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Retrato do brasil

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  • 14. 14 ÉJXDV H PDWDV IRUDP D VXUSUHVD H R HQFDQWR GRV GHVFREULGRUHV 'D EHOH]D GDV SDLVDJHQV QmR FXLGDYDP 1mR HUD QHP GR WHPSR QHP GD UDoD R DPRU j QDWXUH]D &DP}HV QmR VRXEH YHU H DSUHFLDU RV HQFDQWRV GD YHJHWDomR WURSLFDO Vy R LQWHUHVVDYDP DV HVSHFLDULDV H RV SURGXWRV FRPHUFLDLV +XPEROGW QRWD TXH QD VXD LOKD HQFDQWDGD Vy GHVFUHYH SODQWDV HXURSpLDV $ PHVPD LQGLIHUHQoD RX LQFRPSUHHQVmR p QRWiYHO QRV TXH DTXL SULPHLUR HQIUHQWDUDP D WHUUD UHFpP DFKDGD 3LJDIIHWD GXUDQWH D VXD HVWDGLD QR 5LR GH -DQHLUR QD IURWD GH 0DJDOKmHV DSHQDV UHJLVWD QR VHX GLiULR R H[FHVVLYR FDORU 0DUWLP $IRQVR H 3HUR /RSHV QmR VH GHL[DUDP VHGX]LU SHOR PDJQtILFR DQILWHDWUR GD EDtD GR 5LR IRUDP PDLV DR VXO DSURYHLWDU SDUD D YLOD TXH IXQGDUDP D YHOKD IHLWRULD GH WUDILFDQWHV GH HVFUDYRV HVFRQGLGD QXP UHFDQWR GD DEUD GH 6mR 9LFHQWH $OpP GH 9HVSXFFL ³ PXLWR GD VXD SiWULD H GD VXD pSRFD ³ UDURV VmR QHVVH GXUR VpFXOR ;9, RV TXH FRPR 7RPp GH 6RXVD H )HUQmR &DUGLP VHQWLUDP R HQFDQWR GD *XDQDEDUD 0DV WRGRV VRIULDP D VHGXomR GRV WUySLFRV YLYHQGR LQWHQVDPHQWH XPD YLGD DQLPDO H EHEHQGR FRP GHOtFLD XP DU FRPR TXH DWp HQWmR LUUHVSLUDGR 1RV FDSXFKLQKRV GH OD 5DYDUGLqUH Mi WRFDGRV SHOR KXPDQLVPR GD 5HQDVFHQoD UDEHODLVLDQD DR FRPHoDU R VpFXOR ;9,, H DR SLVDUHP R VROR DUGHQWH GR 0DUDQKmR YDPRV SRUpP HQFRQWUDU D UHYHODomR GHVVH PXQGR QRYR FRP R TXDO QXQFD WLQKDP VRQKDGR QDV FpOXODV WULVWHV GR VHX FRQYHQWR GH 3DULV )UHL &ODXGH G $EEHYLOOH SRU H[HPSOR DR FRQWUiULR GDV DSUHHQV}HV GD SDUWLGD GHVFREULD QR 0DUDQKmR XPD QDWXUH]D VRUULGHQWH H DFROKHGRUD ´6L HVWDQW Oi YRXV DYH] XQ FRQWHQWHPHQW QRQ SDUHLO HQ UHJDUGDQW OD WHUUH YRLUH OD GLYHUVLWp GH WDQW G DQLPDX[ DX PLOLHX GH OD YHUGXUH TXL HVW HQ WRXW WHPV
  • 15. 15 YRXV Q DYH] SDV PRLQV GH SODLVLU OHYDQW OHV HX[ HQ KDXW 9RXV YRH] GLYHUV DUEUHV WRXV FRXYHUV GH PRQQHV HW GH JXHQRQV GH GLYHUVHV VRUWHV VDXWDQW G DUEUHV HQ DUEUHV DYHF XQH DJLOLWp HW XQH GH[WHULWp DGPLUDEOHV IDLVDQW PLOOH VLQJHULHV FRPPH V LOV YRXORLHQW YRXV GRQQHU GX SODLVLUµ ÉUYRUHV KDYLD HVFUHYH R IUDGH ´SOHLQV G RLVHDX[ SDUP OHV IUXLFWV HW OHV IOHXUV JDVRXLOODQV HQ WRXW WHPV FRPPH IRQW OHV QRVWUHV HQ XQ EHDX SULQWHPV WRXV GH GLYHUV SOXPDJHV VL EHDX[ HW VL DJUpDEOHV TXH OHV 3ULQFHV HW OHV 6HLJQHXUV OHV WLHQQHQW ELHQ FKHU SDU GHoDµ <YHV G (YUHX[ FRPSDQKHLUR H FRQWLQXDGRU GH IUHL &ODXGH QmR VH IXUWRX WDPEpP DR HQOHYR TXH OKH SURGX]LD D QRYD WHUUD $OpP GH DUWLVWD FRP XP YLYR H HVSRQWkQHR VHQWLPHQWR GR SLWRUHVFR HUD WDPEpP QDWXUDOLVWD PLQXFLRVR H H[DWR 3DVVDYD KRUDV GHLWDGR HP SOHQD PDWD LPyYHO D HVSUHLWDU D YLGD DULVFD GRV DQLPDLV H LQVHWRV GHVGH D RQoD ´TXL FRXUW DSUH] VD TXHXH HW WRXUQRLH FRPPH YRXV YRH] IDLUH DX[ SHWLWV FKDWV TXDQG LOV VRQW DX PLOLHX G XQH VDOOH RX HOOHV YRQW EHOOHPHQW OH YHQWUH FRQWUH WHUUH FRPPH IRQW OHV FKDWV TXDQG LOV YHXOHQW SUHQGUH XQH VRXUµ ³ DWp RV YDJDOXPHV ULVFDQGR OXPLQRVDPHQWH D QRLWH HVFXUD 'HXV RV WHQGR SURYLGR ´G XQ IODPEHDX TX LOV SRUWHQW GHYDQW HW GHUULqUH HX[µ ­ DGPLUDomR GR ERP FDSXFKR QHP HVFDSDYD D QXGH] HVFDQGDORVD GDV tQGLDV GR 0DUDQKmR 2V VHXV ROKRV ³ FRQIHVVD ³ QmR VH FDQVDYDP GDV OLQKDV KDUPRQLRVDV GRV FRUSRV QXV TXH D FLYLOL]DomR QmR DYLOWDUD (UD HVVH FHUWDPHQWH R SDUDtVR EtEOLFR TXH Mi &RORPER HQWUHYLUD QDV PDUDYLOKDV GR 2ULQRFR 2X QmR HVWDULD ORQJH FRPR DILUPDYD 9HVSXFFL 3DUDtVR RX UHDOLGDGH QHOH VH VROWDUD H[DOWDGR SHOD
  • 16. 16 DUGrQFLD GR FOLPD R VHQVXDOLVPR GRV DYHQWXUHLURV H FRQTXLVWDGRUHV $t YLQKDP HVJRWDU D H[XEHUkQFLD GH PRFLGDGH H IRUoD H VDWLVID]HU RV DSHWLWHV GH KRPHQV D TXHP Mi LQFRPRGDYD H UHSHOLD D RUJDQL]DomR GD VRFLHGDGH HXURSpLD )RL GHOHV R 1RYR 0XQGR &RUViULRV IOLEXVWHLURV FDoXODV GDV DQWLJDV IDPtOLDV QREUHV MRJDGRUHV DUUXLQDGRV SDGUHV UHYROWDGRV RX UHPLVVRV SREUHV GLDERV TXH PDLV WDUGH &DOORW GHVHQKRX YDJDEXQGRV GRV SRUWRV GR 0HGLWHUUkQHR DQDUTXLVWDV HP VXPD QD H[SUHVVmR PRGHUQD H LQVXEPLVVRV jV SHLDV VRFLDLV ³ WRGD D HVFXPD WXUYD GDV YHOKDV FLYLOL]Do}HV IRL GHOHV R 1RYR 0XQGR QHVVH DOYRUHFHU )UDQFHVHV QR &DQDGi KRODQGHVHV HP 1RYD <RUN LQJOHVHV QD &DUROLQD 9LUJtQLD H 0DUODQG FDVWHOKDQRV QDV $QWLOKDV 1RYD (VSDQKD $PpULFD &HQWUDO H 3DFtILFR SRUWXJXHVHV H DLQGD HVSDQKyLV IUDQFHVHV H IODPHQJRV QR %UDVLO WRGR R FRQWLQHQWH VH SRYRRX GHVVHV DGYHQWtFLRV YLROHQWRV H GHVDEXVDGRV 5DSLGDPHQWH SHOR FUX]DPHQWR RX SHOD DGDSWDomR VH WUDQVIRUPDYDP HP ´YDTXHDQRVµ H ´UDVWUHDGRUHVµ GD $PpULFD HVSDQKROD HP FRXUHXUV GH ERLV GRV GHVHUWRV GR QRUWH QR WDSHMDUD H QR PDPDOXFR EDQGHLUDQWH GD FRO{QLD SRUWXJXHVD 1DV SUDLDV GRV PDUHV GHVFRQKHFLGRV GHVFLDP YHQHUDGRV FRPR GHXVHV SHOR DERUtJHQH LQRIHQVLYR GHXVHV YLQGRV GR FpX RX GH RXWUR PXQGR j SURFXUD GH RXUR 2UHOODQD QDV PDUJHQV GR $PD]RQDV DSDUHFLD DR JHQWLR FRPR ´ILOKR GR VROµ H DQWHV QDV WHUUDV GR VXO RV tQGLRV VH PRVWUDYDP VHPSUH GLVSRVWRV D HPEDUFDU FRP RV HXURSHXV DFUHGLWDQGR TXH LDP SDUD R FpX UHIHUH D *D]HWD $OHPm GH 1R %UDVLO ORJR QRV DQRV TXH VH VHJXLUDP DR GHVFREULPHQWR VH IL[DUDP DYHQWXUHLURV HP IHLWRULDV
  • 17. 17 HVSDUVDV SHOR OLWRUDO (UDP GHJUHGDGRV TXH DEDQGRQDYDP QDV FRVWDV DV SULPHLUDV IURWDV H[SORUDGRUDV RX QiXIUDJRV RX JHQWH PDLV RXVDGD GHVHUWDQGR GDV QDXV DWUDtGD SHOD IDVFLQDomR GDV DYHQWXUDV 'HVVD JHQWH UDURV HUDP GH RULJHP VXSHULRU H SDVVDGR OLPSR ³ QD SURSRUomR GH SRU WDOYH] ´'H ED[D PDQHUD VXHUWHµ GH ´OLQDMHV REVFXURV ED[RVµ LQIRUPDP RV FURQLVWDV FDVWHOKDQRV 5HSUHVHQWDUDP SRUpP XP SDSHO SHFXOLDU QD KLVWyULD GR SRYRDPHQWR GR FRQWLQHQWH (QWUH QyV HVWDEHOHFHUDP SHOD SULPHLUD YH] XP FRPHoR GH FRQWDWR HQWUH R EUDQFR H R tQGLR ,QIOXtUDP VREUH R JHQWLR FRPR IRUDP LQIOXHQFLDGRV SRU HVWH 8QV FDtUDP QD PDLV H[WUHPD VHOYDJHULD FRPR R FDVWHOKDQR GH TXH QRV IDOD *DEULHO 6RDUHV FRP RV EHLoRV IXUDGRV RX FRPR RV LQWpUSUHWHV QRUPDQGRV TXH VHJXQGR /HU FRPHWLDP WRGDV DV DERPLQDo}HV LQGR DWp D DQWURSRIDJLD 2XWURV VH WUDQVIRUPDYDP HP YHUGDGHLURV UpJXORV GDQGR H[SDQVmR DRV VHXV VHQWLPHQWRV GH KRPHQV GH SUHVD RX HQWmR PDLV PHGtRFUHV GH WHPSHUDPHQWR EXUJXrV YLYLDP EHP FRP R HXURSHX H R LQGtJHQD DSUHQGLDP D OtQJXD GD WHUUD HVWDEHOHFLDP IHLWRULDV H LQLFLDYDP R FRPpUFLR QDWXULVWD TXH SUHGRPLQRX SRU WRGR R SULPHLUR VpFXOR 1R %UDVLO WUrV Q~FOHRV GH SRYRDPHQWR H PHVWLoDJHP VREUHOHYDP QHVVH SHUtRGR LQLFLDO IRUDP RV TXH WLYHUDP FRPR FKHIHV H SDWULDUFDV -HU{QLPR GH $OEXTXHUTXH 'LRJR ÉOYDUHV &DUDPXUX H -RmR 5DPDOKR 7RGRV FRQVWLWXtUDP GHVFHQGrQFLD ³ VREUHWXGR RV GRLV ~OWLPRV ³ SHOR FUX]DPHQWR FRP FXQKmV WRGRV SUROLIHUDUDP ODUJDPHQWH FRPR TXH LQGLFDQGR D VROXomR SDUD R SUREOHPD GD FRORQL]DomR H IRUPDomR GD UDoD QR
