This document discusses phosphorus and nitrogen treatment alternatives for improving water quality in Lake Okeechobee and surrounding areas. It describes the performance of managed aquatic plant systems (MAPS) like algal turf scrubbers (ATS) and water hyacinth scrubbers (WHS) in removing phosphorus and nitrogen from water. MAPS systems have proven effective at nutrient removal and generate biomass that can be used to produce compost for agricultural markets. The document argues that centralized MAPS regional treatment systems could help meet total maximum daily load regulations in a more cost-effective way than other options like storage reservoirs or treatment wetlands.

1. Generating Trading Credits Through Application of
Large-Scale Algal Turf Scrubber®
Pollutant Recovery System
HydroMentia, Inc.
May 12, 2005

2. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Treatment Alternatives
Best Management Practices
Chemical Treatment
Managed Aquatic Plant Systems
Treatment Wetlands

3. Vision
“The past is a guidepost, not a hitching post.”
Thomas Holcroft

4. Lake Okeechobee BMP Performance
•In 1987, the PLRG developed for Lake Okeechobee mandated a 40% reduction in total
phosphorus loads to Lake Okeechobee from 531 Mtons to 360 Mtons. The PLRG was to
be achieved by 1992.
•Following nearly $160 million in direct costs and lost income resulting from BMPs and
other programs, the programs implemented failed to meet the 1992 360 Mton SWIM
PLRG objective
Table 1: Total P Loads (in Mtons) to Lake Okeechobee 1991-20031
Long-term Load Long-term Over-target
Year Measured Load a (5-yr moving Load (5-yr moving
average) a average) ab
1991 445 415 275
1992 388 393 253
1993 296 375 235
1994 580 421 281
1995 683 478 338
1996 200 430 290
1997 470 446 306
1998 780 543 403
1999 670 561 421
2000c 169 458 318
2001 607 539 399
2002 543 554 414
2003 187d - -
Includes an atmospheric load of 35 Mtons per year based on the Lake Okeechobee TMDL (FDEP 2001) bTarget is the
AI
Lake Okeechobee TMDL of 140 Mtons (FDEP 2001) compared to a five-year moving average c. Period of record for
baseline load estimate in LOPP is 1991-2000 (see page 11) dYear 2003 data reported is through June 2003 and includes
half of the annual atmospheric load. The QA/QC process for the data for the complete year will not be completed until
March 2004

5. Vision to Optimize Effectiveness
Regional Treatment Systems
Direct Recovery of Nutrients

6. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Treatment Alternatives
Best Management Practices
Chemical Treatment
Managed Aquatic Plant Systems
Treatment Wetlands

7. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Treatment Alternatives
Lake Okeechobee Watershed Project
Delivery Team (PDT)
Screening and Ranking of 105 Phosphorus
Control Technologies:
•Treatment Wetlands
•Managed Aquatic Plant Systems
•Algal Turf Scrubber®
•Water Hyacinth Scrubber
•Chemical Treatment

8. HISTORY
COMMERCIAL EXPERIENCE:
Managed Aquatic Plant System (MAPS)
Over 30 years of full scale operational experience
Individual Facility Capacities over 30 mgd
Facilities in Florida, Alabama, Texas, California

9. Proven Performance
A MAPS unit, composed of a Water Hyacinth
Scrubber (WHSTM) for 5 MGD advanced
treatment of domestic wastewater in the late
1980’s—City of Orlando Iron Bridge Regional
WWTP
A MAPS unit, composed of a Water Hyacinth
Scrubber (WHSTM) and an Algal Turf Scrubber
(ATSTM) provided treatment of 30 MGD of
recycled water within this large scale fish
aquaculture facility in Florida
A 1.0 MGD ATSTM-WHSTM prototype MAPS system
operated in the Lake Okeechobee Watershed (LOW)
to investigate reducing phosphorus loads as
required by the recently imposed TMDL. Jointly
funded by the South Florida Water Management
District, the Florida Department of Environmental
Protection and the Florida Department of Agriculture
and Consumer Services

10. 2-Stage Managed Aquatic Plant System (MAPS)
Water Hyacinth Scrubber (WHS™)
Algal Turf Scrubber® (ATS™)

