Hur bra har de nordiska länderna lyckats med energiomställningen? Global Utmaning och tankesmedjenätverket Nordic Climate Network presenterade rapporten "Nordic Climate Policy – a case study on efficient policy measures" på COP 19 i Warszawa under ett seminarium. Nordic Climate Network består av de nordiska tankesmedjorna Concito, Fores, Zero och Global Utmaning.

1. COP19SIDEEVENT
REDUCING EMISSIONS AND GROWING THE ECONOMY –THE NORDIC WAY
- Green growth the Nordic Way
Anna Gran, Coordinator, Nordic Council of Ministers’ Climate and Air
Pollution Working Group
- Open Climate Network
Taryn Fransen, Project Director for Open Climate Network –
World Resources Institute
- Nordic Climate Policy – a case study on efficient policy measures
Susanne Krawack, Chief consultant – Concito
Ola Alterå, Senior Adviser – Global Utmaning
Camilla Skriung, Policy advisor – Zero
Jakop Dalunde, Programme director – Fores
- IEA’s Nordic Energy Technology Perspectives – A carbon-neutral
energy system by 2050
Benjamin Donald Smith, Senior Advisor - Nordic Energy Research
- Panel discussion and interventions from the audience

2. Nordic Climate policy –
a case study on effective measures and policies
A population of about 25 million
A GPD of about USD 1 trillion

3. Two parts:
GHG mitigation in the Nordic Region –
according to OCN – the policy landscape
Four cases of successful GHG mitigation from
Nordic countries

4. Reduction af fossil CO2 by 9% between
1990 and 2011, 25% including LULUCF
Tons CO2e per Capita
a. Nordic CO2e Emissions
Tons CO2e per
million USD
14
600
12
500
10
400
8
300
6
200
4
2
100
0
0
Nordic CO2e Emissions per Capita
Nordic CO2e Emissions per GDP

5. Energy mix in electricity supply
Nordic countries
9.6%
0.3%
Biomass and waste
7.1%
Wind
3.2%
6.4%
1.0%
19.9%
Natural Gas
Geothermal
Hydro
Oil
0.7%
Nuclear
51.7%
Solar
Coal

6. Energy mix in the total energy consumption
Oil
Gas
2%
Coal
32%
30%
Nuclear
11%
15%
10%
Renewables (including
biofuels)
Others

7. Reduction commitments
2020 compared to 1990:
Sweden 40% non ETS
Finland 16% non ETS
Norway 30% both ETS and non ETS
Denmark 40% % both ETS and non ETS

8. Type of policies:
Policies to utilize renewable resources
Energy and carbon taxes
Cooperation between industry, R&D and government
Local governments active role
Building codes
Focus on energy efficiency

9. More than GHG mitigation:
Jobcreation
Export
Attract international
companies
Why?
Innovative industry - cluster
Favourable and long term framework
Support by feed in tarrifs
Support for R&D

10. Case: Wind power in Denmark

11. Case: Wind power in Denmark
Transmission cables and a joint Nordic
electricity market

12. Case: District Heating in Sweden
Ola Alterå
Senior Adviser – Global Utmaning

13. OECD Energy Balance

14. District Heating –utilizing resources that
otherwise would have been lost
• Combined heat and power
producion
• Waste heat from industries
• Municipal waste incineration
• Geothermal energy
• Lower quality bioenergy
• Solar heat

15. District Heating in Sweden
– and the Nordics
• About 60 TWh of heat production
• Present in every community with more than 10,000
inhabitants
• About 50% of heating market - dominating in city
centres
–
–
–
–
Denmark 60%
Finland 50%
Iceland 90% - geothermal
Norway < 5%

16. District Heating Fuels in Sweden 1980-2011

17. How could it be done?
• Local governance, planning and cooperation
• General price incentives – energy and later carbon tax
• Non regulated market stimulating competition and
innovation – mostly by community owned companies

18. Case: Zero emission cars in Norway
Camilla Skriung, Policy advisor ZERO

19. Zero emission cars in Norway
• Norway, one of the smallest car marketsin Europe, has
become a very large zero emission car market. How did
thishappen?