  • 18. 18 QRYR SDtV ´IXHURQ SREODGRUHV VRQ SREODGRUHVµ GL]LD QR 3UDWD 5XL 'LD] GH *X]PiQ 'HVVHV FRORQRV R SULPHLUR GD HVWLUSH GRV $OEXTXHUTXHV HUD FXQKDGR GR GRQDWiULR 'XDUWH &RHOKR H YLYLD j PDQHLUD GR JHQWLR DPDQFHEDGR FRP D ILOKD GH XP PRUXEL[DED H D TXHP EDWL]DUD GDQGR OKH R QRPH FULVWmR GH 0DULD GR (VSLULWR 6DQWR $UFR 9HUGH &DVDQGR PDLV WDUGH FRP PXOKHU EUDQFD ILGDOJD GHL[RX YLQWH H TXDWUR ILOKRV VHQGR RLWR GD tQGLD $UFR 9HUGH 8P GRV ILOKRV PDPDOXFRV IRL GHSRLV FKHIH GD H[SHGLomR GH FRQTXLVWD GR 0DUDQKmR GHOH p FLWDGD QHVVD OXWD FRQWUD R LQYDVRU IUDQFrV /D 5DYDUGLqUH D IUDVH VREHUED ´6RPRV KRPHQV TXH XP SXQKDGR GH IDULQKD H XP SHGDoR GH FREUD TXDQGR R Ki QRV VXVWHQWDµ 'H &DUDPXUX DQGD D ILJXUD HQYROWD HP OHQGDV DLQGD REVFXUDV *UDQJHRX SRUpP WDO LPSRUWkQFLD TXH TXDQGR SDUWLX SDUD D FRO{QLD R SULPHLUR JRYHUQDGRU 7RPp GH 6RXVD OKH WURX[H XPD FDUWD GH UHFRPHQGDomR GR SUySULR ' -RmR ,,, &DVRX 'LRJR ÉOYDUHV FRP D tQGLD 3DUDJXDoX TXH DILUPD IUHL 9LFHQWH GR 6DOYDGRU H GXYLGD 9DUQKDJHQ DFRPSDQKDUD R PDULGR DWp D FRUWH GR UHL GH )UDQoD $LQGD D FRQKHFHX R IUDGH KLVWRULDGRU PRUUHQGR PXLWR YHOKD WHQGR YLVWR HP YLGD WRGRV RV ILOKRV H QHWRV FDVDGRV QDV SULQFLSDLV IDPtOLDV SRUWXJXHVDV GD WHUUD 2 WHUFHLUR WURQFR GH JUDQGH OLQKDJHP PHVWLoD IRL -RmR 5DPDOKR SDWULDUFD GRV FDPSRV GH VHUUD DFLPD QD FDSLWDQLD GH 6mR 9LFHQWH 'HOH HVFUHYHX 7RPp GH 6RXVD DR UHL GH 3RUWXJDO ´WHP WDQWRV ILOKRV H QHWRV ELVQHWRV H GHVFHQGHQWHV GHOHV KR QRP RXVR GL]HU D 9 $ QD WHP FmD QD FDEHoD QHP QR URVWR H DQGD QRYH OpJXDV D Sp DQWHV GH DQWDU µ )RL R DVFHQGHQWH SRU H[FHOrQFLD GRV PDPDOXFRV SDXOLVWDV TXH YLULDP D H[HUFHU WmR JUDQGH LQIOXrQFLD QD KLVWyULD GR %UDVLO IRL R DQWHSDVVDGR WtSLFR FRPR R GHVFUHYH R SULPHLUR JRYHUQDGRU GR DQWLJR
  • 19. 19 SLUDWLQLQJDQR ILVLFDPHQWH IRUWH VDXGiYHO ORQJHYR GHVDEXVDGR H LQGHSHQGHQWH UHVXPLQGR DV TXDOLGDGHV FRP TXH GRWRX JHUDo}HV H JHUDo}HV GH GHVFHQGHQWHV 'RV WUrV QRPHV GH GHVWDTXH QD KLVWyULD GD FRORQL]DomR Vy R GH -HU{QLPR GH $OEXTXHUTXH p GH IDPtOLD H FU{QLFD FRQKHFLGDV 'RV RXWURV GRLV QmR VDEHPRV TXDQGR H FRPR DSRUWDUDP D QRVVDV SUDLDV 1iXIUDJRV GHVHUWRUHV GHJUHGDGRV" 1HVVH PLVWpULR VmR HQWUHWDQWR VLPEyOLFRV UHSUHVHQWDP R LQVLQXDQWH GRPLQLR GR EUDQFR VREUH D LQGLDGD TXH R DFROKLD QR HQJDQR GRV SULPHLURV HQFRQWURV &RQWrP HP HPEULmR TXDVH WRGRV RV HOHPHQWRV GD VRFLHGDGH SRVWHULRU (UD DLQGD R SHUtRGR LGtOLFR H KHUyLFR HP TXH FRORQR DTXL FKHJDYD LVRODGR QR LQGLYLGXDOLVPR GD pSRFD H PLVWXUDYD VH FRP R LQGtJHQD GH TXHP DSUHQGLD D OtQJXD H DGRWDYD RV FRVWXPHV +DYLD SRUpP IDOWD FRPSOHWD GH PXOKHUHV EUDQFDV 'DV GLIHUHQWHV H[SHGLo}HV TXH SHUFRUUHUDP QR SULPHLUR TXDUWHO GR VpFXOR ;9, R OLWRUDO GD FRO{QLD HP QHQKXPD VH DVVLQDOD D SUHVHQoD GH FDVDLV RX GH PXOKHUHV VROWHLUDV (VWH IDWR TXH VH YHULILFD WDPEpP HP DOJXPDV UHJL}HV GR 3UDWD Gi XPD IHLomR HVSHFLDO j FRQTXLVWD H SRYRDPHQWR GR %UDVLO $ FRQFXELQDJHP WRUQRX VH XPD UHJUD JHUDO WUD]HQGR FRPR UHVXOWDGR D LPSODQWDomR GD PHVWLoDJHP QD FRQVWLWXLomR GRV WLSRV DXWyFWRQHV TXH SRYRDUDP GHVGH ORJR HVWD SDUWH GR 1RYR 0XQGR 2 FOLPD R KRPHP OLYUH QD VROLGmR R tQGLR VHQVXDO HQFRUDMDYDP H PXOWLSOLFDYDP DV XQL}HV GH SXUD DQLPDOLGDGH $ LPSUHVVmR HGrQLFD TXH DVVDOWDYD D LPDJLQDomR GRV UHFpP FKHJDGRV H[DOWDYD VH SHOR HQFDQWR GD QXGH] WRWDO GDV PXOKHUHV LQGtJHQDV $ SUySULD FDUWD GH &DPLQKD GL] EHP D VXUSUHVD TXH
  • 20. 20 FDXVRX DRV QDYHJDGRUHV R DVSHFWR LQHVSHUDGR GDV JUDFLRVDV ILJXUDV TXH DQLPDYDP D SDLVDJHP (P PHLR GRV JUXSRV SLWRUHVFRV TXH DSDUHFLDP QDV SUDLDV DQGDYDP HQWUH HOHV WUrV RX TXDWUR PRoDV EHP ´QRYLQKDV H JHQWLV FRP RV FDEHORV PXLWR SUHWRV H FRPSULGRV SHODV HVSiGXDV H VXDV YHUJRQKDV WmR DOWDV H WmR FHUUDGLQKDV H WmR OLPSDV GH FDEHOHLUD TXH GH DV PXLWR EHP ROKDUPRV QmR VH HQYHUJRQKDYDPµ HVFUHYLD 3HUR 9D] ( DFUHVFHQWD TXH ´XPD GDTXHODV PRoDV WRGD WLQJLGD GH IXQGR DFLPD H FHUWR WmR EHP IHLWD H WmR UHGRQGD H VXD YHUJRQKD TXH HOD QmR WLQKD WmR JUDFLRVD TXH PXLWDV PXOKHUHV GH QRVVD WHUUD YHQGR OKH WDLV IHLo}HV HQYHUJRQKDYDP SRU QmR WHUHP DV VXDV FRPR HODµ 7ULQWD DQRV PDLV WDUGH DLQGD RXWUR FURQLVWD VH H[WDVLD GLDQWH GD EHOH]D GDV PXOKHUHV GR %UDVLO ´PXL IHUPRVDV TXH QDP KDP QHQK€D LQYHMD jV GD UXD 1RYD GH /LVERDµ 'HSRLV GRV ORQJRV GLDV FRQWLQHQWHV GD WUDYHVVLD R PXQGR QRYR FRP HVVDV DSDULo}HV JHQWLV GHYLD VHU FHUWDPHQWH R SDUDtVR ([SOLFD VH DVVLP TXH GD IURWD GH &DEUDO FLQFR WULSXODQWHV GHVHUWDVVHP DWUDtGRV SHOD YLVmR GH XPD H[LVWrQFLD HGrQLFD DOpP GRV GHJUHGDGRV TXH QD SUDLD GHL[RX R DOPLUDQWH H TXH HP DOWR FKRUR DVVLVWLUDP j SDUWLGD GDV QDXV HP FDPLQKR GDV ÌQGLDV &HUFD GH XP VpFXOR PDLV WDUGH FRQIHVVD R IUDQFrV 6LPmR /XLV GDV ´&RQILVV}HV GD %DKLDµ TXH FRP GH] DQRV GH LGDGH IXJLUD GR QDYLR HP TXH FKHJDUD DR %UDVLO LQWHUQDQGR VH FRP R JHQWLR QR VHUWmR GHVFRQKHFLGR $ H[WUHPD PRFLGDGH GH PXLWRV GHVVHV HPLJUDQWHV p XP WUDoR FDUDFWHUtVWLFR GD pSRFD H GD JHQWH &RPR HVVH REVFXUR 6LPmR /XLV &RUWH] HPEDUFDUD SDUD D $PpULFD DRV GH]HQRYH DQRV GH LGDGH &LH]D GH /HRQ DRV H *RQoDOR GH 6DQGRYDO FDSLWmR GH &RUWH] DSHQDV WLQKD (VWiFLR GH 6i HQWUH QyV Mi HUD JRYHUQDGRU DRV DQRV VHJXQGR XPD LQIRUPDomR
  • 21. 21 MHVXtWLFD ­ VHGXomR GD WHUUD DOLDYD VH QR DYHQWXUHLUR D DIRLWH]D GD DGROHVFrQFLD 3DUD KRPHQV TXH YLQKDP GD (XURSD SROLFLDGD R DUGRU GRV WHPSHUDPHQWRV D DPRUDOLGDGH GRV FRVWXPHV D DXVrQFLD GR SXGRU FLYLOL]DGR ³ H WRGD D FRQWtQXD WXPHVFrQFLD YROXSWXRVD GD QDWXUH]D YLUJHP ³ HUDP XP FRQYLWH j YLGD VROWD H LQIUHQH HP TXH WXGR HUD SHUPLWLGR 2 LQGtJHQD SRU VHX WXUQR HUD XP DQLPDO ODVFLYR YLYHQGR VHP QHQKXP FRQVWUDQJLPHQWR QD VDWLVIDomR GH VHXV GHVHMRV FDUQDLV ´7RPDP WDQWDV PXOKHUHV TXDQWDV TXHUHP H R ILOKR VH MXQWD FRP D PmH H R LUPmR FRP D LUPm H R SULPR FRP D SULPD H R FDPLQKDQWH FRP D TXH HQFRQWUD YLYHP VHFXQGXP QDWXUDP ³ HVFUHYLD 9HVSXFFL D /RUHQ]R GHL 0HGLFL 9ROWDYD VH j VLPSOHV OHL GD QDWXUH]D H j IDQWDVLD VH[XDO GRV DYHQWXUHLURV PRoRV H DUGHQWHV HP SOHQD IRUoD SUHVWDYD VH R JHQWLR 8P GRV PDLV VDJD]HV REVHUYDGRUHV GR VpFXOR *DEULHO 6RDUHV GH 6RXVD HVFUHYLD UHIHULQGR VH DRV WXSLQDPEiV 6mR ´WmR OX[XULRVRV TXH QmR Ki SHFDGR GH OX[~ULD TXH QmR FRPHWDP RV TXDLV VHQGR GH PXLWR SRXFD LGDGH WHP FRQWD FRP PXOKHUHV H EHP PXOKHUHV SRUTXH DV YHOKDV Mi GHVHVWLPDGDV GRV TXH VmR KRPHQV JUDQMHLDP HVWHV PHQLQRV ID]HQGR OKHV PLPRV H UHJDORV H HQVLQDP OKHV D ID]HU R TXH HOHV QmR VDEHP H QmR RV GHL[DP GH GLD QHP GH QRLWH e HVWH JHQWLR WmR OX[XULRVR TXH SRXFDV YH]HV WHP UHVSHLWR jV PmHV H WLDV H SRUTXH HVWH SHFDGR p FRQWUD VHXV FRVWXPHV GRUPHP FRP HODV SHORV PDWRV H DOJXQV FRP VXDV SUySULDV ILOKDV H QmR VH FRQWHQWDP FRP XPD PXOKHU PDV WHP PXLWDV FRPR Mi ILFD GLWR SHOR TXH PRUUHP PXLWRV GH HVIDOIDGRV ( HP FRQYHUVDomR QmR VDEHP IDODU VHQmR QHVWDV
  • 22. 22 VXMLGDGHV TXH FRPHWHP FDGD KRUD RV TXDLV VmR WmR DPLJRV GD FDUQH TXH VH QmR FRQWHQWDP SDUD VHJXLUHP VHXV DSHWLWHV FRP R PHPEUR JHQLWDO FRPR D QDWXUH]D R IRUPRX PDV Ki PXLWRV TXH OKH FRVWXPDP S{U R SrOR GH XP ELFKR WmR SHoRQKHQWR TXH OKR ID] ORJR LQFKDU FRP R TXH WHP JUDQGHV GRUHV PDLV GH VHLV PHVHV TXH VH OKH YmR JDVWDQGR SRU HVSDoR GH WHPSR FRP R TXH VH OKH ID] R FDQR WmR GLVIRUPH GH JURVVR ³ TXH RV QmR SRGHP DV PXOKHUHV HVSHUDU QHP VRIUHU H QmR FRQWHQWHV HVWHV VDOYDJHQV GH DQGDUHP WmR HQFDUQLoDGRV QHVWH SHFDGR QDWXUDOPHQWH FRPHWLGR VmR PXL DIHLoRDGRV DR SHFDGR QHIDQGR HQWUH RV TXDLV VH QmR WHP SRU DIURQWD H R TXH VHUYH GH PDFKR VH WHP SRU YDOHQWH H FRQWDP HVWD EHVWLDOLGDGH SRU SURH]D H QDV VXDV DOGHLDV SHOR VHUWmR Ki DOJXQV TXH WrP WHQGD S~EOLFD D TXDQWRV RV TXHUHP FRPR PXOKHUHV S~EOLFDV &RPR RV SDLV H DV PDLV YrP RV ILOKRV FRP PHQHLRV SDUD FRQKHFHU PXOKHU HOHV OKD EXVFDP H RV HQVLQDP FRPR D VDEHUmR VHUYLU DV IrPHDV PXLWR PHQLQDV HVSHUDP R PDFKR PRUPHQWH DV TXH YLYHP HQWUH RV 3RUWXJXHVHV 2V PDFKRV GHVWHV 7XSLQDPEiV QmR VmR FLRVRV H DLQGD TXH DFKHP RXWUHP FRP DV PXOKHUHV QmR PDWDP D QLQJXpP SRU LVVR H TXDQGR PXLWR HVSDQFDP DV PXOKHUHV SHOR FDVR ( DV TXH TXHUHP EHP DRV PDULGRV SHORV FRQWHQWDUHP EXVFDP OKH PRoDV FRP TXH HOHV VH GHVHQIDGHP DV TXDLV OKH OHYDP D UHGH RQGH GRUPHP RQGH OKH SHGHP PXLWR TXH VH TXHLUDP GHLWDU FRP RV PDULGRV H DV SHLWDP SDUD LVVR FRXVD TXH QmR ID] QHQKXPD QDomR GH JHQWH VHQmR HVWHV EiUEDURVµ
