1. Lobbying
• Lobbying is the act of attempting to influence decisions made
by officials in the government, most often legislators or
members of regulatory agencies. Lobbying is done by many
different types of people and organized groups, including
individuals in the private sector, corporations, fellow
legislators or government officials, or advocacy groups
(interest groups).

2. Different types of lobbying
• Direct Lobbying: This type of lobbying involves a person telling
his views to someone directly involved with developing
legislation. A government employee, staff member or
legislator are those with whom you should communicate your
views.
• Grassroots Lobbying: Grassroots lobbying communicates a
particular view regarding a specific legislative proposal to the
general public and persuades citizens to relay this view to
their local legislators.

3. Other types
• Paid versus free lobbying
• Single issue versus multiple issue lobbying
• Inside versus outside lobbying

4. LOBBYING IN THE US
The First Amendment of the Constitution
"right of the people... to petition the government for a
redress of grievances.“
Senator John F. Kennedy wrote in 1956, “(Lobbyists) are
in many cases expert technicians capable of examining
complex and difficult subjects in a clear, understandable
fashion"

5. WHO IS A LOBBYIST
• Since 1876, Congress has required all professional lobbyists to register
with the Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives.
• According to the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995, and amendments made
by the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007, a
professional lobbyist is someone who:
• Is paid by a client
• Whose services include more than one lobbying "contact" (an elected
official or members of their staff)
• Whose lobbying activities constitute 20 percent or more of his time on
behalf of that client during any three-month period
• 12655 Lobbyists in the US in 2011

6. DO’s and DON’T’s FOR A
LOBBYIST must file quarterly reports
• Registered lobbyists
detailing the contacts they made with elected
officials.
• They must also disclose how much money they were
paid to do it.
• Registered lobbyists are also required to file semi-
annual reports listing any contributions made to
elected officials or political campaigns.
• Lobbyists are not allowed to give money or gifts
directly to members of Congress

7. QUALITIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
LOBBYIST
• Conduct highly technical policy research
• Throw successful dinner parties
• Highly effective communicators
• Have solid people skills
• Strong command of various issues
• A broad network of contacts
• A flair for fundraising.
• Expert on the legislative issues

8. TOP SPENDERS ON LOBBYING
1. U.S. Chamber of Commerce ($857 million)
2. American Medical Association ($269 million)
3. General Electric ($268 million)
4. Pharmaceutical Researchers and Manufacturers of America ($219
million)
5. American Hospital Association ($219 million)
6. AARP ($214 million)
7. Blue Cross/Blue Shield ($184 million)
8. National Association of Realtors ($184 million)
9. Northrop Grumman ($176 million)
10. Exxon Mobil ($173 million)

9. OTHERS
• Total spending on Lobbyists in 2011 - $3.3 billion
• Railroad Lobby
• Some (In)famous Lobbyists - Sam Ward, Jack Abramoff
• https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Lobbyi
ng&oq=Lobbying&gs_l=youtube.3...4778.6743.0.7047.8.
8.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0...0.0...1ac.1.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q46kxNc5BLE

10. LOBBYING IN THE EU
• EU – less formal approach
• Lobbyists in the EU fall into the three categories:
• Industry associations
• Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) / interest groups
• Regional representations

11. EU KEY INSTITUIONS AND
LOBBYING
• European Commission – Access to lobbying groups via Directorate
General.
• voluntary register of lobbyists
• The Council of the European Union – Main decision making body
• The European Parliament –
• 10-point code of conduct on lobbying.
• Register of approximately 5,000 accredited lobbyists who subscribe to a
specific Code of Conduct and receive special passes to access Members
of the European Parliament.
• 15000 Lobbyists and 2500 Lobbying organizations in Brussels

13. LOBBYING IN THE UK
• There is presently no formal or mandatory registration process
for lobbyists and consequently there are many self-employed
or freelance workers who consider themselves to be lobbyists.
• The United Kingdom lobbying sector is currently self-
regulated by the Public Affairs Council, which registers
individual lobbyists.
• In 2009 the House of Commons Public Administration Select
Committee recommended creation of a statutory register of
lobbying companies and activities but the government
rejected that recommendation.