11. Algal Turf Scrubber® (ATS™)
Algal Turf Scrubber (ATSTM)
(2.0% and 1.5% Slope)
ATS™ Pump Station
ATS™ Influent Flume and Surgers
ATS™ Effluent Flume

14. Okeechobee Compost Market Capacity
400,000
350,000
300,000
Compost (tons)
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
1
Okeechobee Region - 2004 377,500
Estimated Potential Usage
Okeechobee Region - 2004 Actual 84,395
Usage
25 MGD Typical ATS™ Treatment 561
Facility - Compost Production
Shiralipour A. and E. Epstein. 2005. Preliminary Compost Market Assessment,
Okeechobee, Florida Region. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural
Sciences

15. MAPS Water Treatment Systems
Proven & Quantifiable Performance
Phosphorus Control

16. Algal Turf Scrubber® (ATS™) and Water Hyacinth Scrubber (WHS™)
Relationship of Phosphorus Mass Loading and Areal Removal Rates
500 4,400
450 Melbourne (WHS) - Ci = 2-6 mg/l
4,000
Lakeland (WHS) - Ci = 2-6 mg/l
Kissimmee (WHS) - Ci < 2 mg/l
400 3,600
Loxahatchee (WHS) - Ci < 2 mg/l
P Areal Removal Rate (lbs acre- yr- )
1
Iron Bridge (WHS) - Ci < 2 mg/l
P Areal Removal Rate (g m yr )
-1
3,200
350 S154 (WHS) - Ci < 2 mg/l
1
-2
S154 (ATS, WHS Pretreatment) - Ci < 250 ppb
Patterson (ATS) - Ci = 2-6 mg/l 2,800
300
EAA-Everglades (ATS) - Ci < 150 ppb
S-154 ATS Single Stage - Ci < 500 ppb 2,400
250
2,000
200
1,600
150
1,200
100
800
50 400
0 0
1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0
-2 -1
P Mass Loading Rate (g m yr )

17. MAPS Water Treatment Systems
Proven & Quantifiable Performance
Nitrogen Control

18. Algal Turf Scrubber® (ATS™) and Water Hyacinth Scrubber (WHS™)
Relationship of Mass Loading and Removal Rates for Nitrogen
3,000
Iron Bridge (WHS) - Ci = 2-15 mg/l 24,000
S154 (WHS) - Ci < 2 mg/l
2,500
N Areal Removal Rate (lbs acre-1 yr-1)
Lakeland (WHS) - Ci = 6-27 mg/l
N Areal Removal Rate (g m yr )
-1
Melbourne (WHS) - Ci = 32.7 mg/l (avg) 20,000
-2
Loxatachee (WHS) - Ci = 4.9 mg/l (avg)
2,000
Kissimmee (WHS) - Ci = 11.1 mg/l (avg)
NTC McCoy (WHS) - Ci = 4.3 mg/l (avg) 16,000
S154 Single Stage (ATS) - Ci = 1.1-2.8 mg/l
1,500
12,000
1,000
8,000
500 4,000
0 0
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
N Mass Loading Rate
-2 -1
(g m yr )

19. ATS™ Pollutant Recovery Benefits
• Lowest Cost Treatment
• Reduced Land Requirements
• Quantifiable Performance

20. Lowest Cost Treatment
S-191 Fisheating Istokpoga LOW –
Region
Basin Creek Basin ATS™
Flow
102,000 197,000 97,500 28,000
(AF/yr)
Inflow TP 518 329 261 150
Management (ppb)
Measures Outflow TP
100 100 100 109
(ppb)
P Removal Cost ($/lb)
1
Storage Reservoirs $189 $195 $234
1
EMA-STA $38 $53 $62
2
Single Stage ATS™ $25
[1] USACE, SFWMD, HDR. October 2003. Lake Okeechobee Watershed Project Draft PIR, Water Quality Treatment Ranking
[2] HydroMentia. March 2005. Single Stage ATS™ Present Worth Costs