  • 23. 23 'R FRQWDWR GHVVD VHQVXDOLGDGH FRP R GHVUHJUDPHQWR H D GLVVROXomR GR FRQTXLVWDGRU HXURSHX VXUJLUDP DV QRVVDV SULPLWLYDV SRSXODo}HV PHVWLoDV 7HUUD GH WRGRV RV YtFLRV H GH WRGRV RV FULPHV 6HJXQGR R SUySULR WHVWHPXQKR GRV HVFULWRUHV SRUWXJXHVHV FRQWHPSRUkQHRV D LPRUDOLGDGH GRV SULPHLURV FRORQRV HUD HVSDQWRVD H H[FHGLD WRGD PHGLGD ´1HVVD WHUUD HVFUHYLD R SDGUH 0DQRHO GD 1yEUHJD Ki XP JUDQGH SHFDGR TXH p WHUHP RV KRPHQV TXDVH WRGRV VXDV QHJUDV SRU PDQFHEDV H RXWUDV OLYUHV TXH SHGHP DRV QHJURV SRU PXOKHUHV VHJXQGR R FRVWXPH GD WHUUD TXH p WHUHP PXLWDV PXOKHUHV ( HVWDV GHL[DP QDV TXDQGR OKHV DSUD] R TXH p JUDQGH HVFkQGDORµ 7UrV DQRV PDLV WDUGH GL]LD R PHVPR MHVXtWD DR UHL GH 3RUWXJDO ´-i HVFUHYL D 9 $ D IDOWD TXH QHVWD WHUUD Ki GH PXOKHUHV FRP TXH RV KRPHQV VH FDVHP H YLYDP HP VHUYLoR GH 1RVVR 6HQKRU DIDVWDGRV GRV SHFDGRV HP TXH DJRUD YLYHP PDQGH 9 $ PXLWDV yUImV H VH QmR KRXYHU PXLWDV YHQKDP GH PLVWXUD GHODV H TXDLVTXHU SRUTXH VmR WmR GHVHMDGDV DV PXOKHUHV EUDQFDV Fi TXH D TXDLVTXHU IDUmR Fi PXLWR EHP j WHUUD H HODV VH JDQKDUmR H RV KRPHQV GH Fi DIDVWDU VH mR GR SHFDGRµ 'RV EDQGHLUDQWHV SDXOLVWDV HVFUHYLD 0RQWRD ´,DV PXMHUHV GH EXHQ SDUHFHU FDVDGDV VROWHUDV y JHQWLOHV HO GXHxR ODV HQFHUUDED FRQVLJR HQ XQ DSRVHQWR FRQ TXLHQ SDVDED ODV QRFKHV DO PRGR TXH XQ FDEURQ HQ XQ FXUUDO GH FDEUDVµ 1R PHVPR VpFXOR WHVWHPXQKDYD R SDGUH
  • 24. 24 6LPmR GH 9DVFRQFHORV ´2V FRVWXPHV GRV SRUWXJXHVHV PRUDGRUHV TXH HQWmR VH DFKDYDP QHVWDV YLODV YLQKDP D VHU TXDVH FRPR RV GRV tQGLRV SRUTXH VHQGR FULVWmRV YLYLDP D PRGR GH JHQWLRV QD VHQVXDOLGDGH HUD JUDQGH D VXD GHYDVVLGmR DPDQFHEDQGR VH RUGLQDULDPHQWH GH SRUWDV D GHQWUR FRP DV VXDV PHVPDV tQGLDV RX IRVVHP FDVDGDV RX VROWHLUDVµ &HQWR H WDQWRV DQRV PDLV WDUGH DLQGD GHVVD ODVFtYLD EUXWDO PRQVWUXRVD H GHVHQYROWD VH TXHL[DYD R SDGUH -RmR 'DQLHO DMXQWDQGR TXH RV KRPHQV GHOD XVDYDP ´VHP WHPRU GH 'HXV QHP GR SHMRµ 1mR HUD XP YtFLR H[FHSFLRQDO QD KLVWyULD GD FRQTXLVWD GD $PpULFD &RQKHFHPRV R KDUpP TXH VHJXLD R H[pUFLWR GH &RUWH] FRPSRVWR GH UDSDULJDV WRGDV VHxRUDV KLMDV GH SULQFLSDOHV 2V FRQTXLVWDGRUHV HVSDQKyLV GR VpFXOR ;9, YLYLDP QXP UHJLPH GH SROLJDPLD PXoXOPDQD 7RGR VROGDGR RX HQFRPPHQGHUR WLQKD R VHX JLQHFHX HP TXH UHXQLD SHOR PHQRV WUrV PXOKHUHV 1R 3DUDJXDL H QR 3UDWD VH HOHYDYD IUHTHQWHPHQWH D R Q~PHUR GHVVDV FRQFXELQDV VHJXLQGR RV H[HPSORV GH ,UDOD 9HUJDUD 1XIOR GH &KDYHV H RXWURV GR 6XO GR FRQWLQHQWH 1HP SDUHoDP HQWUH QyV VXVSHLWDV DV LQIRUPDo}HV TXH D UHVSHLWR QRV YrP GRV SDGUHV GD &RPSDQKLD VHPSUH HP OXWD FRP RV FRORQRV 2V DUTXLYRV GD 7RUUH GR 7RPER IRUQHFHUDP RV SUHFLRVRV GRFXPHQWRV GD SULPHLUD YLVLWDomR GR 6DQWR 2ItFLR jV SDUWHV GR %UDVLO GH e XP TXDGUR LPSUHVVLRQDQWH GR FRPHoR GH VRFLHGDGH TXH HUD D %DKLD QHVVH ILQGDU GH VpFXOR e WDPEpP QR VHJUHGR LQTXLVLWyULR D PRVWUD PLQXFLRVD H FRPSOHWD GDV PDLV EDL[DV SDL[}HV TXH Vy SDUHFH GHYDP H[LVWLU QD GHFDGrQFLD GDV FLYLOL]Do}HV
  • 25. 25 *UDQGH Q~PHUR GHVVDV FRQILVV}HV HP UHIHUHP VH DR SHFDGR VH[XDO 1D SRSXODomR UHODWLYDPHQWH HVFDVVD GD FLGDGH GR 6DOYDGRU H GR VHX UHF{QFDYR D UHSHWLomR GRV FDVRV GH DQRUPDOLGDGH SDWROyJLFD S}H FODUDPHQWH HP HYLGrQFLD HP TXH DPELHQWH GH GLVVROXomR H DEHUUDomR YLYLDP RV KDELWDQWHV GD FRO{QLD 6mR UHLQyLV IUDQFHVHV JUHJRV H D WXUED PHVFODGD GD PHVWLoDJHP ³ PDPDOXFRV FXULERFDV H PXODWRV ³ WUD]HQGR DR WULEXQDO GD ,QTXLVLomR RV GHSRLPHQWRV GRV VHXV YtFLRV VRGRPLD WULEDGLVPR SHGRILOLD HUyWLFD SURGXWRV GD KLSHUHVWHVLD VH[XDO D PDLV GHVEUDJDGD Vy SUySULD HP JHUDO GRV JUDQGHV FHQWURV GH SRSXODomR DFXPXODGD 6RGRPLWD HVVH YLJiULR GH 0DWRLP GH DQRV FRPHWHQGR DWRV GHVRQHVWRV FRP PDLV GH TXDUHQWD SHVVRDV RX HVVH RXWUR FOpULJR )UXFWXRVR ÉOYDUHV ´KRPHP YHOKR TXH Mi WHP DV EDUEDV EUDQFDVµ SHGHUDVWD SDVVLYR DVVLP FRPR R F{QHJR %DUWKRORPHX GH 9DVFRQFHOORV DSDL[RQDGR SHORV QHJURV GH *XLQp H R VRGRPLWD LQFHVWXRVR %DVWLmR GH $JXLDU PHQRU GH DQRV TXH VH DMXQWDYD FRP R LUPmR PDLV YHOKR H FRP XP EDFKDUHO HP DUWHV QDWXUDO GR 5LR GH -DQHLUR H /i]DUR GD &XQKD PDPDOXFR TXH YLYHUD FLQFR DQRV HQWUH RV WXSLQDPEiV ´GHVSLGR H WLQJLGRµ SUDWLFDQGR FRP DV tQGLDV R SHFDGR QHIDQGR H R FULVWmR QRYR $IRQVR HQFRQWUDQGR VH FRP R VHX F~PSOLFH )HUQmR ´SHORV FDPSRV H ULEHLUDVµ H -RmR 4XHL[DGD PRUDGRU HP FDVD GR JRYHUQDGRU 'RP )UDQFLVFR GH 6RXVD H TXH GRUPLD HP /LVERD FRP RV SDMHQV GR GHmR GD 6p 7UtEDGH HVVD IDPRVD )HOLSD GH 6RXVD TXH FRQKHFLD FRPR XPD 6DIR SDULVLHQVH D DUWH GH ´IDODU PXLWRV UHTXHEURV H DPRUHV H SDODYUDV ODVFLYDV PHOKRU DLQGD GR TXH VH IRUD XP UXILmR j VXD EDUUHJmµ H TXH FRQVHJXLX SHQHWUDU SDUD VDFLDU R YtFLR QXP PRVWHLUR GH PRQMDV WUtEDGH WDPEpP
  • 26. 26 /XL]D 5RL] TXH SHUVHJXLD QD VXD I~ULD DV QHJUDV GD FLGDGH 3HGyILOR R F{QHJR -DFRPH GH 4XHLUR] GHIORUDGRU GH XPD SHTXHQD PDPDOXFD GH VHLV DQRV TXH YHQGLD SHL[H SHODV UXDV VDFUtOHJR HUyWLFR )HUQmR &DEUDO GH 7KDGH TXH TXHLPDUD YLYD XPD HVFUDYD tQGLD JUiYLGD H HVFROKHUD D LJUHMD GH -DJXDULSH SDUD RV VHXV DMXQWDPHQWRV H TXH GLDQWH GH XPD UHSXOVD GHFODUDYD ´WURFHQGR RV ELJRGHVµ TXH LVVR WXGR HUDP ´FDUDQWRQKDVµ TXH XPD ERFKHFKD G iJXD ODYDYD FXOSDGR GH EHVWLDOLGDGH +HLWRU *RQoDOYHV FRQIHVVDQGR TXH VHQGR PHQLQR GH D DQRV H SDVWRU GH JDGR ´QHVVH WHPSR GRUPLUD FDUQDOPHQWH SRU PXLWDV YH]HV HP GLYHUVRV WHPSRV H OXJDUHV FRP PXLWDV DOLPiULDV RYHOKDV EXUUDV YDFDV pJXDV HWF H DILQDO QRWiYHO SHOD VXD SRVLomR VRFLDO R FDSLWmR 0DUWLP &DUYDOKR WHVRXUHLUR GDV UHQGDV DPDQFHEDGR SXEOLFDPHQWH FRP XP MRYHQ TXH R DFRPSDQKDYD QDV HQWUDGDV SHOR VHUWmR (VVH WmR HVFDQGDORVR TXH IRUD UHFDPELDGR SDUD R UHLQR SRU SHFDGR GH VRGRPLD (P PHLR GHVVDV VXMLGDGHV FRPR GL]LD *DEULHO 6RDUHV FKHJD D GHVWDFDU VH SHOD VDGLD QRUPDOLGDGH GH VXDV SURH]DV DPRURVDV 'RPLQJRV )HUQDQGHV SRU DOFXQKD R 7DPDFXDQD PDPDOXFR EDQGHLUDQWH GH 3HUQDPEXFR FRPSDQKHLUR GH $QW{QLR 'LDV $GRUQR H TXH VLPEROL]D WRGD D VXD pSRFD PHLR EiUEDUR PHLR FLYLOL]DGR WDWXDGR GH XUXFX H JHQLSDSR YHQHUDGRU GR 3DSD GDV VDQWLGDGHV JHQWtOLFDV PDV ´FRQWHQGR QR VHX FRUDomR D Ip GH &ULVWRµ WXGR SRU ILQJLPHQWR GL]LD ´SDUD HQJDQDU DTXHOD JHQWHµ H WUD]r OD FRQVLJR SDUD D HVFUDYLGmR &RQWHQWRX VH HP GHVYLUJLQDU GXDV DILOKDGDV PHQRUHV H YLYHU j PRGD GRV VHOYDJHQV FRP R VHX KDUpP GH FLQFR RX VHLV PXOKHUHV TXH D LQGLDGD OKH RIHUHFLD QR VHUWmR
  • 27. 27 2 YtFLR H R FULPH QmR HUDP SRUpP SULYLOpJLR GDV FDPDGDV LQIHULRUHV H PpGLDV GDV SRYRDo}HV FRORQLDLV QHVVH ILP GR VpFXOR ;9, 2 IUDQFrV 3UDUG GH /DYDO TXH HVWHYH QR %UDVLO QRV SULPHLURV DQRV GR VpFXOR VHJXLQWH FRQWD XPD DQHGRWD TXH ODQoD DOJXPD OX] VREUH D YLGD tQWLPD GD ERD VRFLHGDGH GD pSRFD $QGDYD HOH SDVVHDQGR SHOD FLGDGH ´YHVWLGR GH VHGD j SRUWXJXHVD H j PRGD GH *RD TXH p GLIHUHQWH GD GRV SRUWXJXHVHV GH /LVERD H GR %UDVLOµ TXDQGR VH DSUR[LPRX XPD HVFUDYD QHJUD GH $QJROD WUD]HQGR XP UHFDGR GH DOJXpP TXH GHVHMDYD IDODU OKH 'HSRLV GH DOJXPD KHVLWDomR H SRU FXULRVLGDGH DFHLWRX R FRQYLWH ´SDUD YHU HP TXH GDYDµ ´(OD IH] PH GDU ³ QDUUD 3UDUG ³ PLO YROWDV H URGHLRV SRU XPDV UXDV HVFXUDV R TXH D FDGD SDVVR PH SXQKD HP JUDQGH WHUURU H TXDVH HP UHVROXomR GH QmR SDVVDU PDLV DYDQWH PDV HOD PH GDYD kQLPR H WDQWR IH] TXH PH OHYRX D XP DSRVHQWR PXL EHOR H JUDQGH EHP PRELOLDGR H JXDUQHFLGR RQGH QmR YL PDLV QLQJXpP VHQmR XPD MRYHP GDPD SRUWXJXHVD TXH PH IH] PXL ERP DJDVDOKDGR H PH PDQGRX ORJR PH DSUHVWDU XPD PXL ERD UHIHLomR H YHQGR TXH R PHX FKDSpX QmR HUD ERP HOD FRP D VXD SUySULD PmR PH WLURX GD FDEHoD H PH GHX RXWUR QRYR GH Om GH (VSDQKD FRP XPD EHOD SUHVLOKD ID]HQGR PH SURPHWHU TXH WRUQDULD D YLVLWi OD H GD VXD SDUWH PH IDYRUHFHULD H PH GDULD JRVWR HP WXGR R TXH SXGHVVH 1mR IDOWHL j SURPHVVD H LD YLVLWi OD IUHTHQWHPHQWH HQTXDQWR Oi HVWLYHµ 'H]HQDV GH DQRV PDLV WDUGH HP SHOR %UDVLO DSDUHFHX R HVSDQKRO )UDQFLVFR &RUUHDO DXWRU GH XPD ´9LDJHP jV ÌQGLDV 2FLGHQWDLVµ UHIHULQGR FRLVDV LQWHUHVVDQWHV VREUH D PHVPD FLGDGH GR 6DOYDGRU ´$V PXOKHUHV GL] R FDVWHOKDQR VmR PHQRV YLVtYHLV TXH QR 0p[LFR GHYLGR DR LPHQVR FL~PH GRV PDULGRV PDV VmR
