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Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
                                                 Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
EXENDIS B.V.                             HOT NEWS:
Ede, The Netherlands.
                                  EXENDIS power converter
                                  business unit overgenomen
          Marketing & Sales       door ALFEN b.v.
                        R&D
    Small Series Production       miv nov 2011
                 After Sales




                           Partnerships:
                   Mid and large scale production
                                                            EXENDIS:
                        NL+ EU universities
                                                            info@exendis.com
               EIT (European Institute of Technology)       Keesomstraat 4
                                                            6710 BB Ede
                                                            The Netherlands
                      ISO 9001:2000 certified               Phone: +31 318 676111

                    ISO/TS 16949 in partnership             Fax:         +31 318 624615

                                                        Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Wie/wat is Alfen

  Specialist in transformatorstations
   (met Nederland als thuismarkt)
  130 werknemers
  Omzet 2010 ca. €40.000.000
  Opgericht in 1937 en naar Almere in 1983
  Onderdeel van TBI (sinds 1971)
  TBI is een bouw en installatietechniek concern
   met €2 mld omzet en 10.000 medewerkers dat
   vooral in Nederland actief is.


                                                    22-11-11
Producten
  Diabolo Compactstations
   in 2010 ongeveer 1400 stuks
  Entrado Betreedbare stations
   in 2010 ongeveer 200 stuks
  Beheer en onderhoud
  Innovatieve, specifieke oplossingen
   t.b.v. elektrische infrastructuur
  Turn key levering (ms)netaansluitingen
  Reeks Sicuro producten voor 10kV WKK aansluitingen
  ICU laadpunten
Klanten
  Energiebedrijven 60%
          Enexis
          Alliander
          Stedin/Joulz
          Delta, NRE, Rendo
  Glastuinbouw 30%
  Overig 7%
        Petrochemie
        Rail (bovenleidingschakelaars)
  Export 3%
Kracht van Alfen
    Kennis van het eindproduct
    Kennis van toegepaste onderdelen
    Kennis van de toepassing
    3D CAD ontwerpsysteem
    Batchproductie, JIT aansturing
    ISO 9001-2000 en VCA** gecertificeerd
    Partnership met klant en leverancier
    Innovatief
Focus op MVA

  Gecertificeerd op niveau 3 van de CO2
   prestatieladder van ProRail (nu stichting
   SKAO)
  Eigen bedrijfsschool in samenwerking
   met het ROC Flevoland
  Stage bedrijf 2009 van Almere




                                               22-11-11
Ontwikkelingen

  ICU laadpunten

  Componenten voor Smart Grids

  Uitbreiding reeks Sicuro producten

  Uitbouw marktpositie in België




                                        22-11-11
Inverter innovations since 1988
                        example of historical 120 kW systems




 1988                       1995         1999                2005            2008
 LF transformer technology using more compact construction         Using HF transformer technology

                                                                              using water cooling

 •    EXENDIS Solar Hybrid Inverter solution; Power range 10 kW – 1 MW, Modular, expandable, integrated
      solution, redundant, N-1, N+1
 •                             Lowest Weight, Smallest Size
      All “state of the art” solar inverter manufacturers have adopted HF technology
 •    Currently most Solar Hybrid Inverters for powerlevels above 10 kW are using LF technology




                                                                                    Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Electric Vehicle Fast Charger
•  Europe s first EV fast charger (April 2010) is
   equipped with Power Converter of EXENDIS
   and charging posts of ALFEN




                                          Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Smart Grid / autonomous grid
experiencies EXENDIS/ALFEN




                         Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
FP-7 EU project: GROWDERS

                 The GROWDERS project is part of the SOPRA roadmap

Li-ion battery


Inverter


Control
system




                                                               Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
10 kV
                        Intelligent Distribution Station          Zigbee node