21. Reduced Land Requirements
Phosphorus Treatment Facility Land Requirements
(2 Metric Ton Per Year Treatment Capacity)
450
448
400
350
300
224
250
Acres
200
150
100
9 4 3
50
0
)
)
-1
-1
yr
yr
-2
-2
m
m
g
g
.0
.0
(1
(2
nd
nd
la
la
et
et
tW
tW
en
en
m
m
at
at
e
e
Tr
Tr

22. ATS™ and Treatment Wetland (STA)
Water Treatment Costs
University of Florida - IFAS
Sano, D., A.W. Hodges and R. L. Degner. 2005. Economic Analysis of Water
Treatment for Phosphorus Removal in Florida: Comparison of Wetland
Stormwater Treatment Areas and Managed Aquatic Plant Systems.
MAPS phosphorus treatment costs ($/kg P-removed) for proposed
treatment systems in the Lake Okeechobee Watershed were 53 –
69% lower than costs for wetland stormwater treatment areas.
Costs included capital, operations and management, water storage
and recreational benefits.

23. Vision to Optimize Effectiveness
Regional Treatment Systems
Direct Recovery of Nutrients

24. Regional Treatment Systems
Williamsburg, VA
• The city constructs regional stormwater management facilities that
generate phosphorus credits by reducing loads beyond existing
conditions.
• Developers have the the option of meeting their phosphorus
removal requirements through the purchase of phosphorus credits
from a regional stormwater management facility
• The number of estimated pounds of phosphorus removed by a
facility is the number of credits it generates.
• All of the credits are sold and cover the construction, operation,
and maintenance costs of the regional control structure.
• Regional system creates a balance between point- and nonpoint-
source projects.

25. Direct Recovery of Nutrient Pollutants
Influent
Perimeter Fence Headwall Intake
Manifold
Influent
Sump Canal
Axial Flow Lake Lawne
Pumps
ATS™
Effluent
Flume
ATS™
Influent
Flume
Compost
ATS™ Area
Headwall
Discharge
Line
AT S™
ATS™
Surgers
FLOWAY
(18)
T erminal
Box and
Flex Rake
Access
Gate

26. Direct Pollutant Recovery and Lake
Restoration System as a Cost Effective
Option to Meet TMDL Regulations
I. Eliminate ancillary water storage costs
II. Reduced nutrient recovery costs
III. Recover historical pollutant loads
IV. Pollutant trading options
V. Performance quantifiable

27. I. Eliminate Ancillary Water Storage Costs
• Need for new watershed storage infrastructure
eliminated
• Eliminated water storage costs can be applied
to reduce in-lake pollutants beyond TMDL
requirements

28. II. Reduced Nutrient Recovery Costs
• Ancillary water storage system costs eliminated
• Pollutant treatment costs lower for systems
designed to operate under relatively stable
conditions – eliminates peak hydraulic loads
associated with storm events
• Consistent flows allow smaller facilities (lower
costs) to provide equivalent pollutant reduction

29. III. Recover Historical Pollutant Loads
• Eliminated water storage costs to be applied to reduce
in-lake pollutants beyond TMDL requirements
• Net reduction of in-lake pollutants to improve lake water
quality, reducing internally generated pollutant loads
(phytoplankton sediment load)
• Accrued reduction of in-lake pollutants will eliminating
short term impacts of seasonal pollutant loads
• Faster restoration of impaired surface water

30. IV. Pollutant Trading Options
• Pollutants recovered by centralized facility
• Fees to be charged to individual sources
required to reduced pollutant loads (point
source and nonpoint source)
• Standardized formal agreements and pollutant
treatment costs for watershed sources
• Eliminates uncertainty associated with
nonpoint source management

31. V. Performance Quantifiable
• Pollutants recovered by centralized facility
easily quantified
• Regulatory monitoring costs reduced

32. Opportunity
“In the middle of every difficulty lies
opportunity.”
Albert Einstein

33. Discussion

34. Algal Turf Scrubber® (ATS™)
Relationship of Phosphorus Mass Loading and Outflow Concentration
10.00
S154 Basin (WHS Pretreatment, ATS-300', Ci=330-50 ppb)
EAA-Everglades (ATS-50', Ci=70-30 ppb)
S154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=100 cm/d, Ci=300-80 ppb)
1.00 S154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=200 cm/d, Ci=300-80 ppb)
TP Out (mg l )
-1
S154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=450cm/d, Ci=300-80 ppb)
0.10
0.01
1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0
-2 -1
P Mass Loading Rate (g m yr )