  • 28. 28 WmR OLEHUWLQDV H SDUD VDWLVID]HUHP DV VXDV SDL[}HV S}HP HP SUiWLFD WRGD D FDVWD GH HVWUDWDJHPDV 6H D SUHFDXomR GRV PDULGRV QmR LPSHGH DV LQWULJDV GH VXDV PXOKHUHV D GRV SDLV QmR HYLWD TXH DV PmHV SUHVWHP VHXV FDULGRVRV VRFRUURV jV ILOKDV ORJR TXH ILFDP Q~EHLV e PHVPR PXLWR YXOJDU DV PmHV LQGDJDUHP GDV ILOKDV R TXH HODV VmR FDSD]HV GH VHQWLU DRV RX DQRV GH LGDGH H LQFLWi ODV D ID]HU WXGR R TXH SRVVD HPERWDU RV DJXLOK}HV GD FDUQH $V YLUJLQGDGHV HVWmR HP OHLOmR QD FLGDGH GR 6DOYDGRU H DOFDQoDP HOHYDGRV SUHoRV SRUTXDQWR VmR FROKLGDV PXLWR FHGRµ (P 6DQWRV DFRQWHFHX OKH DYHQWXUD LJXDO j GH 3UDUG R TXH IH] $OIUHGR GH &DUYDOKR GXYLGDU GD VXD DXWHQWLFLGDGH 6RPHQWH DRV HQFRQWURV DPRURVRV LD R HVSDQKRO GLVIDUoDGR HP SDGUH 4XDQGR HP FKHJRX j FRO{QLD R OLFHQFLDGR +HLWRU )XUWDGR GH 0HQGRQoD GHSXWDGR GR 6DQWR 2ItFLR D LQLFLDU D VXD SULPHLUD YLVLWDomR HUD D FLGDGH GR 6DOYDGRU XP H[WUDYDJDQWH FDUDYDQVDUDL SLWRUHVFR H WURSLFDO $t ³ GL]LD R SDGUH )HUQmR &DUGLP ³ ´RV HQFDUJRV GD FRQVFLrQFLD VmR PXLWRV H RV SHFDGRV TXH VH FRPHWHP QmR WrP FRQWD TXDVH WRGRV DQGDP DPDQFHEDGRV SRU FDXVD GDV PXLWDV RFDVL}HVµ $FUHVFHQWDYD UHIHULQGR VH DR Do~FDU GRV HQJHQKRV ´EHP FKHLR GH SHFDGRV QDVFH HVVH GRFH µ 3HODV UXDV GD FLGDGH WUDQVLWDYD XP HVWUDQKR DPiOJDPD GH ILGDOJRV IXQFLRQiULRV VROGDGRV IUDGHV SDGUHV tQGLRV H QHJURV 2V KRPHQV GH FRQGLomR VHJXLDP D PRGD HVSDQKROD GH DQGDUHP VHPSUH GH SUHWR FRP URViULRV QDV PmRV GH XP ODGR XPD ORQJD HVSDGD H GH RXWUR XP JUDQGH SXQKDO PXOKHUHV DSDUHFLDP UDUDPHQWH Vy QDV IHVWDV UHOLJLRVDV H SHOD IDOWD GH H[HUFtFLR PDO SRGLDP FDPLQKDU DSRLDQGR VH QDV SDMHQV TXH DV DFRPSDQKDYDP &RPR DV GH 2OLQGD QR GL]HU GH
  • 29. 29 &DODGR SDUHFLD TXH VREUH DV VXDV FDEHoDV WLQKD FKRYLGR XPD FKXYD GH SpURODV UXELV HVPHUDOGDV H GLDPDQWHV (P FRQWUDVWH tQGLRV PDQVRV H HVFUDYRV GH *XLQp H[LELDP QDV UXDV H OXJDUHV S~EOLFRV D PDLV FRPSOHWD QXGH] )RUD GR UHFLQWR GD FLGDGH SHOR UHF{QFDYR H VHUWmR LPHGLDWR D FRQTXLVWD VH IL]HUD ORJR GHSRLV GD DGPLQLVWUDomR GH 7RPp GH 6RXVD SHOD FRQFHVVmR GH VHVPDULDV IHXGDLV FRPR DV GH *DUFLD G ÉYLOD TXH VHPHRX FXOWXUDV FRQVWUXLX FXUUDLV H OHYDQWRX D FpOHEUH FDVD GD 7RUUH YLJLDQGR D FRVWD H D LQGLDGD VXVSHLWD $t QRV ~OWLPRV TXDUWpLV GR VpFXOR ;9, RVWHQWDYD R ILGDOJR JUDQGH OX[R j HXURSpLD FRP PXLWRV FDYDORV FULDGRV H HVFUDYRV )RL QHVVD pSRFD R WLSR GR SRWHQWDGR 5HVLGLD KDELWXDOPHQWH QD FDSLWDO GD FRO{QLD FRPR XP QDEDER DQGDYD GL] XP FURQLVWD HP ´FDGHLULQKDV RUQDGDV GH VDQHIDV GH VHGD IRUUDGDV GH YHOXGR YHUPHOKR H FREHUWDV GH GDPDVFRµ )LFDUDP DIDPDGRV RV EDLOHV TXH GDYD HP TXH H[LELD ULFRV FDQGHODEURV GH SUDWD H EURQ]H VHUYLoRV ILQtVVLPRV GH ORXoD GD ÌQGLD H GD &KLQD DOIDLDV VXQWXRVDV 3RU WRGD D SDUWH SRUpP D PLVpULD PDLV UHOD[DGD H DQGUDMRVD DR ODGR GH FDYDOKDGDV YLVWRVDV FRP YHVWXiULRV GH YHOXGR H VHGDV 3HTXHQR Q~FOHR HQILP GH GHYDVVLGmR LQGLVFLSOLQD H YLYHU GHVUHJUDGR GHVHQYROYHQGR HP SOHQD DQDUTXLD PRUDO H VRFLDO RV JHUPHV GH GHVPRUDOL]DomR H GHSUDYDomR GH FRVWXPHV WUD]LGRV GD PHWUySROH Mi GHFDGHQWH (P 3HUQDPEXFR HP ILQV GR VpFXOR ;9, QmR HUD PHQRV FXULRVR R HVSHWiFXOR $t UDSLGDPHQWH WLQKDP GHVDSDUHFLGR DV ULTXH]DV H R EULOKR GRV SULPHLURV WHPSRV ´'HVGRURX VH HVWD WHUUD FRP JUDQGH GHVDIRUR ³ GL]LD R DXWRU GR 9DOHURVR /XFLGHQR ³ DV XVXUDV RQ]HQDV H JDQKRV LOtFLWRV HUDP FRXVD RUGLQiULD RV DPDQFHEDPHQWRV S~EOLFRV VHP HPHQGD DOJXPD SRUTXH
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  • 31. 31 FULPH D DPELomR RX R HVStULWR DYHQWXUHLUR IL]HUD DEDQGRQDU D (XURSD FLYLOL]DGD $SUHVHQWDYDP XP SURGXWR KXPDQR ILVLFDPHQWH VHOHFLRQDGR WHQGR UHVLVWLGR DRV SHULJRV WULEXWDo}HV H VRIULPHQWRV GD ORQJD H LQFHUWD WUDYHVVLD $R VH LQVWDODUHP QR SDtV YLUJHP WLQKDP FRQVHJXLGR YHQFHU D KRVWLOLGDGH GD QDWXUH]D H DGDSWDU VH jV FRQGLo}HV GH XPD QRYD H[LVWrQFLD 1HVWD WLQKDP DFHLWDGR PDLV RX PHQRV D PHQWDOLGDGH H D PRUDOLGDGH DPELHQWHV H DSUHQGLGR FRP R DERUtJHQH RV SURFHVVRV GH FDoD GH SHVFD H GH UXGLPHQWDU DJULFXOWXUD TXH IRUQHFLDP R PLOKR R FDUi H D PDQGLRFD j VXD HVFDVVD DOLPHQWDomR 6mR KRPHQV GL]LD 0HOOR GD &kPDUD ´TXH VH FRQWHQWDP HP WHUHP TXDWUR tQGLDV SRU PDQFHEDV H FRPHUHP RV PDQWLPHQWRV GD WHUUDµ 0RUDOPHQWH Mi HUDP PHVWLoRV REVHUYRX &DSLVWUDQR H HVVD FRPR TXH PHVWLoDJHP OKHV SHUPLWLX QD OXWD HP TXH VXFXPELDP RV IUDFRV H WtPLGRV D IiFLO DGDSWDomR j YLGD FRORQLDO 3RU RXWUR ODGR QHQKXP REVWiFXOR HQFRQWUDYDP SDUD D VDWLVIDomR GRV YtFLRV H GHVPDQGRV TXH QD (XURSD UHSULPLDP XPD OHL PDLV VHYHUD XPD PRUDO PDLV HVWULWD H XP SRGHU PDLV IRUWH (QWUHJDYDP VH FRP D YLROrQFLD GRV WHPSRV j VDFLHGDGH GDV SDL[}HV GH VXDV DOPDV UXGHV 8PD GHODV IRL D ODVFtYLD GR EUDQFR VROWR QR SDUDtVR GD WHUUD HVWUDQKD 7XGR IDYRUHFLD D H[DOWDomR GR VHX SUD]HU RV LPSXOVRV GD UDoD D PROtFLD GR DPELHQWH ItVLFR D FRQWtQXD SULPDYHUD D OLJHLUH]D GR YHVWXiULR D FXPSOLFLGDGH GR GHVHUWR H VREUHWXGR D VXEPLVVmR IiFLO H DGPLUDWLYD GD PXOKHU LQGtJHQD PDLV VHQVXDO GR TXH R KRPHP FRPR HP WRGRV RV SRYRV SULPLWLYRV H TXH HP VHXV DPRUHV GDYD SUHIHUrQFLD DR HXURSHX WDOYH] SRU FRQVLGHUDo}HV SULiSLFDV LQVLQXD R VHYHUR 9DUQKDJHQ 3URFXUDYD H LPSRUWXQDYD RV EUDQFRV QDV UHGHV HP TXH
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  • 37. 37 QDV PDWDV TXH HVFRQGLDP RV ULRV LPHQVRV R SDtV GDV PDUDYLOKDV TXH 5DOHLJK YHLR D GHVFUHYHU $ UHDOLGDGH SRUpP HUD RXWUD QHVVH iVSHUR FRPHoR GH YLGD FLYLOL]DGD 1HQKXPD RUJDQL]DomR QHQKXP DX[tOLR DSHQDV GH YH] HP TXDQGR XPD QDX SDVVDJHLUD VXUJLD QR FXUWR KRUL]RQWH (UD XP SLUDWD IUDQFrV RX JHQWH SURFXUDQGR DJXDGD H UHIUHVFR HP FDPLQKR GDV ÌQGLDV RX HPEDUFDo}HV GHVJDUUDGDV GDV H[SHGLo}HV SULPHLUDV WUDIHJDQGR DV IHLWRULDV GD FRVWD $V OXWDV FRP RV IUDQFHVHV RFXSDUDP RV SULPHLURV WHPSRV )RUDP IHUR]HV (P DV FLQFR FDUDYHODV H XPD QDX GH &ULVWRYmR -DFTXHV SHUFRUUHP DV FRVWDV GH 3HUQDPEXFR %DKLD H WDOYH] 5LR GH -DQHLUR QXPD JXHUUD GH H[WHUPtQLR DRV HQWUHORSRV HQIRUFDQGR SULVLRQHLURV HQWHUUDQGR RXWURV DWp RV RPEURV SDUD VHUYLUHP GH DOYR DRV DUFDEX]HV SRUWXJXHVHV 2V IDWRV GHPRQVWUDUDP TXH WXGR HUD LQ~WLO VHP VH SRYRDU R SDtV 2V SLUDWDV DIDVWDYDP VH SDUD UHFRPHoDU HP VHJXLGD )RL TXDQGR D PHWUySROH FRJLWRX GD HPSUHVD FRORQL]DGRUD TXH LD FRQILDU D 0DUWLP $IRQVR H TXH YHLR LQLFLDU FRP FXQKR RILFLDO D H[SORUDomR GR LQWHULRU FRPR D GRV TXDWUR KRPHQV TXH SHUFRUUHUDP R LQWHULRU GR 5LR GH -DQHLUR H TXH GHUDP QRYDV ´GH TXH QR ULR GR 3HUDJXD KDYLD PXLWR RXUR H SUDWDµ H D GH &DQDQpLD VRE R FRPDQGR GH 3HUR /RER WUXFLGDGD SHORV VHOYDJHQV GRV FDPSRV GH &XULWLED 2 PDLV HUD D OXWD FRQWUD D QDWXUH]D KRVWLO RX DGRUPHFHGRUD H FRQWUD R tQGLR LQLPLJR 2 HQFDQWR GR SULPHLUR HQFRQWUR FRP D WHUUD GHVFRQKHFLGD GHVDSDUHFLD DRV SRXFRV SDUD VHU VXEVWLWXtGR SRU XPD GXUD UHDOLGDGH HP TXH R FRORQR VH YLD ´DEDIDGR SHOD PDWD YLUJHP SLFDGR SRU LQVHWRV HQYHQHQDGR SRU RItGLRV H[SRVWR jV IHUDV DPHDoDGR
