity throughout EUMENA.
■ Raising living standards in developing countries and
reducing tensions from poverty and immigration.
■ Business opportunities and jobs for "UK plc".
■ Imports of electricity into the UK
■ Physical and/or virtual imports of clean electricity.
■ Kyoto credits and/or EU renewable energy credits.
Desertec-UK

46. SUGGESTED NEXT STEPS FOR THE
UK GOVERNMENT
■ Recognise the importance of the DESERTEC
concept in cutting worldwide emissions of CO2.
■ Incorporate the DESERTEC concept in the UK's
strategy for renewable energy.
■ Establish a DESERTEC team within DECC to
promote DESERTEC developments.
■ Work with the UK’s international partners to make
the necessary reforms in laws and regulations.
Desertec-UK

47. Desertec-UK
Parabolic trough CSP
plant, Kramer Junction,
California

48. Desertec-UK
A dish-engine system

49. Desertec-UK
Solar Two power tower, Barstow, California

50. Desertec-UK
Parabolic trough collector, Albuquerque

51. Desertec-UK
Sunset over solar collectors

52. Desertec-UK

53. DESERTEC AND STEEL
■ Solar electricity may serve as a clean source of
power for steel making.
■ Solar heat may, in principle, be used for steel making
– R & D required.
■ CSP-generated hydrogen may be used as a
reducing agent in steel making – R & D required
■ CSP plants and HVDC transmission lines will need
lots of steel.
■ DESERTEC projects may qualify for CDM or other
credits.
Desertec-UK

54. REDUCING UK DEMANDS FROM ENERGY-INTENSIVE
APPLICATIONS, eg computer data centres
Desertec-UK

55. Desertec-UK

56. Desertec-UK

57. HVDC SUPERGRID FEATURES
■ HVDC grids are highly-efficient: losses are only
about 3% per 1000 km.
■ Electricity may be transmitted between North Africa
and London with less than 10% loss of power.
■ It is feasible and economic to transmit solar electricity
for 3000 km or more.
■ 90% of the world’s population lives within 2700 km of
a desert.
■ HVDC grids do not replace existing HVAC grids, they
complement them.
Desertec-UK

58. ASSESSING CSP COSTS AND BENEFITS
■ Potential benefits include desalination of sea water and ‘CSP
horticulture’.
■ Fossil fuels are still heavily subsidised in many countries: this
has to stop.
■ Fossil fuels are still not paying a proper price for CO2
emissions: this has to stop.
■ Costs widely quoted for nuclear power are far too low and do
not take account of several hidden subsidies.
■ Feed-in tariffs or other kinds of support for renewable forms of
energy are already available in many countries.
■ Most CSP plants are hybrids: the ‘fossil’ part is cheap to build
but expensive to run; the solar part is more expensive to build
but cheaper to run.
Desertec-UK

59. TRANS-CSP SCENARIO
Year 2020 2030 2040 2050
Transfer Capacity GW 2 x 5 8 x 5 14 x 5 20 x 5
Electricity Transfer TWh/y 60 230 470 700
Capacity Factor 0.60 0.67 0.75 0.80
Turnover Billion €/y 3.8 12.5 24 35
Land Area CSP
km x km HVDC
15 x 15
3100 x 0.1
30 x 30
3600 x 0.4
40 x 40
3600 x 0.7
50 x 50
3600 x 1.0
Investment CSP
Billion € HVDC
42
5
143
20
245
31
350
45
Elec. Cost CSP
€/kWh HVDC
0.050
0.014
0.045
0.010
0.040
0.010
0.040
0.010
Desertec-UK

60. SARGENT & LUNDY 2003
Desertec-UK

61. SARGENT & LUNDY 2005
Desertec-UK

62. JOBS AND EARNINGS
■ Design and manufacture of CSP plants:
■ Boilers, steam turbines, generators etc (same as
ordinary power station).
■ Solar collectors and heat stores.
■ Building CSP plants using manufactured components (in
the sun belt).
■ Management and maintenance of CSP plants (in the sun
belt).
■ Design and manufacture of HVDC transmission lines and
associated equipment.
■ Installation and maintenance of HVDC transmission lines
(throughout EUMENA).
Desertec-UK

63. GLOBAL SECURITY
■ By alleviating shortages of energy, water, food
and usable land, CSP can reduce the risk of
conflict over those resources.
■ A win-win solar collaboration amongst
countries of Europe, the Middle East and
North Africa can help to improve relations
amongst different groups of people.
Desertec-UK

64. SECURITY OF TRANSMISSION
■ HVDC Supergrid:
■ Improves security: a shortfall in any one
area can normally be met from one or more
other areas.
■ Can be designed to accommodate damage
(like the internet).
■ Airtricity propose laying HVDC cables under
the sea.
Desertec-UK

65. ~ 9% p.a.
reduction
Year
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Carbon
emissions
(MtC)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
S curve from 2012
Cumulative
CO2 emissions
EACH YEAR’S DELAY MEANS STEEPER CUTS IN CO2 EMISSIONS