35. Phosphorus Balance
Nearly all of the nutrient pollutants removed within a MAPS are accounted for within the
harvested biomass (65-85%) or sloughed biomass (15-35%), which is manifested as
organic sediment. As with treatment wetlands, a sediment management plan is required
for long term operations. The phosphorus balance for the S-154 Prototype in
Okeechobee is shown here.
14.14%
0.71% 35.15%
Hyacinth Harvest
Gain in hyacinth standing crop
26.72%
Algae Harvest Rake
2.40% 11.19%
3.01% Algae Harvest microscreen
0.00% Gain in algae standing crop
6.69% Ecological losses
Sedimentation
Loss in water column
Effluent Discharge

36. Calculated vs. Actual
Accretion Rates forHistorical Everglades OEW NTC-1a
Treatment Wetlands and
NTC 15 STC-4 STC-9
Cell 4 Equal Value Line PSTA Test Cells
PSTA Field Cell 1 PSTA Field Cell 3 PSTA Field Cell 4
Natural Systems 12
Equation 3 Calculated Sediment Accrual
10
8
Rate cm/yr
6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Field M easured Sediment Accrual Rate cm/yr

37. Influent Pumping Station
L-62 Canal
Influent Monitoring Station
Effluent Monitoring Station
Water Hyacinth
ATS™ Effluent Flume
Scrubbers (WHSTM)
ATS™ Pump Station
Harvesting and Processing Area
(Composting and Storage Pad)
ATS™ Influent Flume and Surgers
Algal Turf Scrubber (ATSTM)
(2.0% and 1.5% Slope)
Water Storage/Borrow
Area

38. Proven Livestock Feed
Feed Trials performed by Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services,
University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, McArthur Inc. Dairies

39. Livestock Feed Market Capacity – United States
Dairy Cattle Feed Consumption Only
Dairy Cattle Feed Consumption - United State
50,000,000
Annual Dry Feed Consumed (tons)
45,000,000
40,000,000
35,000,000
30,000,000
25,000,000
20,000,000
15,000,000
10,000,000
5,000,000
0
1
United States 49,000,000
Florida 832,000
Okeechobee & Highlands Counties 214,000
100 Ton Phosphorus ATS - WHS 20,000
Treatment Facility - Feed
Production

40. O
rla
nd
o
Ea
st P Removal Rate (lbs/acre/yr)
er
ly
W
et
la
C nd
el (1
l- 4
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
99
(S 2-
AV 19
(J ) 97
un ) 6.
Ev 96 0
er
gl -O
ad ct
TPIN = 189 ppb
es
TPOUT = 54 ppb
00
Bo ST ) 12
ne As .9
y (W
M Y2
ar
sh 00
(J 2)
an 10
82 .2
S- EN
15 -J
4 R an
EM P 86
(A
A- ug ) 2.
ST 6
W 95
A
SA C -M
A-
V- 2A ar
ST (J 99
A an )
M 92
7.
5
es
oc -N
os ov
m 99
(M )
ar 4.
03 9
-O
ct
03
) 49
.1
TPIN = 480 ppb
TPOUT = 169 ppb
11
3.
8
12
Phosphorus Areal Removal Rates
2.
7
Phosphorus Removal Performance
25
3.
4
Treatment Wetlands and Managed Aquatic Plant Systems (MAPS)
42
7.
4
92
6.
1
TPIN = 139 ppb
TPOUT = 76 ppb