                                                                 Zigbee Utilities network coordinator
                                                                                                        Smart Substation (IOP EMVT)
 I         I
                            Monitor & Control
     U
                    I                                            Zigbee Home network coordinator
                                                                                                           • The objective is enabling high
                                                   Internet                             Residentieel
Xiria
                                                                                          Energie          penetration of renewable energy in
                                                                                        Management
                                        ESI/MHI
                                     30-50 kWh
                                                                                                           a distribution grid:
 Smart                                                                            PV      Storage
 Trafo                               U                              uWKK
                                DC  30-50kW
                                 AC PQ purposes
                                                                                                              - distributed generation
                                                                   Loads                                                 - micro CHP
                                                                                                        Internet
     MCCB with
     motor drive
                        U
                                                                                   Xanura Gateway                           (gas based stirling)
     or contactor                   LV
 400V
                    I            I distribution                                                                          - Solar
                                      U
  I  I         I        I   I     I                                                                                      - small wind mills
                                         fuse
                                         monitor
                                                                                    kWh meter
                                                                                    according to              - Power Quality improvement
                                                                                kWh NTA 8130
                                                                                                                         - active power
                                                              3-5 houses                                                 - reactive power
                                                                                                                         - Fault Ride Through
                                                                                                                         - active harmonic damping
                                                                           I                                             - etc
                                                                                                              - Automatic islanding (UPS-mode)


                                                                                                                             Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Smart Substation with Energy Storage




Lab tests: May – December 2009
Field operation: started February 2010
                                         Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Smart substation prototype with research facilities




                                             Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Mini grids for ships and other applications
(diesel hybrid electric propulsion + electrical grid):
                       f.e.: SY Ethereal
                       •  known as the most GREEN SY in the
                       world.
                       • Supplied with 480 kW (720 kWpeak)
                       Minigrid of EXENDIS, and a 400 kWh Li-ion
                       pack.
                       •  Power is twice the power of an average
                       village in rural areas !
                       •  System is build under a cabin s floor !
                       •  System delivered in 2007, in operation
                       since early 2008


                                                    Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
FC Generator Uniflex




Consortium:
Ministry of traffic (NL)
NEDSTACK
Bredenoord
Hygear
ECN
Air products
EXENDIS



                                              Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
                                                 Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
SOPRA Consortium




                   Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Rural electrification
•  Approx. 1.6 - 2.0 billion
   people do not have
   electricity and water
•  Connecting to public
   utilities is very often
   not economical




    •  No electricity => No development
    •  Increasing poverty is the result
                                       Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Effective sun hours per day




Average windspeed




                              Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Factors below are without:     2010          2020
                                                      2x 2007 fc    3 x 2007 forecast




                                                                                   * 280 !
2020:                                                       * 45 !
The total off grid PV market
will be in the range of
several 10.000.000.000 Euro

                                                                   Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Day characteristics of the different
        renewable sources
           Power
•  PV


                                      time
•  Wind




•  Hydro


                               Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Typical characteristic of load
          Power




                                                       time


•  Pload <> Prenewable source
•  Solutions are:
    –  Preneable = Ploadmax (meaning not utilizing all renewable energy)
    –  Use diesel generation
    –  Introduce energy storage


                                                                Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Remark: PV hybride prices of few years ago, 2011 significantly lower
                                                         Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
oil price




            Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
PV panel prices




                  Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Business case of SOPRA

1.    Long distance = high costs => mini grid is the solution

2.    Expensive diesel fuel

3.    High PV and/or wind intensity

4.    reducing costs of PV panels




                                                        Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Interesting parallelism in developing
             countries :


•  Telecom: not wired => mobile phone/internet
•  Rural Electrification: not wired => minigrids




                                       Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Example of a typical Off-grid Hybrid system:

                                                                                Local and remote service and control
                                                                                          Windows XPE based

                                                          Sync
                                                            +
                                                                           Local                        Local
                                                       Power meter        server                       control
                                                                          (panel                      and read
                                                                                PC)                     out

                                                                                        Router
           Max 110 kW with MPPT
           PV input is under development
                                                                      Surge
                                                                     Arrestor

                                                                                      AC-grid power 240 kW
                                                                                      3p+n
           Max 110 kW with MPPT                                       Power
           PV input is under development                              Meter




                                                                                AC coupled PV / Wind :
           Max 110 kW with MPPT
           PV input is under development                                        •  Using standard third
                                                                                party Grid tied PV
                                                                                inverters
                                                                                •  Requirement:
                                                                                                                          Internet based remote
                                                                                Frequency Shift Power
                                                                                                                          service:
           Max 110 kW with MPPT                                                 Control (FSPC):
           PV input is under development                                                                                  •  Error diagnostics
                                                                                      Power                               •  Statistics (PV, Gensets,
                                                                                                                          tanks, MHI s, Battery, etc)
                                                                                                      51 52 Hz            •  Fuel-level check
                                                                                               freq
                                                                                                                          •  Remote control and
                                                                                                                          parameter change
                                                                                                                          •  Remote software and
                                                CVMS
                                                                                                                          firmware upload