  • 38. 38 SHORV ÌQGLRV LQGHIHVR FRQWUD RV SLUDWDVµ 3RGH VH GL]HU TXH VRPHQWH R JRYHUQR GH 7RPp GH 6RXVD DSUHVHQWD XP FRPHoR GH RUJDQL]DomR SDUD D FRQTXLVWD GD WHUUD LQLFLDQGR R SHUtRGR DGPLQLVWUDWLYR GD H[SORUDomR GD FRO{QLD 3HUtRGR GDV JUDQGHV H[SHGLo}HV RILFLDLV FRPR D GH %UXVD GH 6SLQRVD D GH 9DVFR 5RGULJXHV &DOGDV D GH 0DUWLP &DUYDOKR GH 6HEDVWLmR )HUQDQGHV 7RXULQKR GH $QW{QLR 'LDV $GRUQR H D TXH *DEULHO 6RDUHV RUJDQL]RX PDV QmR FRQVHJXLX UHDOL]DU (UDP HVVDV H[SHGLo}HV REVHUYD &DOyJHUDV XP HOHPHQWR GH FULDomR OHJDO ³ RFXSDomR TXDVH SDFtILFD HP TXH R tPSHWR JXHUUHLUR GRV VHUWDQLVWDV VH OLPLWDYD j HVFUDYL]DomR GR DERUtJHQH UHEHOGH GHVGH TXH R QmR SXGHVVH VHGX]LU SDUD R WUDEDOKR GD VXD ODYRXUD (VVH DVSHFWR GLIHUHQoD HVVDV HQWUDGDV GD FRQTXLVWD YLROHQWD TXH HQVDQJHQWD D FU{QLFD GRV LQYDVRUHV FDVWHOKDQRV QDV RXWUDV UHJL}HV GR FRQWLQHQWH $V HQWUDGDV SLRQHLUDV RX GH UHVJDWH DEULQGR VH HP OHTXH GDV FRVWDV PDUtWLPDV HP GLIHUHQWHV GLUHWUL]HV j SURFXUD GRV VHUW}HV IRUPDUDP R JUDQGH SURFHVVR GH H[SORUDomR H SRYRDPHQWR TXH p D SUySULD KLVWyULD GR SDtV 0DUWLXV DFRQVHOKD D TXHP D TXLVHU HVFUHYHU D GLYLVmR HP JUXSRV GDV DQWLJDV FDSLWDQLDV VHSDUDQGR D QDWXUH]D ItVLFD RV YiULRV WHUULWyULRV GD FRO{QLD $VVLP FRQYHUJH D KLVWyULD GH 6mR 3DXOR 0LQDV *RLiV H 0DWR *URVVR D GR 0DUDQKmR VH OLJD j GR 3DUi H j URGD GH 3HUQDPEXFR IRUPDP XP JUXSR QDWXUDO R &HDUi 5LR *UDQGH GR 1RUWH H 3DUDtED D KLVWyULD GD %DKLD p ILQDOPHQWH D GH 6HUJLSH $ODJRDV 3RUWR 6HJXUR H GH SDUWH GR 3LDXt H 0DUDQKmR 3DUD XPD VtQWHVH HVVH PpWRGR SHUPLWH GR PHVPR PRGR DJUXSDU R PRYLPHQWR EDQGHLUDQWH HP GLYHUVRV
  • 39. 39 Q~FOHRV GH LQIOXrQFLD H SHQHWUDomR TXH VHJXLQGR H OLJDQGR RV ULRV GHVYHQGDYDP H H[SORUDYDP R LQWHULRU GD WHUUD 6HUi DVVLP SRVVtYHO UHXQLU H UHVXPLU D QRVVD H[SDQVmR JHRJUiILFD GD PDQHLUD VHJXLQWH D EDQGHLUDV SDXOLVWDV OLJDQGR R 3DUDQi DR 3DUDJXDL H SHOR *XDSRUp 0DGHLUD 7DSDMyV H 7RFDQWLQV DWLQJLQGR R $PD]RQDV R ;LQJX SHODV PiV FRQGLo}HV GH QDYHJDELOLGDGH QXQFD IRL IUHTHQWDGR EDQGHLUDV SDXOLVWDV OLJDQGR R 3DUDtED DR 6mR )UDQFLVFR DR 3DUQDtED H ,WDSHFXU~ DWp R 3LDXt H 0DUDQKmR SRU XP ODGR OLJDQGR R 6mR )UDQFLVFR R 'RFH R 3DUDLEXQD DR 3DUDtED GR 6XO JDOJDQGR D VHUUD GRV ÐUJmRV SDUD WHUPLQDU QD *XDQDEDUD EDQGHLUDV SDXOLVWDV HQWUH D VHUUD GR 0DU H R 3DUDQi WRGDV HODV DWUDYHVVDQGR R 8UXJXDL SDUD R 5LR *UDQGH GR 6XO E EDQGHLUDV EDLDQDV OLJDQGR R 6 )UDQFLVFR DR 3DUQDtED H FKHJDQGR DR 0DUDQKmR SHOR ,WDSHFXU~ EDQGHLUDV EDLDQDV OLJDQGR R 6mR )UDQFLVFR DR 7RFDQWLQV EDQGHLUDV EDLDQDV TXH LQGR GR 6HUUR H 0LQDV 1RYDV SURFXUDYDP R 5LR SHOR FDPLQKR GD WHUUD GR RXUR F EDQGHLUDV SHUQDPEXFDQDV HQWUH R &DSLEDULEH H VHUUD GH ,ELDSDED PXLWR PHQRV LPSRUWDQWHV TXH DV GXDV DQWHULRUHV WUDoDGDV D PHQRU GLVWkQFLD GR OLWRUDO SHOR VHUWmR ´GH IRUDµ UHFHEHQGR PXLWD JHQWH GLUHWDPHQWH GR OLWRUDO VXELQGR RV ULRV TXH QHOH GHVHPERFDP G EDQGHLUDV PDUDQKHQVHV GH SRXFR DOFDQFH OLJDQGR R ,WDSHFXU~ DR 3DUQDtED H 6mR )UDQFLVFR H R 3DUQDtED jV WHUUDV DTXpP GR ,ELDSDED H EDQGHLUDV DPD]{QLFDV TXH SHOR 0DGHLUD VH OLJDUDP jV GH 6mR 3DXOR DOFDQoDUDP RV OLPLWHV GR -DYDUL
  • 40. 40 H RFXSDUDP D *XLDQD 3RU WRGD D SDUWH R DYHQWXUHLUR FRUULD DWUiV GD SUDWD GR RXUR H GDV SHGUDV SUHFLRVDV TXH GXUDQWH TXDVH GRLV VpFXORV QmR IRUDP VHQmR LOXV}HV H GHVHQJDQRV &RPSHQVDYD D HVWHULOLGDGH GR HVIRUoR D GHVFLGD GR LQGtJHQD (QWUHODoDYDP VH H FRQIXQGLDP VH DVVLP EDQGHLUDV GH FDoD DR JHQWLR H EDQGHLUDV GH PLQHUDomR 4XDQGR VH GLVVLSDYD D PLUDJHP GD PLQD ILFDYD FRPR FRQVROR R tQGLR HVFUDYL]DGR ´HVWHV 6HQKRUHV ³ HVFUHYLD R SDGUH 9LHLUD ³ VmR DV PLQDV FHUWDV GHVWH (VWDGR TXH D IDPD GDV GH RXUR H SUDWD VHPSUH IRL SUHWH[WR FRP TXH DTXL VH LDP EXVFDU DV RXWUDV PLQDV TXH VH DFKDP QDV YHLDV GRV tQGLRV H QXQFD DV KRXYH QD WHUUDµ 1D YHUGDGH DV QRWtFLDV YDJDV GH ULTXH]DV HVFRQGLGDV QRV VHUW}HV DLQGD HUDP PHUDV SURPHVVDV 2 ERP VHQVR SUiWLFR GH DOJXQV DGPLQLVWUDGRUHV FKHJRX D GXYLGDU GR VXFHVVR GHVVDV HPSUHVDV (P R H[SHULPHQWDGR 7RPp GH 6RXVD GHVLOXGLGR GH WDQWD WHQWDWLYD LQ~WLO DFRQVHOKDYD DR SRGHU UHDO ´HX DOJXPDV HQWUDGDV IDUHL PDV Ki GH VHU FRP PXLWR WHPSR H SRXFD SHUGD GH JHQWH H ID]HQGD TXH QmR KHL GH IDODU PDLV HP RXUR VH QmR VH R PDQGDU D YRVVD $OWH]Dµ ( QRV SULPHLURV DQRV GR VpFXOR ;9,, HVFUHYLD DR UHL R JRYHUQDGRU GD UHSDUWLomR GR 1RUWH ' 'LRJR GH 0HQH]HV ´FUHLD Y P TXH DV YHUGDGHLUDV PLQDV GR %UDVLO VmR Do~FDU H SDX EUDVLO GH TXH Y P WHP WDQWR SURYHLWR VHP OKH FXVWDU GH VXD ID]HQGD XP Vy YLQWpPµ 3DUD VXVWHQWDU D TXLPHUD GR RXUR TXH IRL D ORXFXUD GD pSRFD VHPSUH ODWHQWH H LQVLVWHQWH HP WRGRV RV HPSUHHQGLPHQWRV HUD QR HQWDQWR QHFHVViULR YLYHU H WUDEDOKDU D WHUUD SDUD R VXVWHQWR GLiULR GDt SRU WRGR R VpFXOR ;9, R OHQWR SURJUHVVR GD ODYRXUD LQFLSLHQWH H GR FRPpUFLR UXGLPHQWDU &RPR YLPRV D SULQFtSLR YLYLD R
  • 41. 41 HXURSHX GH FDoD SHVFD H IUXWDV TXH HUDP D EDVH GD VXD DOLPHQWDomR (P SRUpP Mi LQLFLDYD DOJXPD H[SRUWDomR D QDX %UHWRD QHVVH DQR OHYDYD SDUD 3RUWXJDO FLQFR PLO WRURV GH SDX EUDVLO H RV DQLPDLV GRPpVWLFRV TXH R tQGLR FKDPDYD ´PLPEDERµ FRPR YLQWH H GRLV WXLQV GH]HVVHLV VDJLV GH]HVVHLV JDWRV TXLQ]H SDSDJDLRV WUrV PDFDFRV ³ H TXDUHQWD SHoDV GH HVFUDYRV )XQGDUDP VH IHLWRULDV WRVFRV JDOS}HV DVVHQWHV HP PHLR GH HVWDFDGDV SDUD HYLWDU VXUSUHVDV DOJXQV HGLILFDYDP FDVDV FRPHoDYD D DJULFXOWXUD GH JrQHURV H[SRUWiYHLV R Do~FDU R IXPR HWF 'HVWD IDVH p FDUDFWHUtVWLFR R JDGR PL~GR ³ JDOLQiFHRV SRUFRV FDEUDV RYHOKDV R ´IHGHUYLHKµ GRV DOHPmHV (TLQRV H ERYLQRV DLQGD UDURV $ HFRQRPLD QDWXULVWD PRYLPHQWDYD FRP OHQWLGmR D SHUPXWD GRV SURGXWRV ID]LDP VH RV SDJDPHQWRV HP VDO IHUUDPHQWDV ID]HQGDV QXQFD HP GLQKHLUR GH FRQWDGR (UD R TXH %XFKHU FKDPD D HFRQRPLD IHFKDGD RX GRPpVWLFD SURGXWRU H FRQVXPLGRU VmR LGrQWLFRV 2 SUySULR DUUHPDWDQWH GRV LPSRVWRV SDJDYD VH HP JrQHURV )UHL 9LFHQWH GR 6DOYDGRU FRQWD D UHVSHLWR D KLVWyULD GH XP ELVSR GH 7XFXPDQ TXH GH SDVVDJHP HVWLYHUD DOJXP WHPSR QR %UDVLO (VWH ELVSR YLD TXH TXDQGR PDQGDYD FRPSUDU XP IUDQJmR TXDWUR RYRV H XP SHL[H SDUD FRPHU QDGD OKH WUD]LDP SRUTXH QmR VH DFKDYD QD SUDoD QHP QR DoRXJXH H VH PDQGDYD SHGLU DV GLWDV FRXVDV H RXWUDV PDLV jV FDVDV SDUWLFXODUHV OKDV PDQGDYDP ´9HUGDGHLUDPHQWH GL]LD R ELVSR QHVWD WHUUD DQGDP DV FRLVDV WURFDGDV SRUTXH HOD WRGD QmR p UHS~EOLFD VHQGR R FDGD FDVDµ $ FXOWXUD GR Do~FDU DXPHQWRX UDSLGDPHQWH FULDUDP VH SULPHLUR RV HQJHQKRV GH 6mR 9LFHQWH H 3HUQDPEXFR PDLV WDUGH RV GD %DKLD (P HVWHV ~OWLPRV Mi H[SRUWDYDP DUUREDV GH 3HUQDPEXFR QHVVH
  • 42. 42 PHVPR DQR SDUWLDP QDYLRV FDUUHJDGRV GH Do~FDU H SDX EUDVLO (P GL]LD 3UDUG QmR Ki OXJDU QR PXQGR RQGH VH SURGX]D Do~FDU FRP WDQWD DEXQGkQFLD IDOD HP HQJHQKRV QD FRVWD GR %UDVLO GH ,WDPDUDFi D ,WDQKDpP 'HYH VHU H[DJHUR 3RU HVVD pSRFD GL] &DSLVWUDQR DV VHGHV GDV FDSLWDQLDV PHVPR DV SUyVSHUDV HUDP VLPSOHV OXJDUHMRV $ SURVSHULGDGH UHODWLYD GH 3HUQDPEXFR H D VXD ULTXH]D TXH WDQWR DGPLURX )HUQmR &DUGLP IRL PRWLYDGD DQWHV SHOD VLWXDomR JHRJUiILFD PDLV SUy[LPD GD PHWUySROH GR TXH SHOR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GDV FXOWXUDV &KDPRX 'XDUWH &RHOKR j VXD &DSLWDQLD ´1RYD /XVLWkQLDµ H HUD GH IDWR FRPR REVHUYD 2OLYHLUD /LPD XP SURORQJDPHQWR GD DQWLJD XP 3RUWXJDO DPHULFDQR 'HVWDFDYD VH GHQWUH DV RXWUDV SHOR DU FLYLOL]DGR TXH OKH HPSUHVWDYD D SUR[LPLGDGH GDV WHUUDV GH DOpP PDU 2 SDVWRUHLR WHYH LQIOXrQFLD PDLV IXQGD H GH PDLRUHV FRQVHTrQFLDV )DFLOLWRX D FRQTXLVWD H R SRYRDPHQWR GR VROR Vy GHSRLV GH SUyVSHUD D FULDomR SXGHUDP VHU WHQWDGDV DV PLQDV $QWHV PRUUHULDP GH IRPH RV PLQHLURV QR GHVHUWR /RJR QDV SULPHLUDV IURWDV FRORQL]DGRUDV FKHJRX D 3HUQDPEXFR %DKLD H 6mR 9LFHQWH JDGR YDFXP LPSRUWDGR GDV LOKDV GH &DER 9HUGH $V H[SHGLo}HV TXH SURFXUDYDP R LQWHULRU HVSDOKDYDP RV FXUUDLV SHORV VHUW}HV SHUQDPEXFDQRV EDLDQRV H VHUJLSDQRV LQGR DWp R 6XO GR &HDUi H GR 0DUDQKmR 'Dt YLQKD DR FHQWUR GH FRQVXPR SHOR SUySULR Sp &DUGLP Mi IDODYD HP SURSULHWiULRV TXH WLQKDP TXLQKHQWDV RX PLO FDEHoDV 1R H[WUHPR 6XO R JDGR DSDUHFH SHOD SULPHLUD YH] HP TXDQGR ³ QDUUD 6RXWKH ³ R FDSLWmR -XDQ GH 6DOD]DU WURX[H GD $QGDOX]LD SDUD R %UDVLO VHWH YDFDV H XP WRXUR 2V DQLPDLV IRUDP WUDQVSRUWDGRV DWp R ULR 3DUDQi H GHSRLV HP MDQJDGD DWp $VVXQomR 'HVVD SRQWD
