1. VARIOUS TRADEVARIOUS TRADE
ORGANISATIONSORGANISATIONS
REGIONAL & INTERNATIONAL
AGREEMENTS
MMA 3RD
SEMESTER
RETAIL
Shahnawaz Islam
Ghousia Islam
Shreya Banerjee
Farhin

2. WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL TRADE?
It Is The Exchange
Of Goods &
Services
Between
Countries.

3. Trade organizations are
voluntary associations
between countries, formed
with the purpose of
liberalizing or
opening trade between those
countries. This is done with
the intention of providing
economic benefit to all
countries involved.
WHAT ARE TRADE ORGANISATIONS
FOR?

4. The General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade (GATT) is a multilateral
agreement regulating international
trade. It was negotiated during
the UN Conference on Trade and
Employment and was the outcome of
the failure of negotiating governments
to create the International Trade
Organisation (ITO).
General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT)
GATT was signed in 1947 and lasted until 1993, when it
was replaced by the World Trade Organisation in 1995.

5. Name Year
Countr
ies
Subjects covered Achievements
GenevaGeneva
AprilApril
19461946
2323 TariffsTariffs
Signing of GATT, 45,000 tariff concessionsSigning of GATT, 45,000 tariff concessions
affecting $10 billion of tradeaffecting $10 billion of trade
AnnecyAnnecy
AprilApril
19491949
1313 TariffsTariffs
Countries exchanged some 5,000 tariffCountries exchanged some 5,000 tariff
concessionsconcessions
TorquayTorquay
SeptembSeptemb
er 1950er 1950
3838 TariffsTariffs
Countries exchanged some 8,700 tariffCountries exchanged some 8,700 tariff
concessions, cutting the 1948 tariff levels by 25%concessions, cutting the 1948 tariff levels by 25%
Geneva IIGeneva II
JanuaryJanuary
19561956
2626 Tariffs, admission of JapanTariffs, admission of Japan $2.5 billion in tariff reductions$2.5 billion in tariff reductions
DillonDillon
SeptembSeptemb
er 1960er 1960
2626 TariffsTariffs
Tariff concessions worth $4.9 billion of worldTariff concessions worth $4.9 billion of world
tradetrade
KennedyKennedy May 1964May 1964 6262 Tariffs, Anti DumpingTariffs, Anti Dumping
Tariff concessions worth $40 billion of worldTariff concessions worth $40 billion of world
tradetrade
TokyoTokyo
SeptembSeptemb
er 1973er 1973
102102
Tariffs, non-tariff measures,Tariffs, non-tariff measures,
"framework" agreements"framework" agreements
Tariff reductions worth more than $300 billionTariff reductions worth more than $300 billion
dollars achieveddollars achieved
UruguayUruguay
SeptembSeptemb
er 1986er 1986
123123
Tariffs, non-tariff measures, rules,Tariffs, non-tariff measures, rules,
services, intellectual property,services, intellectual property,
dispute settlement, textiles,dispute settlement, textiles,
agriculture, creation of WTO, etc.agriculture, creation of WTO, etc.
The round led to the creation of WTO, andThe round led to the creation of WTO, and
extended the range of trade negotiations, leadingextended the range of trade negotiations, leading
to major reductions in tariffs (about 40%) andto major reductions in tariffs (about 40%) and
agricultural subsidies, an agreement to allow fullagricultural subsidies, an agreement to allow full
access for textiles and clothing from developingaccess for textiles and clothing from developing
countries, and an extension of intellectualcountries, and an extension of intellectual
property rights.property rights.
DohaDoha
NovembeNovembe
r 2001r 2001
141141
Tariffs, non-tariff measures,Tariffs, non-tariff measures,
agriculture, labour standards,agriculture, labour standards,
environment, competition,environment, competition,
investment, transparency,investment, transparency,
patents etc.patents etc.
The round is not yet concluded.The round is not yet concluded.

6.  Discriminated against developing
countries
 ‘Agriculture’ was treated as a
special.
 Though developed countries
removed majority of tariff barriers
yet some others still remained.
 US and EEC had concluded several
bilateral , discriminatory and
restrictive arrangements outside
GATT rules.
 It lacked enforcing mechanism
 GATT rules devised half a century
ago had outlived their utility.
Reason for GATT failure

7. The World Trade
Organization (WTO) is an
organization that intends to
supervise and liberal
international trade. The
organization officially
commenced on January 1,
1995 under the Marrakech
Agreement, replacing
GATT.
World Trade Organization (WTO) :

8.  Trade negotiations
 Implementation and
monitoring
 Dispute settlement
 Building trade capacity
 To promote World Trade
in a manner that benefits
every country
 To enhance
competitiveness among all
trading partners so as to
benefit consumers and
help in global integration.
Objectives of WTO :

9. The Agreement on Trade
Related Investment
Measures (TRIMs) are rules
that apply to the domestic
regulations a country applies to
foreign investors, often as part
of an industrial policy . The
agreement was agreed upon by
all members of the World Trade
Organization .
It is the name of one of the four principal legal agreements
of the WTO trade treaty.
TRIMs are rules that restrict preference of domestic firms
and thereby enable international firms to operate more
easily within foreign markets.
TRIMS:

10. The Agreement on Trade Related
Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights (TRIPs) is an international
agreement administered by
the World Trade Organization
(WTO) that sets down minimum
standards for many forms
of intellectual property (IP)
regulation as applied to nationals of
other WTO Members.
The TRIPS agreement introduced intellectual property law
into the international trading system for the first time and
remains the most comprehensive international agreement
on intellectual property to date.
TRIPs:

11. United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development(UNCTAD)
The United Nations
Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD) was
established in 1964 as a
permanent
intergovernmental body. It is
the principal organ of
the United Nations General
Assembly dealing with trade,
investment, and development
issues.