14. Lobbying in Australia
• Preamble
‘Promote trust in the integrity of government processes and
ensure that contact between lobbyists and Government
representatives is conducted in accordance with public
expectations of transparency, integrity and honesty’
• Four elements
1. Third party lobbyists
2. Lobbying activities
3. The targets of lobbying i.e. government representatives
4. Post employment prohibitions 14

15. Third party lobbyists
They are professional firms or individuals who conduct lobbying
on behalf of a client.
Exclusions
• Charitable and religious organizations
• Associations - trade unions, peak bodies and interest groups
• Professionals - e.g. lawyers, who only lobby occasionally
and/or incidentally to their professional work
• Individuals
• Grassroots campaigns
15

16. Lobbying Activities- Principles
of Engagement
• Lobbyists must make full disclosure of who they are and
their clients
• There is a range of unacceptable conduct that is prohibited,
such as any corrupt, dishonest, illegal or threatening
behavior
• Lobbyists must attempt to be as accurate and truthful as is
possible and must not misrepresent the nature and extent
of their access to government representatives – no
boasting
• Lobbyists must strictly separate their lobbying activities
from any personal involvement in political party activities 16

17. Targets of Lobbying Activities
Government representatives
• Ministers
• Parliamentary Secretaries
• Ministerial staff
• Senior public servants (Heads of Department)
• Australian Defence Force (Commonwealth)
Exclusions
• Parliamentarians not holding executive Government
• Local government (QLD includes local government)
17

18. Post employment prohibitions
• Former Ministers and Parliamentary Secretaries who are
prohibited from engaging in lobbying on any matter on which
they had official dealings during their last 12 – 18 months in
office
• Most States, apart from Tasmania and WA, ban ministerial
staff from taking up positions as lobbyists when leaving a
Ministerial office for a period
• WA do not include post employment provisions
18

19. Registration
Registration requirements
• Provide their business registration details including, if not a
publicly listed company, the names of owners, partners or
major shareholders
• Names and titles of employees who lobby
• The names of clients for whom lobbying is undertaken
• No registration = no access to government representatives
• Update details at regular intervals and where there are
changes to registration details
19

20. Maintenance of Registers
Central agencies
• Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
• Departments of Premier and Cabinet
• Public Sector Standards Commissioner (VIC and WA)
Queensland – Integrity Commissioner
Lobbyists may be removed from the register for ‘misconduct’
or providing inaccurate information
20

21. Breaches
• Onus is on Government representatives to report breaches
• Power to sanction is at the discretion of the Cabinet Secretary,
Secretary of the Department of Premier and Cabinet or Public
Sector Standards Commissioner
• Sanctions are removal from register - therefore no ability to
contact or deal with government representative
21

22. QUEENSLAND INTEGRITY ACT
2009
Administered by the Integrity Commissioner
• Registration of lobbyists in set out in Part 2 of the Act and
penalties for non compliance
Integrity Commissioner can
• refuse to register a lobbyist and may cancel a registration –
show cause notices provide natural justice
• issue warnings and suspend registration
Standards of conduct include
• declaring conflicts of interest and not taking action that may
constitute improper influence on a government representative
• onus on lobbyists to inform themselves of Queensland Government
and local government policies relating to gifts
22
• disclose reason of approach

23. NSW RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
NSW ICAC findings and recommendations 2010
• Lobbying of Government Officials Act 2011 - criminal
offence to pay or receive a success fee for lobbying
• Discretion of the Director-General to remove lobbyists from
the register - if behavior has been inconsistent with
general standards of ethical conduct or registration details
are inaccurate
• Lobbyists are ineligible for appointment to Government
Boards or Committees where the appointment relates to
any matter in which the lobbyists has made representation
to government on in the preceding 12 months
• Protocol for managing contact between the Department of
Planning and Infrastructure (NSW) and registered lobbyists 23
- meeting requests and report of contact

24. Regulation
• 1993 – Commonwealth Code of Conduct – register not public
and compliance issues
• 1996 – Commonwealth Code and register abolished
• 2007 – Western Australia introduced Code of Conduct and
register following ‘Burke and Grills’ scandal and CCC
hearings
• 2008 – Commonwealth Code of Conduct introduced(reviewed)
• 2009 – Victoria, NSW, South Australia, and Tasmania
• 2009 – Queensland Integrity Commission Act 2009
Commenced from 1 January 2010
• 2010 - 2011 – NSW ICAC report and changes to NSW
regulation 24