  • 43. 43 GH JDGR H GR LPSRUWDGR GR YLFH UHL GR 3HUX GHYH VH WHU HVSDOKDGR SHOR 6XO GH 0DWR *URVVR H SHODV UHGXo}HV MHVXtWLFDV R JUDQGH UHEDQKR TXH UDSLGDPHQWH LQoRX RV FDPSRV H SDQWDQDLV GHVVDV UHJL}HV (P 6mR 9LFHQWH QRV FDPSRV GH 3LUDWLQLQJD VH GHVHQYROYLD WDPEpP D FULDomR LPSRUWDGD GLUHWDPHQWH H DSURYHLWDQGR RV SDVWRV H[FHOHQWHV GRV ODWLI~QGLRV GH VHUUD DFLPD *DEULHO 6RDUHV GL] ´TXH DV RXWUDV FDSLWDQLDV DOL VH LDP SURYHU GH YDFDV SDUD FULDUHPµ 1R 1RUWH R JDGR DFRPSDQKRX R FXUVR GR 6mR )UDQFLVFR QDV PDUJHQV SHUQDPEXFDQD H EDLDQD (P VHJXLGD RXWURV FDPLQKRV VH WRUQDUDP QHFHVViULRV SDUWLQGR GR JUDQGH ULR FLYLOL]DGRU 1HVVD SHQHWUDomR HP TXH R VHUWDQHMR WHYH GH OXWDU FRP PLO GLILFXOGDGHV GHVGH D VHFD H R tQGLR LQLPLJR DWp D IDOWD GH DOLPHQWRV FRPR D IDULQKD H R PLOKR FRQVWLWXLX VH XP PHLR HVSHFLDO TXH &DSLVWUDQR GH $EUHX GHQRPLQRX D ´pSRFD GR FRXURµ ´'H FRXUR HUD D SRUWD GDV FDEDQDV R UXGH OHLWR DSOLFDGR DR FKmR GXUR H PDLV WDUGH D FDPD SDUD RV SDUWRV GH FRXUR WRGDV DV FRUGDV D ERUUDFKD SDUD FDUUHJDU iJXD R PRFy RX DOIRUJH SDUD OHYDU FRPLGD D PDFD SDUD JXDUGDU URXSD D PRFKLOD SDUD PLOKDU FDYDOR D SHLD SDUD SUHQGr OR HP YLDJHP DV EDLQKDV GH IDFD DV EUXDFDV H VXUU}HV D URXSD GH HQWUDU QR PDWR RV EDQJrV SDUD FRUWXPH RX SDUD DSXUDU VDO SDUD RV DoXGHV R PDWHULDO GH DWHUUR HUD OHYDGR HP FRXURV SX[DGRV SRU MXQWDV GH ERLV TXH FDOFDYDP D WHUUD FRP VHX SHVR HP FRXUR SLVDYD VH WDEDFR SDUD R QDUL]µ 1RV VHUW}HV GR 1RUWH LD WHU R 3DXOLVWD D VXD PLVVmR SRYRDGRUD OLJDGD j LQG~VWULD SDVWRULO $PHDoDGRV SHOR JHQWLR UHYROWDGR H SHORV QHJURV GRV 3DOPDUHV RV JRYHUQDGRUHV JHUDLV UHFRUUHUDP j IDPD JXHUUHLUD GRV EDQGHLUDQWHV GH 6mR 3DXOR 'HVVDV H[SHGLo}HV ORQJtQTXDV PXLWRV QmR YROWDUDP DR DOWLSODQR QDWDO
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  • 50. 50 LQLQWHUUXSWDPHQWH SHOR LQWHULRU SURIXQGR H SRU WRGD D SDUWH R VHUWDQLVWD SHUYDJDYD VHP UXPR QD DOXFLQDomR GR SUHFLRVR PHWDO $VVLP )HUQmR 'LDV QR VRQKR GDV HVPHUDOGDV GH 6DEDUDEXVV~ WULOKDQGR VHP R VDEHU DV DOXYL}HV ULTXtVVLPDV GR ULR GDV 9HOKDV DVVLP R $QKDQJXHUD SURFXUDQGR GXUDQWH DQRV SHORV FKDSDG}HV GH *RLiV RV 0DUWtULRV FRP TXH VRQKDUD PHQLQR +HUyLV GH XPD KHURLFLGDGH LQVWLQWLYD TXRWLGLDQD H GHVRUGHQDGD IDUHMDQGR RV VHUW}HV SDUD TXH RXWURV VH DSURYHLWDVVHP GD FDoD IDOWDYD OKHV QR HQWDQWR R SHVVRDO H R DSDUHOKDPHQWR WpFQLFR LQGLVSHQViYHLV D WDLV HPSUHVDV 1R FRPHoR GR VpFXOR ;9,, 'LRJR %RWHOKR H ' )UDQFLVFR GH 6RXVD HP 6mR 3DXOR WHQWDUDP XPD RUJDQL]DomR SUiWLFD GD EDQGHLUD GH PLQHUDomR 'R ~OWLPR D PRUWH OKH LQWHUURPSHX RV SUHSDUDWLYRV Mi DGLDQWDGRV 'H]HQDV GH DQRV PDLV WDUGH ' 5RGULJR GH &DVWHO %ODQFR H 0DWKLDV &DUGRVR FRP DV PHVPDV LGpLDV GH PHOKRU SUHSDUR WpFQLFR VmR REULJDGRV D FDUUHJDU HP UHGH R SHULWR -RmR $OYHV &RXWLQKR GD %DKLD $R EDQGHLUDQWH HP JHUDO EDVWDYDP D VXD UHVLVWrQFLD ItVLFD H D WHLPRVLD LQVLVWHQWH H LPSXOVLYD TXH R HPSXUUDYD VHPSUH SDUD PDLV ORQJH $ H[SOLFDomR GHVVD GHVSURSRUomR HQWUH RV UHVXOWDGRV SUiWLFRV REWLGRV H R HVIRUoR GHVFRPXQDO GLVSHQGLGR HVWi QD UHVLVWrQFLD SDVVLYD GD QDWXUH]D HVFRQGHQGR R RXUR QD KRVWLOLGDGH GR FOLPD GD PDWD GR GHVHUWR H QD LJQRUkQFLD WpFQLFD GRV SLRQHLURV $ IDVFLQDomR GD PLQD SRUpP LQYDGLUD R %UDVLO LQWHLUR $ REVHVVmR IRL FRQWtQXD HVSDOKDGD SRU WRGDV DV FODVVHV FRPR XPD ORXFXUD FROHWLYD (VVH FDUDFWHUtVWLFR QD IRUPDomR GD QDFLRQDOLGDGH p TXDVH ~QLFR QD KLVWyULD GRV SRYRV 2V DJUXSDPHQWRV pWQLFRV GD FRO{QLD ³ RV PDLV YDULDGRV GH 1RUWH D 6XO ³ QmR WLYHUDP RXWUR LQFHQWLYR LGHDOLVWD VHQmR HVVH GH
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  • 52. 52 6RXWKH HVFUHYHX XPD SiJLQD DGPLUiYHO VREUH R GHVYDULR GRV EXVFDGRUHV GH RXUR 9LYLDP QXP FRQWtQXR VRQKR GH HVSHUDQoD YtWLPDV GH XPD HVSpFLH GH ORXFXUD IRUPD DJXGD H FU{QLFD GD GRHQoD TXH p D SDL[mR GR MRJR +RPHQV GH UHSXWDGD SUXGrQFLD PHVPR SDUFLPRQLRVRV UDSLGDPHQWH WUDQVIRUPDYDP D DYDUH]D HP SURGLJDOLGDGH 1D REVHVVmR GD LGpLD IL[D WXGR FRQYHUJLD SDUD D VXD UHDOL]DomR WXGR OKHV LQGLFDYD UD]RiYHO RX IDQWDVWLFDPHQWH D SUR[LPLGDGH GR WHVRXUR HQFREHUWR R VLPSOHV DVSHFWR H WDPDQKR GH XP PRUUR RX D TXDOLGDGH GD HUYD TXH R FREULD 2 GLD VHJXLQWH SRGLD VHU D FRPSHQVDomR GH DQRV H DQRV GH SHQRVRV H SDFLHQWHV WUDEDOKRV 2 TXH VH SDVVRX HQWUH QyV IRL D FRQILUPDomR GHVVH PLODJUH SRVVtYHO TXH p D SUySULD YLGD GR PLQHUDGRU $V FLUFXQVWkQFLDV LDP IDYRUHFr OR R RXUR QmR VH HVFRQGLD QDV SURIXQGH]DV GD WHUUD DIORUDYD IDFLOPHQWH FRP PHQRV GLVSrQGLR GH FDSLWDO H GH WUDEDOKR H FRP PHQRV ULVFR H PDLRU OXFUR GR TXH HP RXWUDV SDUWHV GR FRQWLQHQWH 3HORV DQRV GH FRQWD $QWRQLO $QGUHRQL XP PXODWR GH &XULWLED HQFRQWUDUD QR ULDFKR FKDPDGR 7ULSXt XQV JUDQLWRV FRU GH DoR TXH YHQGHX HP 7DXEDWp D 0LJXHO GH 6RXVD HUD RXUR ILQtVVLPR $OJXPDV EDQGHLUDV SDXOLVWDV TXH DQGDYDP j SURFXUD GH tQGLRV D HVFUDYL]DU H OHYDQGR WDOYH] GDV ODYUDV GR OLWRUDO PLQHLURV PDLV SUiWLFRV WLYHUDP HP VHJXLGD D UHYHODomR GHVOXPEUDQWH GD ULTXH]D DXULIHUD GD UHJLmR 3RXFR WHPSR GHSRLV HQWUH D VH GHVFREUHP DV PLQDV GH ,WDEHUDED QD SDVVDJHP GD EDFLD GR 5LR *UDQGH SDUD R 'RFH GDt HVWHQGHUDP VH DV SHVTXLVDV SDUD DV LPHGLDo}HV GD VHUUD GH ,WDWLDLD H GH ,WDFRORPL RX 2XUR 3UHWR 3DUD RV PLQHUDGRUHV RV
  • 53. 53 UHVXOWDGRV GHVWDV H[SORUDo}HV IRUDP VXUSUHHQGHQWHV $ IDPD GDV GHVFREHUWDV HP Mi VH HVSDOKDYD SRU WRGR R %UDVLO DV WUDQVPLJUDo}HV VH DYROXPDUDP UDSLGDPHQWH GDV FLGDGHV YLODV UHF{QFDYRV H VHUW}HV DIOXtDP EUDQFRV SDUGRV SUHWRV H tQGLRV FRQWD XPD WHVWHPXQKD GD pSRFD $ PLVWXUD HUD GH WRGD D FRQGLomR GH SHVVRDV KRPHQV H PXOKHUHV PRoRV H YHOKRV SREUHV H ULFRV QREUHV H SOHEHXV VHFXODUHV H UHOLJLRVRV 2 SUySULR JRYHUQDGRU GR 5LR $UWKXU GH 6i H 0HQH]HV DEDQGRQDQGR SRVLomR H GHYHUHV SDUWH SDUD RV GHVFREHUWRV DVVRFLD VH FRP PLQHLURV H DWLUD VH FRPR XP DYHQWXUHLUR j SURFXUD GR SUHFLRVR PHWDO Vy YROWD TXDQGR VH MXOJRX ULFR )RUDVWHLURV FKHJDYDP jV FLGDGHV PDUtWLPDV FRPR WULSXODQWHV GH QDYLRV IRUMDYDP SDVVDSRUWHV H IXJLDP HP GHPDQGD GR VHUWmR 2 RXUR GDV PLQDV GR 6XO GLVVH 5RFKD 3LWWD IRL D SHGUD tPm GD JHQWH GR %UDVLO )RL D YHUWLJHP PLQHLUD R GHVYDULR TXH HP RXWURV WHPSRV YLHUDP D FRQKHFHU RV SLRQHLURV GD &DOLIyUQLD RX RV ´SURVSHFWHUVµ GR $ODVFD $ PHWUySROH FRUULJLQGR HUURV DQWHULRUHV RUJDQL]DYD jV SUHVVDV R VHX VLVWHPD GH WULEXWDomR PRGLILFDQGR R VHJXQGR D PDLRU RX PHQRU UHVLVWrQFLD GRV SRYRV SRU EDWpLD SRU ILQWDV SRU TXLQWRV H HP ~OWLPR FDVR SHORV ULJRUHV GD FDSLWDomR 2 RXUR GDYD SDUD WXGR H SDUD WRGD D JHQWH DOpP GR PLQHUDGRU HQULTXHFLD R ILVFR DV DGPLQLVWUDo}HV D FRUWH H R UHL GH 3RUWXJDO &RPR TXH SDUD DoXODU D DPELomR GRV TXH R SURFXUDYDP YDULDYD GH TXDOLGDGH RXUR SUHWR WHQGR QD VXSHUItFLH DQWHV GH LU DR IRJR XPD FRU VHPHOKDQWH j GR DoR SRU GHQWUR GL]LDP WLQKD UHIOH[RV TXH SDUHFLDP UDLRV GH VRO RXUR GR 5LEHLUmR FRPSHWLQGR QD TXDOLGDGH FRP R RXUR SUHWR H DOFDQoDQGR YLQWH H GRLV TXLODWHV RXUR GR ULEHLUR GH %HQWR 5RGULJXHV LQIHULRU DRV SUHFHGHQWHV