41. Algal Turf Scrubber® (ATS™) and Water Hyacinth Scrubber (WHS™)
Relationship of Phosphorus Mass Loading and Percent Removal
Melbourne (WHS) - Ci = 2-6 mg/l
Lakeland (WHS) - Ci = 2-6 mg/l
Kissimmee (WHS) - Ci < 2 mg/l
Loxahatchee (WHS) - Ci < 2 mg/l
Iron Bridge (WHS) - Ci < 2 mg/l
S154 2-Stage WHS-ATS - Ci < 750 ppb
100% Patterson (ATS-500') - Ci = 2000-6000 ppb
S154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=100 cm/d, Ci=426-70 ppb)
90% S154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=200 cm/d, Ci=426-70 ppb)
S154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=450 cm/d, Ci=426-70 ppb)
80%
70%
Percent Removal (%)
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0
-2 -1
P Mass Loading Rate (g m yr )

42. Algal Turf Scrubber® (ATS™) and Water Hyacinth Scrubber (WHS™)
Relationship of Phosphorus Mass Loading and Outflow Concentration
Melbourne (WHS) - Ci = 2-6 mg/l Lakeland (WHS) - Ci = 2-6 mg/l
Kissimmee (WHS) - Ci < 2 mg/l Loxahatchee (WHS) - Ci < 2 mg/l
Iron Bridge (WHS) - Ci < 2 mg/l Patterson (ATS) - Ci = 2-6 mg/l
S154 2-Stage WHS-ATS - Ci < 750 ppb S154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=100 cm/d, Ci=426-70 ppb)
10.00 S154 Single Stage (ATS-300'), HLR=200 cm/d, Ci=426-70 ppb) S154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=450 cm/d, Ci=426-70 ppb)
EAA-Everglades (ATS-50', Ci=70-30 ppb)
1.00
TP Out (mg l )
-1
0.10
0.01
1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0
-2 -1
P Mass Loading Rate (g m yr )

43. Algal Turf Scrubber® (ATS™) and Water Hyacinth Scrubber (WHS™)
Relationship of Mass Loading and Removal Rates for Nitrogen
3,000
Iron Bridge (WHS) - Ci = 2-15 mg/l 24,000
S154 (WHS) - Ci < 2 mg/l
2,500
N Areal Removal Rate (lbs acre yr )
-1
Lakeland (WHS) - Ci = 6-27 mg/l
N Areal Removal Rate (g m yr )
-1
Melbourne (WHS) - Ci = 32.7 mg/l (avg) 20,000
-1
-2
Loxatachee (WHS) - Ci = 4.9 mg/l (avg)
2,000
Kissimmee (WHS) - Ci = 11.1 mg/l (avg)
NTC McCoy (WHS) - Ci = 4.3 mg/l (avg) 16,000
S154 Single Stage (ATS) - Ci = 1.1-2.8 mg/l
1,500
12,000
1,000
8,000
500 4,000
0 0
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
N Mass Loading Rate
-2 -1
(g m yr )

44. Algal Turf Scrubber® (ATS™) and Water Hyacinth Scrubber (WHS™)
Relationship of Mass Loading and Percent Removal for Nitrogen
100%
Iron Bridge (WHS) - Ci = 2-15 mg/l
90% S154 (WHS) - Ci < 2 mg/l
Lakeland (WHS) - Ci = 6-27 mg/l
80% Melbourne (WHS) - Ci = 32.7 mg/l (avg)
Loxatachee (WHS) - Ci = 4.9 mg/l (avg)
70%
N Percent Removal (%)
Kissimmee (WHS) - Ci = 11.1 mg/l (avg)
NTC McCoy (WHS) - Ci = 4.3 mg/l (avg)
60%
S154 Single Stage (ATS) - Ci = 1.1-2.8 mg/l
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
N Mass Loading Rate
-2 -1
(g m yr )

45. Algal Turf Scrubber® (ATS™)
Relationship of Phosphorus Mass Loading and Areal Removal Rates
500 4,400
450 Patterson (ATS - 500', Ci = 2000-6000 ppb) 4,000
S154 Second Stage (WHS Pretreatment, ATS-300', Ci=330-50 ppb)
400 3,600
P Areal Removal Rate (lbs acre yr )
S154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=100 cm/d, Ci=426-70 ppb)
-1
P Areal Removal Rate (g m yr )
-1
S154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=200 cm/d, Ci=426-70 ppb)
3,200
-1
350 EAA-Everglades (ATS-50', Ci=80-30 ppb)
-2
S154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=450 cm/d, Ci=426-70 ppb)
2,800
300
2,400
250
2,000
200
1,600
150
1,200
100
800
50 400
0 0
1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0
-2 -1
P Mass Loading Rate (g m yr )