25. Lobbying in China
• business lobbying in China is widespread and regularly
influences economic policy
• the economic contexts of firms and their industries affect how
lobbying is carried out and consequently affects firms’ relative
policy influence.
Types of Lobbying
• Direct Lobbying ( by means of Guanxi)
• Indirect Lobbying ( by means of trade associations)
25

26. Features of Lobbying
• Active lobbying is found in every industry, and by firms of all
ownership types and nationalities.
• China’s business and trade associations (of which there are over
400 nationally, and tens of thousands at the local level) and
chambers of commerce, do not have much autonomy.
• since associations are not very powerful, "direct lobbying
predominates. Companies lobby bureaucrats throughout the
government directly.“
• for the most part firms lobby the bureaucracy, that is "the various
parts of the ministries and commissions that are responsible for day-
to-day management and regulation of industrial policy.“
• most public policy lobbying does not involve clienteles
relationships whereby "companies cultivate a patron and engage in
an exchange relationship where the basically buy influence through
that bureaucrat." 26

27. Variations in Lobbying
• Associations are better developed in some industries than in
others. E.g. Software Industry better than Steel Industry
• the depth of direct contact that firms have with government varies
significantly. E.g. Economically significant companies including state-
owned, private and foreign-owned.
• There is also variation in firms' aggressiveness. Much of this is
based on a firm's size and technically extremely important.
• Transparency also varies from industry to industry. "In some
industries the policy-making process is relatively transparent; for
insiders, it is relatively easy to get information.“
• lobbying coalitions vary. In some industries, such as steel, the
coalitions are "state-owned enterprises on one side, and private and
foreign companies on the other. But Chinese consumer electronics
companies and software companies are so integrated into global
production networks that sometimes Chinese and foreign
companies share policy preferences, and find themselves on the
same side when it comes to policy." 27

28. Lobbying in
India

29. Boon or Bane
Niira Radia
• Section 7 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, which makes it illegal for a
“public servant taking gratification other than legal remuneration in respect of an
official Act”
• Corporate lobbying should be subject to the Right to Information (RTI) Act.
• Lobbying should be regulated by curbing it into the legal limits.

30. References
• http://nationalbarindia.org/articles/14/corporate-lobbying/
• http://indialawjournal.com/volume4/issue_3/article_by_diljeet_titus.html
• http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/keyword/nira-radia
• http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/walmart-opposition-wants-lobbying-
reports-india-clarified/1/237040.html

31. IS LOBBYING ETHICAL OR
UNETHICAL?
Is lobbying against the law?
• Necessary and healthy part of democracy
• Open access to a government that is willing to listen to
constituents
• Sharpens debate by providing an outlet for opinions and giving
government more information
• Lobbying Vs. Exercising your democratic right
Essentially depends on whether you are being paid for your efforts to
communicate with a public office holder in an attempt to change laws,
regulations, contracts, programs, policies or guidelines.

32. LOBBYING AND ETHICAL
PARAMETERS
Fairness
• Paying a policy maker to vote in a favorable way or rewarding him or her after a
vote with valuable considerations
• Some lobbyists have easier access to lawmakers than others
• Problem of Revolving door lobbyists-those people who once served as public
officials who then go into the private sector and work to influence their former
colleague
• Local officials are faced with similar temptations-tickets to games or concerts,
dinners in expensive restaurants
Transparency
• Make sure that possible sources of influence are visible to the public.
• Lobbyists register and file reports on the issues they have discussed with
lawmakers
• Increasing the frequency of reporting and the number and variety of organizations
that qualify as lobbyists.
• Access to lawmakers' appointment books so that the public can see who they met
with and what they discussed

33. LOBBYING AND ETHICS
• “Earmarks”- Provisions benefiting particular industries or organizations that
lawmakers insert into appropriations bills, often at the behest of lobbyists who
have made significant campaign contributions.
• Increasing transparency by requiring that earmarks-and the names of their
sponsors-be published online at least 24 hours before a bill comes to a vote
Common Good
• Lobbyists as advocates
• Just as lawyers provide the trier of fact (judge or jury) with points of view on the
legal issues pertaining to a case, so do lobbyists provide local, state, and federal
policymakers with points of view on public policy issues.
• Lobbying is not against the law. Failing to register lobbying activities is!