66. Desertec-UK

67. Desertec-UK

68. Desertec-UK

69. DESERT POWER FOR THE UK?
Desertec-UK

70. TOO FAR?
■ With low-loss HVDC transmission lines, it is
feasible and economic to transmit electricity
up to 3000 km or more.
■ There may be less than 10% loss of power
over the 2000 km between North Africa and
the UK.
■ Electricity may be "transferred" over long
distances without actual transmission (see
next).
Desertec-UK

71. TOO LONG TO WAIT?
■ The UK can begin to benefit soon from CSP via long-
distance "transfers" of electricity via the existing grid. We
don't have to wait for the supergrid to be completed.
■ CSP plants are relatively quick to build.
■ As quantities increase, the grid may be upgraded by
removing bottlenecks, by converting HVAC lines to
HVDC, and by adding new HVDC lines and smart
electronics.
■ A large market for CSP will give confidence to investors,
helping rapid expansion of the industry.
Desertec-UK

72. TOO INSECURE?
■ The TRANS-CSP scenario provides greater security of electricity
supplies than current systems:
■ Less imported energy. CSP imports would be the exception (< 15%
of European electricity supplies).
■ Greater diversity of sources of electricity. CSP adds to that
diversity.
■ Supergrid allows shortfalls in any area to be met from elsewhere.
■ Many countries have sunny deserts.
■ CSP plants are hard to disrupt and easy to repair.
■ The transmission grid can be designed (like the internet) to be resilient
in the face of damage or attack.
■ Plentiful supplies of clean electricity means greater security for
everyone.
Desertec-UK

73. TOO COSTLY?
■ Estimated cost of 100 GW supergrid is €45 billion
(TRANS-CSP report).
■ Shared amongst 30+ countries and spread over 10
years, this would be, on average, €150 million (or
less) for each country, each year.
■ CSP is likely to be one of the cheapest sources of
electricity in Europe, including the cost of
transmission (TRANS-CSP report).
■ Studies show that supergrids are good value for
money.
Desertec-UK

74. OPPORTUNITIES FOR "UK PLC"
■ There are now over 40 CSP companies worldwide, including
several with a UK base:
■ Arxiel Ventures
■ HelioDynamics
■ Microsharp Corporation Limited
■ Naanovo Energy
■ Schott Solar Thermal
■ Silicon CPV
■ Whitfield Solar
■ Transmission companies
■ ABB UK
■ Nexans
■ Siemens UK
■ Other: Steel, electronics, project management, finance, etc
etc.
Desertec-UK

75. Study Project
TRANS-CSP
Trans-Mediterranean Interconnection
for Concentrating Solar Power (Introduction & Summary)
Project for the Research & Development Programme of the German Federal
Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU)
NREA
Desertec-UK

76. 50 Countries analysed within
the MED-CSP and TRANS-CSP Studies
Scandinavia
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
South-Eastern Europe
Western Asia
North Africa
Arabian Peninsula
Desertec-UK

77. Gross Electricity Demand in the Analysed Countries
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
Gross
Electricity
Consumption
TWh/y
Switzerland
Norway
Iceland
Bosnia-Herzegowina
Serbia & Montenegro
Romania
Macedonia
Bulgaria
Turkey
Sweden
Croatia
Finland
Greece
Hungary
Slowenia
Slowac Republic
Czech Republic
Poland
Italy
Ireland
United Kingdom
Denmark
Germany
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Belgium
Austria
France
Portugal
Spain
Scenario TRANS-CSP
Historical Data
Desertec-UK

78. TRANS-CSP: Electricity Generation in Europe
Electricity Production and Import All Countries
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
Electricity
[TWh/y]
Import Solar
Import Other
Photovoltaics
Wind
Geothermal
Hydropower
Biomass
Wave / Tidal
CSP Plants
Oil
Gas
Coal
Nuclear
5 resources,
mostly imported and limited
10 resources,
mostly domestic and unlimited

Desertec-UK

79. Security and Redundancy of Power Supply in a Future
TRANS-Mediterranean HVDC Grid
Desertec-UK

80. TRANS-CSP: CO2 Emissions in Europe
RUE Rational Use of Energy RES Renewable Energy Systems CCS Carbon Capture & Sequestration
Avoided CO2 is calculated with respect to a mix as in the year 2000 including nuclear power
Desertec-UK

81. Land Lost or Gained ?
Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Plants combined with
Sea Water Desalination in Coastal Desert Areas
Energy
+
Water
+
Income
=
Sustainable
economic
development in arid
regions
(artist view created with
Google Earth)
HVDC Link
AC Grid
Desertec-UK

82. Desertec-UK

83. Desertec-UK

84. Desertec-UK

85. Desertec-UK

86. Desertec-UK

87. 4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
6,0
6,5
7,0
7,5
8,0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
Electricity
Cost
[c/kWh]
TRANS-CSP Mix
Mix 2000
Solar Import
TRANS-CSP: Investment for Least Cost Electricity
TRANS-CSP Mix: Energy Mix as described here incl. RUE, RES and CCS
Mix 2000: Maintaining exactly the Power Mix like in the Year 2000 with CCS
invest phase least cost phase
Example Spain
Desertec-UK