12. Main functions of UNCTAD :
 To promote international
trade .
 To formulate principles
and policies on
international trade and
related problems of
economic development.
 To make proposal for
putting policies into effect.
 To review and facilitate .
 To be available as a centre
for harmonious trade and
related documents in the
development policies of
governments

13. The International Monetary
Fund (IMF) is an international
organisation of 188 countries (as
of April 2012), that was created
on July 22, 1944 at the Bretton
Woods Conference and came into
existence on December 27, 1945
when 29 countries signed the
Articles of Agreement.
Countries contribute money to a pool through a quota system
from which countries with payment imbalances can borrow
funds temporarily. Through this activity the IMF works to
improve the economies of its member countries and facilitate
international trade.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)

14. A trade agreement is a wide
ranging tax, tariff and trade pact that
often includes investment guarantees.
What are Trade Agreements ?
 Regional
Trade
Agreements
 International
Trade
Agreements

15. Regional Trade Agreements
Regional trade agreements
(RTAs) have become
increasingly prevalent since the
early 1990s. As of 15 January
2012, some 511 notifications of
RTAs (counting goods and
services separately) had been
received by the GATT/WTO. Of
these, 319 were in force. What
all RTAs in the WTO have in
common is that they are
reciprocal trade agreements
between two or more partners.

16. What is a Trade Bloc ?
A trade bloc is a type
of intergovernmental
agreement , often part of a
regional intergovernmenta
l organization , where
regional barriers to trade ,
(tariffs and non-tariff
barriers) are reduced or
eliminated among the
participating states

17. The EU is the world’s largest trading bloc, and second
largest economy, after the USA.
The initial aim was to create a single market for goods,
services, capital, and labour by eliminating barriers to
trade and promoting free trade between members.
The EU is the world's largest
trading block, which makes it
one of the key players in the
World Trade Organisation. In
the WTO, the European
Commission negotiates on
behalf of the 27 countries of
the European Union
European Union (EU)

18. ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)
Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement
(APTA)
Central European Free Trade
Agreement (CEFTA)
Common Market for Eastern
and Southern Africa (COMESA)
G-3 Free Trade Agreement (G-3)
Greater Arab Free Trade Area
(GAFTA)
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)
South Asia Free Trade
Agreement (SAFTA)

19. The North American Free
Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) is an
agreement signed by the
governments
of Canada, Mexico, and
the United States,
creating a trilateral trade
bloc in North America.
The goal of NAFTA was to eliminate barriers to trade and
investment between the US, Canada and Mexico.
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)

20. Asean Free Trade
Agreement (AFTA) is
a trade bloc agreement by
the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations
supporting local
manufacturing in all
ASEAN countries.
The primary goals of AFTA seek to:
Increase ASEAN's competitive edge as a production base
in the world market through the elimination, within
ASEAN, of tariffs and non-tariff barriers; and
Attract more foreign direct investment to ASEAN.
Asean Free Trade Agreement (AFTA)

21. The Latin American Free
Trade Association (LAFTA)
was created in the 1960
Treaty of Montevideo
by Argentina, Brazil, Chile,
Mexico, Paraguay ,Peru ,
and Uruguay .
The goal of the LAFTA is the creation of a free trade zone
in Latin America. It should foster mutual regional trade
among the member states, as well as with the US
and Canada , the Pacific Union , the African Union , and
the European Union .
Latin American Free Trade
Association Agreement (LAFTA)

22. South Asian Free Trade Agreement
(SAFTA)
The South Asian Free Trade Area or SAFTA is
an agreement reached on 6 January 2004 at
the 12th SAARC summit in Islamabad
,Pakistan.
The seven foreign ministers of
the region signed a framework
agreement on SAFTA to
reduce customs duties of all
traded goods to zero by the
year 2016.
The objective of the agreement is to promote good
competition in the free trade area and to provide equitable
benefits to all the countries involved in the contracts.

23. The Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement
(APTA), previously named
the Bangkok Agreement , signed in
1975 as an initiative of ESCAP, is a
preferential tariff arrangement that
aims at promoting intra-regional
trade through exchange of mutually
agreed concessions by member
countries.
It is the oldest preferential trade agreement between
developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Its aim is to
promote economic development and cooperation through the
adoption of mutually beneficial trade liberalization
measures.
Asia Pacific Trade Agreement
(APTA)

24. The Comprehensive
Economic and Trade
Agreement (CETA) is a
proposed free trade
and copyright agreement
between Canada and
the European Union .
CETA is Canada's biggest bilateral initiative
since NAFTA .
Comprehensive Economic and
Trade Agreement (CETA)

25. A free-trade area is a trade bloc
whose member countries have signed
a free-trade agreement (FTA), which
eliminates tariffs, import quotas, and
preferences on most (if not
all) goods and services traded
between them. If people are also free
to move between the countries, in
addition to FTA, it would also be
considered an open border. It can be
considered the second stage
of economic integration. Countries
choose this kind of economic
integration if their economical
structures are complementary.
Free Trade Agreement

27. World Trade Organization agreements:
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Agreement on Agriculture
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and
Phytosanitary Measures
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade
Agreement on Trade Related Investment
Measures
Agreement on Anti-Dumping
Agreement on Customs Valuation
Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures
Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing
Measures
Agreement on Safeguards
General Agreement on Trade in Services
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights
Agreement on Government Procurement
Information Technology Agreement
International Agreements :

28. Thank You !!