1) Prof. Dr. Bettina Burger-Menzel presented on the role of open source software in enabling technological catch-up in industrializing countries. 2) ICT drives economic growth both directly through the ICT business and indirectly through productivity increases in other sectors. 3) Open source software can directly and indirectly help countries develop by improving education, problem solving abilities, and more. Governments can influence development at the macro, meso, and micro levels through policies supporting education, infrastructure, and more.

1. Prof. Dr. Bettina Burger-Menzel Brandenburg University of Applied Sciences perspectives on open source for technological catch-up processes in industrializing countries Simposio “Desarrollo y perspectivas de la sociedad de la información y internet en Bolivia” La Paz / May 17, 2011 with support of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)

4. ICTs (TICs) drive economic growth Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011 Carlota Perez (2008): “The Asian region quickly understood the importance of ICT and the trend towards global markets … and [is now] far ahead in its accumulation of knowledge and experience in technology, production, management and trade”. GDP 1990 GDP 2010 directly: ICT business itself indirectly: productivity increases in other sectors

5. Mapping global GDP (in bio. US$, 2001) USA 9900 Germany 1948 Japan 4574 Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Kenia Marocco, Nigeria, South Africa) 255 Latin America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Uruguay, Venezuela) 1176 Mexico 550 Great Britain 1451 China 1131 Russia 253 India 474 France 1377 Australia 383 Canada 661 South Korea 447 Comp. DIE ZEIT, 27.3.2003 Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011

6. UIS 2009 Mapping GDP corresponds mapping R&D investment as % of GDP

7. open source software as part of ICTs (KICs) Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011 OS software - open knowledge and anyone can learn, adapt create and distribute it - is based on voluntary cooperation of software developers in many different locations with a shared ‘culture’

8. the relevance of open source for technological catch-up Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011 direct effect on economy : - OSS business model itself - hybrid business model (OSS as component; mainly outsourcing)

10. the relevance of open source for technological catch-up (3) Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011 direct and indirect effect OSS especially relevant in country with dominance of small- and medium-sized companies with scarce ressources Flexibility and Stability Saving Costs Independence Community Support (Grassmuck, 2002, p. 340) OSS in SMEs Improvement ICT Firm performance (UNU-MERIT, 2006, p. 92) Skills Improment Life-long-learning (UNU-MERIT, 2006, p. 46)

12. Burger-Menzel/ Cabero Tapia (2007) based on Kim (2000) government is important for how a country catches up while benefitting from ICTs (KICs) e.g. education, research, market regulation, public procurement, e-government … Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011

13. government and ICT including OSS: … in more detail Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011 requirements Dalum/ Johnson/ Lundvall 2010 examples Low 2002; Burger-Menzel/ Cabero Tapia 2007; Burger-Menzel/ Assadi 2010 means to learn, adapt and create education and training in ICT and OSS incentive to learn, adapt and create reduction of regulatory and legal barriers to apply OS ; investment incentives capability to learn, adapt and create flexible access to a broad variety of services with compatibility, accessibility, installation, upgrading and payment options access to relevant knowledge advanced ICT and energy infrastructure, architecture and connectivity; capital inflow and technology transfer with focus on ICT- and OS-related science-industry linkages remembering and forgetting compensation schemes for ‚victims‘ of a ICT-based society through options to share scarce resour ces utilizing knowledge OS-related e-government and e-administration to change national culture

15. macro micro motivational factors for innovative behaviour psychology of societies social acceptance (norms, rules, customs, culture, …) from creativity to an innovative „take off“ group behaviour personal willingness (desire, need, …) & individual capability (competences, …) national systems of innovation conditions and situative options (infrastructure, public policies, …) mesoeconomic environment conditions and situative options (market conditions, resources of network, regional features, …) social acceptance (leadership culture and organisational culture, …) message 1: government can influence all levels of ICT-based learning… Burger-Menzel (2010) Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011

16. Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011 Carlota Perez (2008): “For Latin America to get onto a fast development path, the continent needs to recognize what its possibilities are within the present [ICT] context, and into the future.” message 2: … and it should do so also by using ICTs (KICs) itself & by networking with all actor groups to learn from their experience! in order to help the country prosper especially when starting from a low-level ICT environment

17. gracías por Su atención Burger-Menzel: OS perspectives for technological catch-up / La Paz 17.05.2011