  • 54. 54 RXUR GR ULEHLUR GR &DPSR H GR ULEHLUR GH 1RVVD 6HQKRUD GH 0RQWHVHUUDWH JURVVR H PXLWR DPDUHOR RXUR GR ULR GDV 9HOKDV ILQtVVLPR RXUR GR 5LEHLUmR GR ,WDWLDLD GH FRU EUDQFD FRPR D SUDWD DLQGD LQFRPSOHWDPHQWH IRUPDGR $V IRUWXQDV DPRQWRDYDP VH UHSHQWLQDPHQWH SHOR DFDVR IHOL] GDV GHVFREHUWDV &RQWD $QWRQLO TXH %DOWKD]DU GH *RGR DMXQWDUD YLQWH DUUREDV GH RXUR 0DQRHO 1XQHV 9LDQQD R FDXGLOKR GD JXHUUD GRV HPERDEDV XP SRXFR PHQRV 7KRPD] )HUUHLUD JUDQGH WUDILFDQWH HP HVFUDYRV JDGR H PDQWLPHQWRV PDLV GH TXDUHQWD H )UDQFLVFR $PDUDO FLQTHQWD DUUREDV 9LOD 5LFD SRU PHDGRV GR VpFXOR HUD D FLGDGH PDLV RSXOHQWD GR PXQGR VH RXUR H VRPHQWH RXUR FRQVWLWXL ULTXH]D 3DUD R %UDVLO SRUpP HVVH VpFXOR ;9,,, IRL WDPEpP R VpFXOR GR VHX PDUWtULR &RPR QR GUDPD KLVWyULFR GD &DOLIyUQLD HP TXH R YHOKR 6XWHU PLOOLRQiULR VH DUUXLQDYD SHOR DFKDGR GH XPD PLQD ULTXtVVLPD QDV VXDV WHUUDV GH ODYRXUD FREHUWDV GH YLQKDV ROLYHLUDV H JDGR GH UDoD ³ R RXUR HPSREUHFLD R %UDVLO *XHUUD FLYLO LQRPLQiYHLV DEXVRV GR ILVFR H GR FOHUR HSLGHPLDV GH IRPH HP TXH VH PRUULD GH LQDQLomR DR ODGR GH PRQWHV GH RXUR SHOR DEDQGRQR GD FXOWXUD H GD FULDomR 1RV SULPHLURV WHPSRV GRV GHVFREHUWRV XP ERL FKHJRX D YDOHU FHP RLWDYDV GH RXUR HP Sy XP DOTXHLUH GH IDULQKD TXDUHQWD $ VLWXDomR Vy PHOKRURX TXDQGR FRPHoDUDP D FKHJDU DV ERLDGDV GH &XULWLED H DR ULR GDV 9HOKDV RV UHEDQKRV GRV FDPSRV EDLDQRV 2OKRV IL[RV QD ORWHULD GD PLQD VXUJLQGR GH UHSHQWH D SRSXODomR YLYLD HQWUH D PDLV DEMHWD LQGROrQFLD H IUHQHVL GH PLQHUDomR GHVRUGHQDGD 'H IDWR Vy R QHJUR WUDEDOKDYD H HVWH FRPSUDYD VH D TXDOTXHU SUHoR SDUD RV
  • 55. 55 PLVWHUHV GD PLQHUDomR $EDQGRQDYD VH D DJULFXOWXUD R FXOWLYR GD FDQD GLPLQXLX D WDO SRQWR TXH RV PHUFDGRV TXH DEDVWHFLDP R Do~FDU EUDVLOHLUR VRIUHUDP XPD FULVH VpULD WHQGR GH UHFRUUHU j SURGXomR LQJOHVD H IUDQFHVD HQWmR LQFLSLHQWH ( UDSLGDPHQWH R SDtV VH GHVSRYRDYD 1R HQWDQWR D H[SORUDomR GDV PLQDV FRQWLQXDYD D IRUQHFHU ULTXH]DV IDQWiVWLFDV 3RXFR GHSRLV GDV *HUDLV VH GHVFREULUDP DV PLQDV GR ULR GDV &RQWDV H -DFRELQD (P DSDUHFHUDP RV SULPHLURV GLDPDQWHV GR 6HUUR )ULR $ QRYD GHVFREHUWD IRL FHOHEUDGD FRP JUDQGH M~ELOR QD &RUWH GH ' -RmR 9 KRXYH IHVWDV HVSOrQGLGDV 7H 'HXPV SURFLVV}HV 2 3DSD PDQGRX IHOLFLWDo}HV DR UHL RXWURV PRQDUFDV GD (XURSD R FXPSULPHQWDYDP ´FRPR VH VH GHVFREULUD FRXVD TXH GHYLD UHJHQHUDU H IHOLFLWDU R 8QLYHUVRµ ­ YHUWLJHP GR RXUR MXQWDYD VH D ORXFXUD GD SHGUD SUHFLRVD pSRFD GHVOXPEUDQWH GR 7LMXFR GRV FRQWUDWDGRUHV GH GLDPDQWHV GRV QRYRV ULFRV RVWHQWDQGR IRUWXQDV IDEXORVDV 8P GHOHV -RmR )HUQDQGHV GH 2OLYHLUD FHOHEUL]RX VH SHOR GLQKHLUR H HVFDQGDORVD SDL[mR SHOD PXODWD &KLFD GD 6LOYD 1XPD FKiFDUD GD DPDQWH R FRQWUDWDGRU PDQGRX DEULU YDVWR WDQTXH H QHOH ODQoRX SDUD VDWLVID]HU XP FDSULFKR XP SHTXHQR QDYLR SRGHQGR FRQWHU RLWR D GH] SHVVRDV FRP YHODV PDVWURV FDERV HWF FRPR VH IRVVH XPD YHUGDGHLUD HPEDUFDomR 0DLV WDUGH 3RPEDO OKH H[LJLX XPD LQGHQL]DomR SRU LQIUDo}HV GR FRQWUDWR -RmR )HUQDQGHV WHYH GH HQWUDU SDUD RV FRIUHV S~EOLFRV FRP D HQRUPH TXDQWLD GH RQ]H PLOK}HV GH FUX]DGRV (VWH GHVIDOTXH QmR OKH DEDORX D IRUWXQD PRUUHX ULFR HP /LVERD QR DQR GH 1D PHWUySROH GH D D IHEUH DWLQJLUD R DXJH 1HVWH ~OWLPR DQR WHUPLQDYD R UHLQDGR VXOWDQHVFR GH ' -RmR 9 QXPD DSRW HRVH GH ORXFXUD H GH
  • 56. 56 HVEDQMDPHQWRV 3DUD LVVR FRQWULEXtD VRPHQWH 0LQDV H DWp FRP DUUREDV GH RXUR QmR FRQWDQGR RV TXLQWRV RV Gt]LPRV RV GLUHLWRV GDV HQWUDGDV DV SDVVDJHQV GRV ULRV $Wp D H[WUDomR HP 0LQDV GHYH WHU DQGDGR SRU SHUWR GH DUUREDV 2 UHVWR GR %UDVLO QHVVH SHUtRGR SDUHFH WHU IRUQHFLGR D 3RUWXJDO VHJXQGR RV FiOFXORV GH &DOyJHUDV FHUFD GH DUUREDV 'LJDPRV QXP WRWDO IDEXORVR FHUFD GH DUUREDV GH RXUR 1DGD SRUpP EDVWDYD SDUD D YRUDFLGDGH GD PHWUySROH 3DUD D FDUROLFH GR UHL SDUD RV GHVSHUGtFLRV GR UHLQR 1HP DV ILQDQoDV GR (VWDGR PHOKRUDUDP QHP DXPHQWRX D IRUWXQD S~EOLFD 2 *RYHUQR DVVREHUEDGR SHODV GHVSHVDV QmR SRGLD UHVROYHU R HQLJPD GH WDQWD IDOWD GH GLQKHLUR DR ODGR GH PRQWDQKDV GH RXUR 3DUD D ,QJODWHUUD HVFRDYD VH XPD SDUWH GD UHFHLWD FRORQLDO QDV FRPSUDV GH WHFLGRV GH VHGD H GH Om GH TXH SUHFLVDYD R OX[R GD FRUWH SDUD D DOLPHQWDomR H[SRUWDYDP VH JUDQGHV VRPDV SDUD RXWURV SDtVHV GR 1RUWH R UHVWR GLVSHQGLD VH HP SHQV}HV DRV FRUWHVmRV HP JDVWRV FRP HPEDL[DGDV H FRQVWUXo}HV GLVSHQGLRVDV 8PD PLVVmR D 5RPD FXVWRX GRLV PLOK}HV GH FUX]DGRV R &RQGH GH 7DURXFD UHFHELD XPD SHQVmR GH FUX]DGRV R 0DUTXrV GH $EUDQWHV GH $ FRQVWUXomR GH 0DIUD DEVRUYLD D LPSRUWkQFLD GD UHFHLWD H GHVSHVD WRWDLV GR (VWDGR HPSUHJDYDP RSHUiULRV TXH VH SDJDYDP FRP GLILFXOGDGH ( TXDQGR PRUUHX ' -RmR 9 D SHQ~ULD GR (VWDGR HUD WDO TXH R JRYHUQR UHFRUUHX D XP QHJRFLDQWH GH /LVERD SDUD DV GHVSHVDV GRV IXQHUDLV 1R %UDVLO VDQJUDGR H[DXVWR VH H[WLQJXLD WDPEpP D IRQWH PLODJURVD GH WDPDQKD ULTXH]D $ MXQWD GD ID]HQGD GH 9LOD 5LFD HP MXOJDYD GLItFLO RX TXDVH
  • 57. 57 LPSRVVtYHO D FREUDQoD GRV SHVDGRV LPSRVWRV FULDGRV SHOR JRYHUQR UHDO 2 ODQoDPHQWR GD GHUUDPD GL]LDP ID]LD FRP TXH ´RV PLQHLURV SRU IDOWD GH LQWHUHVVH RV QHJRFLDQWHV SRU IDOWD GH FRPpUFLR H RV URFHLURV SRU IDOWD GH FRQVXPLGRUHV DEDQGRQDVVHP D FDSLWDQLD TXH ILFDYD TXDVH GHVHUWDµ 2 RXUR GDV PLQDV HP Sy SDVVDUi WRGR SDUD R HVWUDQJHLUR Mi REVHUYDYD $QWRQLO ´VDOYR R TXH VH JDVWD HP FRUG}HV DUFDGDV H RXWURV EULQFRV GRV TXDLV VH YrP KRMH FDUUHJDGDV DV PXODWDV GH PDX YLYHU H DV QHJUDV PXLWR PDLV TXH DV VHQKRUDVµ ,VWR HP SOHQD SURVSHULGDGH QRV SULPHLURV DQRV GR VpFXOR ;9,,, DR ILQGDU HVVH VpFXOR HUD SRUpP GHVRODGRUD D VLWXDomR GD FDSLWDQLD 3RU HVVH WHPSR D PLQHUDomR TXDVH DEDQGRQDGD PDO GDYD SDUD R VXVWHQWR GRV PLQHUDGRUHV HVWHV FRQVWLWXtDP XPD FODVVH GH LQGLJHQWHV 3URFXUDYDP OLYUDU VH GD PLVpULD SHOD YROWD DRV WUDEDOKRV DJUtFRODV TXH GHVFRQKHFLDP SRU FRPSOHWR 2 HVWDGR GD VRFLHGDGH GHSORUiYHO SRXFDV SHVVRDV WDOYH] PHLD G~]LD GH IDPtOLDV SRVVXtDP DOJXQV KDYHUHV RX XPD FHQWHQD GH HVFUDYRV 2 YLDMDQWH TXH VH DYHQWXUDYD SRU HVVDV UHJL}HV GHYLD OHYDU SURYLV}HV SRUTXH HP SDUWH DOJXPD DV SRGHULD FRPSUDU DR FRQWUiULR R SUySULR KDELWDQWH GD FDVD D FXMD SRUWD EDWHVVH WDOYH] OKH VXSOLFDVVH ´SHOR DPRU GH 'HXVµ D HVPROD GH XP SXQKDGR GH IDULQKD $OpP PDU QmR HUD PXLWR PHOKRU D VRUWH GR F~PSOLFH GHVVH FULPH HVW~SLGR TXH IRL D H[SORUDomR GDV PLQDV GR %UDVLO $ DGPLQLVWUDomR SRPEDOLQD SRU DOJXP WHPSR FRQVHJXLX GHVHQYROYHU D SURGXomR H FRPpUFLR GDV FRO{QLDV VREUHWXGR GD ÌQGLD (PSUHHQGHX D WDUHID GLItFLO GH UHWHU QR SDtV R RXUR TXH R %UDVLO DLQGD SURGX]LD +RXYH XP UHFRPHoR GH SURVSHULGDGH TXH GXURX DOJXQV
  • 58. 58 DQRV PHVPR GHSRLV GD TXHGD GH 3RPEDO 0DV HP TXDQGR 3RUWXJDO VH MXQWRX j ,QJODWHUUD FRQWUD D )UDQoD WRGR R SDVVDJHLUR UHVXUWR Mi VH WLQKD GLVVLSDGR VHP GLQKHLUR VHP HVTXDGUD VHP H[pUFLWR R YHOKR UHLQR VH HQWUHJRX GH FRUSR H DOPD DR DOLDGR SRGHURVR TXH OXWDYD FRQWUD 1DSROHmR (P GL] (OLVpH 5HFOXV TXDQGR R UHL SDUWLX SDUD R %UDVLO 3RUWXJDO SRGHULD GHVDSDUHFHU VXELWDPHQWH QXP FDWDFOLVPD TXH QLQJXpP QR PXQGR VH VHQWLULD OHVDGR QRV VHXV LQWHUHVVHV ³ D QmR VHU DOJXQV QHJRFLDQWHV LQJOHVHV SURSULHWiULRV GH YLQKHGRV QR 'RXUR RX RV FRQWUDEDQGLVWDV HVSDQKyLV GD IURQWHLUDµ 7LQKD IDOWDGR D 3RUWXJDO D YHUGDGHLUD FRPSUHHQVmR KLVWyULFD H HFRQ{PLFD GD VXD PLVVmR PHWURSROLWDQD $ QDomR H R JRYHUQR UHFHELDP FRPR XPD HVPROD R RXUR DV SHGUDV SUHFLRVDV H RV SURGXWRV FRPHUFLiYHLV GDV FRO{QLDV 4XLVHUDP YLYHU VHP WUDEDOKDU $ VXD JUDQGH REUD FRPR TXH LQFRQVFLHQWH SDUD RV HVWDGLVWDV GRV VpFXORV SDVVDGRV H PHVPR SDUD RV GD DWXDOLGDGH IRL D FULDomR H IRUPDomR GH XP RXWUR SRYR D TXHP SXGHUDP OHJDU D OtQJXD QDWDO H DV SHFXOLDULGDGHV UDFLDLV GD FLYLOL]DomR SRUWXJXHVD 'HVWH ODGR GR PDU DSyV WDQWR GHVOXPEUDPHQWR H WDQWR EXOtFLR DIDQRVR GH DPELomR H ORXFXUD ³ H FRPR SDUD DWHVWDU D SHUHQLGDGH GR HVStULWR FULDGRU OLEHUWDGR GRV LQWHUHVVHV H DFLGHQWHV KXPDQRV ³ GH WRGR HVVH SDVVDGR DSHQDV UHVWD XPD TXDVH UXtQD TXH p XPD REUD GH DUWH D REUD GR $OHLMDGLQKR HVFXOWRU H DUTXLWHWR 1DVFHX HP 2XUR 3UHWR HP HUD SDUGR HVFXUR ILOKR GH XP SRUWXJXrV H GH XPD DIULFDQD VDELD OHU H HVFUHYHU PDV SDUHFH QmR WHU IUHTHQWDGR RXWUD DXOD DOpP GD GH SULPHLUDV OHWUDV 3DGHFLD GH XPD WHUUtYHO PROpVWLD LQFXUiYHO HP TXH SHUGHX WRGRV RV GHGRV GRV SpV Vy DQGDQGR GH MRHOKRV GDV PmRV UHVWDYDP OKH DSHQDV RV