                                                                                                                 autonomous outdoor
                                                                                                                 radiator
Note: not all components are EXENDIS supplied                                                 240 kW Rack
                                                                                                                                            Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
SMA Sunny boy / Sunny FSPC solution

                                      •  SMA FSPC control =
                                       SOPRA droop control (WG)




                                              Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
How to control the power of all DG




The MHI inverters control the grid frequency in order to
       regulate all distributed power sources
                                            Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Control methods
•  PV and WG power by means of FSPC to limit
   power in case of high SOC of battery
•  DG active power by means of DG frequency
   droop
•  DG reactive power by means of grid voltage




                                      Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
EXENDIS Multi-source Hybrid Inverter System
To local and remote
 operator interface           Module main specs:
                              •  AC output 60 kW
                                 (80 kWpeak)
                              •  Optionally: PV input 110 kW MPPT
                              •  Water cooling
                              •  Build in Mastercontroller
                              •  Redundant
                              •  Fully integrated (no extra wiring)
                              •  Compliant to CE-directives
                              •  Easy expandable in power


                              Picture is example of:
                              •    Solar Hybrid system:
                                    –    AC output 180 kW (240 kW peak)
                                    –    Optionally: PV input 330 kW (3 MPPT of each 110 kW)
                                    –    The bottom two modules are the AC and DC distribution
                                         system




    To Grid




                                                             Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Typical example of Solar Hybrid system (Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia)



                                     •  500   houses, 2000 persons
                                     •  Main power station:
                                              •  Grid inverter : 240 kVA
                                              •  Solar power: 200 kWp
                                              •  battery: 600 kWh
                                              •  4 generators of each 200 kW
                                     •  distribution: 10 kVac + 415 Vac
                                     •  two sub power stations of each
                                              •  Grid inverter : 60 kVA
                                              •  Solar inverter : 60 kVA
                                              •  battery: 360 kWh




                                                              Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Two Solar substations of 60 kW each




                             Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
SOPRA military applications




                                                              © www.beeldleveranciers.nl




Statement: the Netherlands in Uruzgan => 12 MW diesel = many 1000 houses
   @ 6 Euro / liter diesel for 5 yr => saving potential SOPRA 400 MEuro .


                                                          Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
Objectives SOPRA
•  Objectives test site:
  –  Development and demonstration laboratory of SOPRA and smart
     grid applications.
  –  Development and test of power and energy management algorithms
  –  Demonstrator for customers
  –  Object to attract and train students


•  Specifications test site HAN to opened today:
  –    Multi source Hybrid inverter (60 kW) + battery bank (EXENDIS)
  –    30 kWp grid connected PV (PFIXX)
  –    Wind energy simulator (WES)
  –    Diesel genset (Bredenoord)
  –    Loads
  –    Power and energy management, supervision, remote monitoring
       with SCADA system (EXENDIS, HAN, TUD, etc)
                                                        Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
46
Intro – Electrification rates




% of People without Electricity, 2008
Source: WHO & UNDP




                                        47
Intro – People without electricity




Millions of People without Electricity, 2008,
Source: WHO & UNDP




                                                48
Sustainable Hybrid Power System
                                   Solar Panels       Multi source Hybrid Inverters


   Batteries




                                      Wind turbines




               Diesel generators




                                                                                      Power cables




                                                                                                     49
Research question
Analysis and simulation of a sustainable hybrid power system for
     rural areas, powered by solar, wind, and diesel energy


                     Determine the cost of




                                                                   50
Presentation outline




                   More installed Renewable Energy
Diesel generator




                                                     51
Renewable energy
Positive points
• Can be cheaper than conventional energy sources
• Does not cause energy dependance on other countries

Negative points
• Is variable and therefore less reliable
• Requires electrical energy storage