20. Zero emission cars in Norway
Annualsales of zero
emissioncarsin Norway
2009-2013
Sales of zero emissioncars
in Norway in 2013
All time high record of 9 % (rechargeable cars) of new cars
sales was passed in September 2013.

21. Zero emission cars in Norway
Norwegian zero emission car sales in comparison with other
European countries:
The share of electric cars of new cars in Norway is at world
record level, more than 4 times greater than in the second
country on the list in Western Europe.

22. Zero emission cars in Norway
• How did this happen?
• The main success factors have been:
• Sufficient financial incentives at the time of
purchase
• Increased convenience/time saving
• Charging infrastructure
• Long-term predictable policy

23. Zero emission cars in Norway
• Norwegian zero emission car incentives:
• 1) Exemptions:
Registration fee exemption
Value added on purchase
Public parking fee exemption
Road toll exemption
Reduced tax on electric company cars
Road usage tax exemption
• 2) Free charging infrastructure
• 3) Permission to use lanes reserved for public
transportation

24. Zero emission cars in Norway
• 4) Considerably lower annual fees
• 5) Public charging spots
• 6) Hydrogen filling stations
• 7) Transnova
• 8) Public procurement
• 9) Free ferry transport

25. Zero emission cars in Norway

26. Case: Reducing emissions from the
Swedish transport sector
Jakop Dalunde
Programme director, FORES

27. Background
● Ambition to reduce non-EU ETS overall
emissions with 40 percent by
2020, compared to 1990 emissions.
● This means a reduction of approximately
20 million tons Carbon dioxide
equivalents.
● Transports make up two thirds of
emissions in the non-trading sector

28. Background
Greenhouse gas emissions from road transportation (in million tons CO2e)

29. Cars down, trucks up
● A closer look at the numbers show that
emissions from cars down with about 10
per cent
● Emissions from heavy duty transport
continue to increase, except from a dip in
2009.
● Total increase from trucks since 1990 is
over 34 per cent

30. Cars down, trucks up
● A closer look at the numbers show that
emissions from cars down with about 10
per cent
● Emissions from heavy duty transport
continue to increase, except from a dip in
2009.
● Total increase from trucks since 1990 is
over 34 per cent

31. Cars down, trucks up
Greenhouse gas emissions from road transportation

32. Policy: The carbon tax
● The decision taken by the Swedish
parliament in 1990, came into force 1
January 1991.
● Began at 0.25 SEK/kg, currenty the
carbon tax is 1.08 SEK/kg Co2.
● Combined with lowered income
tax, Pigovian perspective

33. Policy: The carbon tax
● Two kinds of incentives: more expensive
to drive fossil-vehicles and substitution
effect, increased demand for renewably
energy and alternative transportations.
● Elestacity - higher cost does not equal
lower emissions.

34. Policy: Other measures
● Exemption from the energy and carbon
dioxide tax for all bio-fuelled
transportations - corresponding to a tax
relief of about 5 Swedish kronor per litre
of petrol.
● Pump station law

35. Policy: Other measures
● Support for research and demonstrations
of bio-fuels - in 2009 a three-year support
of 875 million Swedish kronor was
granted
● Bonus for buying greener cars. Future
bonus/malus system.

36. Evalutation
Carbon dioxide emissions for newly registered cars, gram CO2/km
190
180
Total
Petrol
170
Diesel
160
Gas
150
Ethanol
140
EU average
130
120
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012

37. Evaluation
● Given the large number of actions, it is
hard to evaluate each separate policy.
● However, likely the combination of
policies were key.
● Emissions lowered by 7% since
introduction of carbon tax

38. Conclusion
● The carbon tax likely amajor contributing
cause of lowering emissions from the
transport sector
● Emissions likely would have increased
without it, since traffic is still growing.
● Effect likely been much stronger
combined with other measures