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  • 67. 67 SDUWH VREUHWXGR HQWUH R FOHUR RV PRVWHLURV VXVWHQWDYDP HP OX[R ´PDQFHEDV H ILOKRV PDQWHQGR FXVWRVDV H QpGLDV FDYDOJDGXUDV FRP DYHV H FmHV GH UDoDµ $ VRFLHGDGH YLYLD HP tQWLPD PLVWXUD FRP PRXURV H QHJURV XQV IRUURV RXWURV HVFUDYL]DGRV 2 WUDEDOKR VHUYLO GRV HVFUDYRV GD ÉIULFD VXVWHQWDYD D DJULFXOWXUD PDV D HVFUDYLGmR PLQDYD R RUJDQLVPR VRFLDO FRPR HP WRGD D SDUWH RQGH H[LVWLX 2V VHQKRUHV IDYRUHFLDP RV DMXQWDPHQWRV SDUD DXPHQWDUHP R Q~PHUR GH FULDV RV ILOKRV GH HVFUDYRV DWp D WHUFHLUD RX TXDUWD JHUDomR HPERUD EDWL]DGRV HUDP PDUFDGRV QD FDUD FRP XP IHUUR HP EUDVD SDUD VH YHQGHUHP R FDVWLJR PDLV FRPXP HUD TXHLPi ORV FRP WLo}HV DFHVRV RX FRP FHUD WRXFLQKR RX RXWUDV PDWpULDV GHUUHWLGDV 1HVVH DYLOWDPHQWR H QHVVHV KRUURUHV FRPHoRX D GHVDSDUHFHU R SRUWXJXrV KHUyLFR GR VpFXOR ;9 ´IUDJXHLUR DEVWrPLR GH LPDJLQDomR DUGHQWH SURSHQVR DR PLVWLFLVPRµ TXH FULDUD R WLSR SHUIHLWR GR KRPHP DYHQWXUHLUR DXGDFLRVR H VRQKDGRU OLYUH VHP UHEXoRV QHP HXIHPLVPRV GH OLQJXDJHP FRPR LPDJLQDPRV RV TXH SLQWRX 1XQR *RQoDOYHV QR UHWiEXOR GH 6mR 9LFHQWH 2V LQGLYtGXRV DRV SRXFRV SHUGLDP D GXUH]D GD SULPLWLYD WrPSHUD $ ÌQGLD Mi RV HVJRWDUD FRP RV VHXV HQFDQWRV H GHVLOXV}HV GXUD HVFROD GH IHURFLGDGH EUXWDO GH FRELoD YRUD] GH OX[~ULD KLUFLQD RQGH D PRFLGDGH SRUWXJXHVD VH LD HGXFDQGR QRV YtFLRV H FULPHV GD VHGXomR DVLiWLFD 3RU HVVH SRYR Mi JDIDGR GR JpUPHQ GH GHFDGrQFLD FRPHoRX D VHU FRORQL]DGR R %UDVLO )UXWLILFDUDP HVSOHQGLGDPHQWH RV IRUWHV WURQFRV TXH SULPHLUR FKHJDUDP j QRYD WHUUD 0DLV WDUGH Vy HVFDSDUDP j GHJHQHUHVFrQFLD GH DOpP PDU RV JUXSRV pWQLFRV
  • 68. 68 VHJUHJDGRV H DSXUDGRV SRU XPD PHVWLoDJHP DSURSULDGD )RL R FDVR GH 3LUDWLQLQJD HP TXH R &DPLQKR GR 0DU SUHSDURX H IDFLOLWRX SDUD D IRUPDomR GR PDPDOXFR HVVH ´FHQWUR GH LVRODPHQWRµ GD WHRULD GH 0RULW] :DJQHU 2XWURV Q~FOHRV GH SRSXODomR FRPR D FDSLWDQLD GH 'XDUWH &RHOKR PDLV FLYLOL]DGD H D %DKLD VHGH GR JRYHUQR FHQWUDO VH OLJDYDP XPELOLFDOPHQWH DR RUJDQLVPR GRHQWLR H HQIUDTXHFLGR GD PHWUySROH 1mR YLYLDP SDUD DVVLP GL]HU GH YLGD SUySULD D SUR[LPLGDGH GD (XURSD R LQWHUFkPELR FRPHUFLDO D LQIOXrQFLD GLUHWD GD DGPLQLVWUDomR FHQWUDO PLO IDWRUHV pWQLFRV H HFRQ{PLFRV VROLGDUL]DYDP HVVDV FRO{QLDV FRP R ULWPR YLWDO GR YHOKR UHLQR RUD SDXSpUULPR RUD HVEDQMDGRU GH ULTXH]DV PDV QR FDPLQKR IDWDO SDUD D YHOKLFH &RPR GD (XURSD GR 5HQDVFLPHQWR QRV YLHUD R FRORQR SULPLWLYR LQGLYLGXDOLVWD H DQiUTXLFR iYLGR GH JR]R H YLGD OLYUH ³ YHLR QRV HP VHJXLGD R SRUWXJXrV GD JRYHUQDQoD H GD IUDGDULD )RL R FRORQL]DGRU )RL R QRVVR DQWHSDVVDGR HXURSHX $R SULPHLUR FRQWDWR FRP R DPELHQWH ItVLFR H VRFLDO GR VHX H[tOLR QRYDV LQIOXrQFLDV GDV PDLV YDULDGDV HVSpFLHV GHOH VH DSRGHUDULDP H R WUDQVIRUPDULDP QXP HQWH QRYR QHP LJXDO QHP GLIHUHQWH GR TXH SDUWLUD GD PmH SiWULD 'RPLQDYDP QR GRLV VHQWLPHQWRV WLUkQLFRV VHQVXDOLVPR H SDL[mR GR RXUR $ KLVWyULD GR %UDVLO p R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GHVRUGHQDGR GHVVDV REVHVV}HV VXEMXJDQGR R HVStULWR H R FRUSR GH VXDV YtWLPDV 3DUD R HURWLVPR H[DJHUDGR FRQWULEXtDP FRPR F~PSOLFHV ³ Mi GLVVHPRV ³ WUrV IDWRUHV R FOLPD D WHUUD D PXOKHU LQGtJHQD RX D HVFUDYD DIULFDQD 1D WHUUD YLUJHP WXGR LQFLWDYD DR FXOWR GR YtFLR VH[XDO $R ILQGDU R VpFXOR GDV GHVFREHUWDV R TXH VDEHPRV GR HPEULmR GH VRFLHGDGH HQWmR H[LVWHQWH p XP WHVWHPXQKR GRV GHVYDULRV GD SUHRFXSDomR HUyWLFD 'HVVHV H[FHVVRV GH
  • 69. 69 YLGD VHQVXDO ILFDUDP WUDoRV LQGHOpYHLV QR FDUiFWHU EUDVLOHLUR 2V IHQ{PHQRV GH HVJRWDPHQWR QmR VH OLPLWDP jV IXQo}HV VHQVRULDLV H YHJHWDWLYDV HVWHQGHP VH DWp R GRPtQLR GD LQWHOLJrQFLD H GRV VHQWLPHQWRV 3URGX]HP QR RUJDQLVPR SHUWXUEDo}HV VRPiWLFDV H SVtTXLFDV DFRPSDQKDGDV GH XPD SURIXQGD IDGLJD TXH IDFLOPHQWH WRPD DVSHFWRV SDWROyJLFRV LQGR GR QRMR DWp R yGLR 3RU RXWUR ODGR FRPR GHULYDWLYR GHVVD SDL[mR RXWUR VHQWLPHQWR VXUJLD QD DOPD GR FRQTXLVWDGRU H SRYRDGRU RXWUR VHQWLPHQWR H[WHQXDQWH QD VXD HVWHULOLGDGH PDWHULDOLVWD D IDVFLQDomR GR RXUR H[FOXVLYD FRPR XPD PDQLD 7LSR UHSUHVHQWDWLYR H SLWRUHVFR GD H[DOWDomR D TXH FKHJDUDP HVVDV SDL[}HV YLROHQWDV IRL 6HEDVWLmR 3LQKHLUR 5DSRVR EDQGHLUDQWH SDXOLVWD 9LQGR GH 6mR 3DXOR SHUFRUUHX FRP D FRPLWLYD GH FDPDUDGDV H HVFUDYRV tQGLRV H QHJURV RV VHUW}HV GR 1RUWH H 1RUGHVWH GHL[DQGR SRU WRGD D SDUWH XP UDVWR VDQJXLQROHQWR H XPD OHQGD GH ULTXH]D $FRPSDQKDYD R XP EDQGR GH PXFDPEDV FRP TXHP WLQKD LQ~PHURV ILOKRV 8PD YH] GXDV GHVWDV H[DXVWDV SHOR FDPLQKR PRQWDQKRVR FDtUDP GHVIDOHFLGDV j EHLUD GD HVWUDGD 2 VHUWDQLVWD PDQGRX DV GHVSHQKDU SHOR SUHFLStFLR DEDL[R SRLV ´QmR TXHULD GHL[i ODV YLYDV SDUD QmR VHUYLUHP D RXWUHPµ 7HYH IDPD GH ULTXtVVLPR FRP DV ERUUDFKDV H VXUU}HV VHPSUH FKHLRV GH RXUR HUDP DV VXDV ´DUURELQKDVµ GL]LD 'HQRPLQDUDP QR R UHL GR 2XUR H GD 9RO~SLD 1D OXWD HQWUH HVVHV DSHWLWHV ³ VHP RXWUR LGHDO QHP UHOLJLRVR QHP HVWpWLFR VHP QHQKXPD SUHRFXSDomR SROtWLFD LQWHOHFWXDO RX DUWtVWLFD ³ FULDYD VH SHOR GHFXUVR GRV VpFXORV XPD UDoD WULVWH $ PHODQFROLD GRV DEXVRV YHQpUHRV H D PHODQFROLD GRV TXH YLYHP QD LGpLD IL[D GR HQULTXHFLPHQWR ³ QR DEVRUWR VHP ILQDOLGDGH GHVVDV SDL[}HV LQVDFLiYHLV ³ VmR YLQFRV IXQGRV QD QRVVD
  • 70. 70 SVFKp UDFLDO SDL[}HV TXH QmR FRQKHFHP H[FHo}HV QR OLPLWDGR YLYHU LQVWLQWLYR GR KRPHP PDV DTXL VH GHVHQYROYHUDP GH XPD RULJHP SDWRJrQLFD SURYRFDGD VHP G~YLGD SHOD DXVrQFLD GH VHQWLPHQWRV DIHWLYRV GH RUGHP VXSHULRU )RL QD H[DOWDomR GHVVHV LQVWLQWRV TXH VH IRUPRX D DWPRVIHUD HVSHFLDO HP TXH QDVFHX YLYHX H SUROLIHURX R KDELWDQWH GD FRO{QLD 'R HQIUDTXHFLPHQWR GD HQHUJLD ItVLFD GD DXVrQFLD RX GLPLQXLomR GD DWLYLGDGH PHQWDO XP GRV UHVXOWDGRV FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV QRV KRPHQV H QDV FROHWLYLGDGHV p VHP G~YLGD R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GD SURSHQVmR PHODQFyOLFD 3RVW FRLWXP DQLPDO WULVWH QLVL JDOOXV TXL FDQWDW DILUPDYD R YHOKR DGiJLR GD PHGLFLQD p R ´FRODSVRµ GRV PpGLFRV GHSUHVVmR ItVLFD H PRUDO SDVVDJHLUD HP FHUWDV FRQGLo}HV QRUPDLV FRQWtQXD QRV FDVRV GH H[FHVVRV UHSHWLGRV 1R %UDVLO D WULVWH]D VXFHGHX j LQWHQVD YLGD VH[XDO GR FRORQR GHVYLDGD SDUD DV SHUYHUV}HV HUyWLFDV H GH XP IXQGR DFHQWXDGDPHQWH DWiYLFR 3RU VXD YH] D FRELoD p XPD HQWLGDGH PyUELGD XPD GRHQoD GR HVStULWR FRP VHXV VLQWRPDV VXDV FDXVDV H HYROXomR 3RGH DEVRUYHU WRGD D HQHUJLD SVtTXLFD VHP UHPpGLRV SDUD R VHX GHVHQYROYLPHQWR VHP FXUD SDUD RV VHXV PDOHV (QWUH QyV SRU VpFXORV IRL SDL[mR LQVDWLVIHLWD FRQYHUWLGD HP LGpLD IL[D SHOD SUySULD GHFHSomR TXH D VHJXLD $EVRUYHX WRGD D DWLYLGDGH GLQkPLFD GR FRORQR DYHQWXUHLUR VHP TXH QXQFD OKH GHVVH D VDFLHGDGH GD ULTXH]D RX D VLPSOHV WUDQTLOLGDGH GD PHWD DWLQJLGD 1R DQVHLR GD SURFXUD DIDQRVD QD GHVLOXVmR GR RXUR HVVH VHQWLPHQWR p WDPEpP PHODQFyOLFR SHOD LQXWLOLGDGH GR HVIRUoR H SHOR UHVVDLER GD GHVLOXVmR /X[~ULD FRELoD PHODQFROLD 1RV SRYRV FRPR QRV LQGLYtGXRV p D VHTrQFLD GH XP TXDGUR GH SVLFRSDWLD