                                                        52
Renewable energy
Positive points
• Can be cheaper than conventional energy sources
• Reduces energy dependance on other countries
• Better for the environment

Negative points
• Is variable and therefore less reliable
• Requires electrical energy storage (expensive)
• Requires large amounts of space



                                                    53
Example for a SOPRA location
Finding the optimal system configuration for Angola
                                         0%           100%




                               % of people
                               without Electricity
                               Source: WHO & UNDP




                                                             54
Yearly average available solar energy




 Data: NASA




                                        55
Consequences of a little RE in a system

        Energy demand
                                           Diesel Energy

  A little Renewable Energy in not a problem (<40%)




                                         Solar Energy




                                                           56
Real available solar energy per month




                                        Capacity factor
Data: NASA




                                           57
Consequences of yearly variations
     SMALL                     BIGGER                  BIGGEST




                     More installed renewable energy
                           LOWEST COST?



        (1)                     (2)                       (3)
  NO RE LOSSES          Avg Supply=Demand              NO DIESEL
(Storage required)

                                                                   58
Consequences of a bit more RE



  A bit more Renewable Energy is a small problem (<70%)




Energy from                                 Energy storage
the battery                                 in a battery


                                                             59
Costs of energy sources compared
Costs of renewable energy (RE)

•  Mainly depend on wind speeds and irradiance

Cost of diesel energy

•  Mainly depend on the diesel price




                                                 60
Costs of energy sources compared




    Data for SOPRA installation in the Sunbelt, major assumptions made!



                                                                          61
Costs of RE with storage costs
Cost of the battery
•  Every kWh through a battery degrades the battery!

Cost of lost energy
•  Depends on energy cost and storage efficiency




                                                       62
Consequences of more RE in a system

                                          Full battery leads
                                          to RE losses

A lot of Renewable Energy is a complex problem (>70%)




                                                           63
Consequences of yearly variations
  SMALL                  BIGGER                  BIGGEST




               More installed renewable energy




     (1)                  (2)                       (3)
NO RE LOSSES      Avg Supply=Demand              NO DIESEL


                                                             64
Costs of diesel and RE compared
Cost of renewable energy (RE)
•  Depends on energy wind speeds and irradiance

Cost of diesel energy
•  Depends on diesel price

          12%




Real cost of renewable energy
•  Depends on the amount that can be used


                                                  65
Costs of diesel and RE compared




   12%




                                  66
Interim Conclusions
Renewable Energy can be cheaper until

  •  too much has to be stored          (daily balance)
  •  too much is lost                   (yearly balance)

Renewable Energy variations should be limited

  •  Daily mismatch should be limited to prevent storage
  •  Yearly mismatch should be limited to prevent losses

How do we limit the variations

  •  Combining Renewable energy sources
  •  Limiting Renewable energy fraction in energy mix
                                                           67
Real available wind energy per month




Data: NASA




                                       68
Sizing the SOPRA system (Wind only)
   SMALL          BIGGER        BIGGEST
NO RE LOSSES   LOWEST COST?     NO DIESEL




                                            69
Yearly variations in RE supply

Solar peak          Wind peak                      Combined is
                                                       better?
   Limiting the yearly variation means more RE can be used




                                    Solar dip
                     Wind dip




                                                            70
Consequences of RE mix

•    WIND ONLY     OPTIMUM MIX       SOLAR ONLY




                            LOWEST COST?


                                                  71
Detailed calculations required
Simulation for each possible system configuration:
1.  Determination of battery use and charge powers
2.  Determination of optimal diesel generator operation
3.  Determination of conversion and RE losses
4.  Determination of system costs




                                                          72
73
Detailed simulations

• SOPRA system installed in the Netherlands

  •  Wind speeds power limited because of a 10 min
            Wind and irradiance for every full battery

     •  10 year of data from 2001 to 2010, KNMI

  •  Demand for every 15 min

     •  1 year of data from from ecofys




                                                         74
Available RE in Holland (monthly average)




                                            75
Real required energy per month (houses)




                                          76
Variation of year averages




                             77
Results of simulations for NL
Installation costs




                              More installed renewable energy
                                                                78
More installed renewable energy
                                  79
More installed renewable energy
                                  80
More installed renewable energy
                                  81
Price development solar power




