Call Girls Hsr Layout Just Call 7001305949 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Multi-drug resistant Tuberculosis
1. Multi drug resistant T.B. (MDR)
Dr. Gopalrao M.D. Ph.D.
Professor of Community Medicine
CAR Medical College
1
2. Global Fact sheet:
T.B. Incidence: 8.8 million people
are affected by TB annually world
wide.
1.4 million deaths occur annually
world wide.
MDR-TB is defined as disease
having resistance to two or more of
the anti T.B. drugs with or without
resistance to other anti TB drugs
It is a major threat to TB control
program world wide.
2
3. Countries having problem of MDR T.B.
Russia
Peoples Republic of China
India
Western Europe
United states
United Kingdom
Germany
Central Europe
Lithuania
Latvia
Estonia
3
5. Indian Scenario
Prevalence of MDR T.B. in new smear +ve cases is less than
3% and 12 to 17% amongst previously treated PTB cases.
• India is the highest TB burden country in the world.
• India is 17th among 22 high burden countries in terms of
incidence rate
• Accounts for 20% of global burden of TB.
• Every year 1.8 million persons develop TB
• There are point eight million new smear positive cases.
• The annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 %
5
6. Case study from Andhra Pradesh
Study conducted on 75 MDR T.B. cases.
6
12. NO. OF % OF PATIENTS
PATIENTS
SOB, Cough, fever 38 50%
Cough, fever 20 27%
SOB, cough 6 8%
Cough, fever, loss 2 3%
Complaints of appetite
SOB, cough, fever, 2 3%
loss of appetite
among cough 2 3%
SOB, Haemoptysis 1 1%
Cough, loss of 1 1%
MDRTB appetite
Cough, fever, 1 1%
haemoptysis
SOB 1 1%
Patients
SOB, cough, 1 1%
haemoptysis
Cough, fever,chest 1 1%
pain 12
13. Clinical factors promoting resistance
Delayed diagnosis and isolation
Inappropriate drug regimen.
Inadequate initial therapy
Incomplete course of treatment
Inappropriate treatment modifications
Adding single drug to a failing regimen
Inappropriate use of chemoprophylaxis
Poor adherence and incomplete Follow up
Failure to isolate MDR TB patients
Failure to employ DOT
Over the counter anti TB
Faked drugs
14. Mechanism of Resistance
TB specific drugs
INH, PZA, ETH
Antibiotics with activity against TB
RIF
Aminogycosides
Flouroquinolones
15. Mechanism of resistance
INH
Chromosomally mediated
Loss of catalase/peroxidase
Mutation in mycolic acid synthesis
Regulators of peroxide response
16. Mechanism of resistance
Rifampin
Reduced binding to RNA polymerase
Clusters of mutations at “Rifampin Resistance Determining
Region” (RRDR)
Reduced Cell wall permeability
17. Treatment of MDR TB
Factors determining Success
Culture of MDR TB
Reliable susceptibility
Reliable history of previous drug regimens
Program to assure delivery of prescribed drugs (DOT)
Correct choice of modified treatment regimen
Reliable follow up
18. New Chemotherapeutic Agents
Not many. Low interest from pharmaceutical industry
Derivatives of Rifamycin
Rifabutin: Sensitive subset of Rifampin resistant strains
Rifapentine: Extended half-life but more mono-resistance to
rifamycins
KRM-1648. benzoxazinorifamycin. In vitro and animal models.
New flouroquinolones
Gatifloxacin, Moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, sparfloxacin
Nitroimidazoles
related to metronidazole. May work better against latent bacilli
Avoiding pro-drug problems
19. Chemoprophylaxis
Determinants of intervention
Likelihood of infection with MDR TB
Low
Intermediate
High
Likelihood of developing MDR TB
Immune suppression
20. Global TB control targets
2015: 50% reduction in TB prevalence and
death rates by 2015
2015: Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other
diseases
Target 8: to have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse
the incidence…
Indicator 23: prevalence and deaths associated with TB
Indicator 24: proportion of TB cases detected
and cured under DOTS
2005: World Health Assembly:
- To detect at least 70% of infectious TB cases
- To treat successfully at least 85% of detected
cases