46. ATS™ Influent Flume & Surgers

47. ATS™ Floway & Algal Turf

48. ATS™ Effluent Flume

49. ATS™ Effluent Flume

50. ATS™ Biomass Recovery

51. Water Hyacinth Scrubber (WHS™)

52. Water Hyacinth Scrubber (WHS™)

53. Water Hyacinth Model 101-G Grapple

54. Water Hyacinth Biomass Recovery

55. Model 401-P Processor

56. Algal Turf Scrubber® (ATS™)
Relationship of Phosphorus Mass Loading and Percent Removal
100%
Patterson (ATS-500') - Ci = 2000-6000 ppb
90% S154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=100 cm/d, Ci=426-70 ppb)
S154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=200 cm/d, Ci=426-70 ppb)
80% S154 Single Stage (ATS-300', HLR=450 cm/d, Ci=426-70 ppb)
70%
Percent Removal (%)
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0
-2 -1
P Loading Rate (g m yr )

57. Algal Turf Scrubber® (ATS™)
Relationship of Mass Loading and Percent Removal for Nitrogen
100%
90%
80%
S154 Single Stage (ATS-300, HLR=100 cm/d, Ci = 1.1 - 2.8 mg/l)
70%
N Percent Removal (%)
S154 Single Stage (ATS-300, HLR=450 cm/d, Ci=1.1 - 2.8 mg/l)
60% S154 Single Stage (ATS-300' HLR=200 cm/d, Ci=1.1 - 2.8 mg/l)
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
N Mass Loading Rate
-2 -1
(g m yr )

58. Residual Management

59. Phosphorus Removal Performance
Treatment Wetland Treatment Systems (EMA-STA, SAV-STA, and PSTA)
and Managed Aquatic Plant Systems (WHS™ and ATS™)
Relationship of Phosphorus Mass Loading and Areal Removal Rates
500 4,400
Melbourne (WHS) - Ci = 2-6 mg/l
450 4,000
Lakeland (WHS) - Ci = 2-6 mg/l
Kissimmee (WHS) - Ci < 2 mg/l
400 3,600
Loxahatchee (WHS) - Ci < 2 mg/l
P Areal Removal Rate (lb acre- yr- )
1
Iron Bridge (WHS) - Ci < 2 mg/l
P Areal Removal Rate (g m yr )
3,200
-1
350 S154 (WHS) - Ci < 2 mg/l
1
-2
S154 (ATS, WHS Pretreatment) - Ci < 250 ppb
2,800
300 Patterson (ATS) - Ci = 2-6 mg/l
EAA-Everglades (ATS) - Ci < 150 ppb
Full Scale SAV,EMA-STA,PSTA in DMSTA Calibration Set - Ci < 200 ppb
2,400
250
S-154 ATS Single Stage - Ci < 300 ppb
2,000
200
1,600
150
1,200
100
800
50 400
0 0
0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00
-2 -1
P Mass Loading Rate (g m yr )

60. Lowest Cost Treatment
$80
$75
$70
$65
Present Worth Costs ($/lb-P Removed)
$60
$55
$50
$45
$40
$35
$30
$25
$20
$15
$10
$5
$0
TPIN = 80 TPIN = TPIN = TPIN = TPIN = TPIN = TPIN = TPIN =
ppb 100 ppb 150 ppb 200 ppb 300 ppb 400 ppb 500 ppb 600 ppb
25 MGD Algal Turf Scrubber® $44.77 $36.16 $24.93 $19.72 $13.72 $11.87 $10.59 $9.38
System - Gravity
25 MGD Algal Turf Scrubber® $73.59 $59.14 $40.30 $31.60 $21.63 $18.62 $16.57 $14.60
System - Pump Costs Included
TPIN – Total Phosphorus Inflow Concentration
[1] HydroMentia. April 2005. Single Stage ATS™ Present Worth Costs and By-Product Market Analysis