                                82
Solar panel costs -25%




More installed renewable energy
                                  83
Diesel cost from 1.5 to 3.0 €/L




More installed renewable energy
                                  84
Conclusions
Break even point is determined per location by

  •  Available Renewable Energy and fuel cost
  •  System life and price changes of components

Renewable Energy can be cheaper until

  •  too much has to be stored         (daily balance)
  •  too much is lost                  (yearly balance)




                                                          85
Questions ??


                   Evert Raaijen: e.raaijen@exendis.com
                                     or
                   Arne Kaas:      a.w.s.kaas@tudelft.nl


The SOPRA project is supported by :




                                                           86

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Energie in ontwikkeling SOPRA-project

  • 1. Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 2. EXENDIS B.V. HOT NEWS: Ede, The Netherlands. EXENDIS power converter business unit overgenomen Marketing & Sales door ALFEN b.v. R&D Small Series Production miv nov 2011 After Sales Partnerships: Mid and large scale production EXENDIS: NL+ EU universities info@exendis.com EIT (European Institute of Technology) Keesomstraat 4 6710 BB Ede The Netherlands ISO 9001:2000 certified Phone: +31 318 676111 ISO/TS 16949 in partnership Fax: +31 318 624615 Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 3. Wie/wat is Alfen   Specialist in transformatorstations (met Nederland als thuismarkt)   130 werknemers   Omzet 2010 ca. €40.000.000   Opgericht in 1937 en naar Almere in 1983   Onderdeel van TBI (sinds 1971)   TBI is een bouw en installatietechniek concern met €2 mld omzet en 10.000 medewerkers dat vooral in Nederland actief is. 22-11-11
  • 4. Producten   Diabolo Compactstations in 2010 ongeveer 1400 stuks   Entrado Betreedbare stations in 2010 ongeveer 200 stuks   Beheer en onderhoud   Innovatieve, specifieke oplossingen t.b.v. elektrische infrastructuur   Turn key levering (ms)netaansluitingen   Reeks Sicuro producten voor 10kV WKK aansluitingen   ICU laadpunten
  • 5. Klanten   Energiebedrijven 60%   Enexis   Alliander   Stedin/Joulz   Delta, NRE, Rendo   Glastuinbouw 30%   Overig 7%   Petrochemie   Rail (bovenleidingschakelaars)   Export 3%
  • 6. Kracht van Alfen   Kennis van het eindproduct   Kennis van toegepaste onderdelen   Kennis van de toepassing   3D CAD ontwerpsysteem   Batchproductie, JIT aansturing   ISO 9001-2000 en VCA** gecertificeerd   Partnership met klant en leverancier   Innovatief
  • 7. Focus op MVA   Gecertificeerd op niveau 3 van de CO2 prestatieladder van ProRail (nu stichting SKAO)   Eigen bedrijfsschool in samenwerking met het ROC Flevoland   Stage bedrijf 2009 van Almere 22-11-11
  • 8. Ontwikkelingen   ICU laadpunten   Componenten voor Smart Grids   Uitbreiding reeks Sicuro producten   Uitbouw marktpositie in België 22-11-11
  • 9. Inverter innovations since 1988 example of historical 120 kW systems 1988 1995 1999 2005 2008 LF transformer technology using more compact construction Using HF transformer technology using water cooling •  EXENDIS Solar Hybrid Inverter solution; Power range 10 kW – 1 MW, Modular, expandable, integrated solution, redundant, N-1, N+1 •  Lowest Weight, Smallest Size All “state of the art” solar inverter manufacturers have adopted HF technology •  Currently most Solar Hybrid Inverters for powerlevels above 10 kW are using LF technology Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 10. Electric Vehicle Fast Charger •  Europe s first EV fast charger (April 2010) is equipped with Power Converter of EXENDIS and charging posts of ALFEN Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 11. Smart Grid / autonomous grid experiencies EXENDIS/ALFEN Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 12. FP-7 EU project: GROWDERS The GROWDERS project is part of the SOPRA roadmap Li-ion battery Inverter Control system Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 13. 10 kV Intelligent Distribution Station Zigbee node Zigbee Utilities network coordinator Smart Substation (IOP EMVT) I I Monitor & Control U I Zigbee Home network coordinator • The objective is enabling high Internet Residentieel Xiria Energie penetration of renewable energy in Management ESI/MHI 30-50 kWh a distribution grid: Smart PV Storage Trafo U uWKK DC 30-50kW AC PQ purposes - distributed generation Loads - micro CHP Internet MCCB with motor drive U Xanura Gateway (gas based stirling) or contactor LV 400V I I distribution - Solar U I I I I I I - small wind mills fuse monitor kWh meter according to - Power Quality improvement kWh NTA 8130 - active power 3-5 houses - reactive power - Fault Ride Through - active harmonic damping I - etc - Automatic islanding (UPS-mode) Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 14. Smart Substation with Energy Storage Lab tests: May – December 2009 Field operation: started February 2010 Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 15. Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 16. Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 17. Smart substation prototype with research facilities Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 18. Mini grids for ships and other applications (diesel hybrid electric propulsion + electrical grid): f.e.: SY Ethereal •  known as the most GREEN SY in the world. • Supplied with 480 kW (720 kWpeak) Minigrid of EXENDIS, and a 400 kWh Li-ion pack. •  Power is twice the power of an average village in rural areas ! •  System is build under a cabin s floor ! •  System delivered in 2007, in operation since early 2008 Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 19. FC Generator Uniflex Consortium: Ministry of traffic (NL) NEDSTACK Bredenoord Hygear ECN Air products EXENDIS Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 20. Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 21. SOPRA Consortium Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 22. Rural electrification •  Approx. 1.6 - 2.0 billion people do not have electricity and water •  Connecting to public utilities is very often not economical •  No electricity => No development •  Increasing poverty is the result Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 23. Effective sun hours per day Average windspeed Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 24. Factors below are without: 2010 2020 2x 2007 fc 3 x 2007 forecast * 280 ! 2020: * 45 ! The total off grid PV market will be in the range of several 10.000.000.000 Euro Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 25. Day characteristics of the different renewable sources Power •  PV time •  Wind •  Hydro Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 26. Typical characteristic of load Power time •  Pload <> Prenewable source •  Solutions are: –  Preneable = Ploadmax (meaning not utilizing all renewable energy) –  Use diesel generation –  Introduce energy storage Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 27. Remark: PV hybride prices of few years ago, 2011 significantly lower Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 28. Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 29. oil price Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 30. PV panel prices Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 31. Business case of SOPRA 1.  Long distance = high costs => mini grid is the solution 2.  Expensive diesel fuel 3.  High PV and/or wind intensity 4.  reducing costs of PV panels Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 32. Interesting parallelism in developing countries : •  Telecom: not wired => mobile phone/internet •  Rural Electrification: not wired => minigrids Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 33. Example of a typical Off-grid Hybrid system: Local and remote service and control Windows XPE based Sync + Local Local Power meter server control (panel and read PC) out Router Max 110 kW with MPPT PV input is under development Surge Arrestor AC-grid power 240 kW 3p+n Max 110 kW with MPPT Power PV input is under development Meter AC coupled PV / Wind : Max 110 kW with MPPT PV input is under development •  Using standard third party Grid tied PV inverters •  Requirement: Internet based remote Frequency Shift Power service: Max 110 kW with MPPT Control (FSPC): PV input is under development •  Error diagnostics Power •  Statistics (PV, Gensets, tanks, MHI s, Battery, etc) 51 52 Hz •  Fuel-level check freq •  Remote control and parameter change •  Remote software and CVMS firmware upload autonomous outdoor radiator Note: not all components are EXENDIS supplied 240 kW Rack Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 34. Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 35. Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 36. SMA Sunny boy / Sunny FSPC solution •  SMA FSPC control = SOPRA droop control (WG) Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 37. How to control the power of all DG The MHI inverters control the grid frequency in order to regulate all distributed power sources Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 38. Control methods •  PV and WG power by means of FSPC to limit power in case of high SOC of battery •  DG active power by means of DG frequency droop •  DG reactive power by means of grid voltage Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 39. EXENDIS Multi-source Hybrid Inverter System To local and remote operator interface Module main specs: •  AC output 60 kW (80 kWpeak) •  Optionally: PV input 110 kW MPPT •  Water cooling •  Build in Mastercontroller •  Redundant •  Fully integrated (no extra wiring) •  Compliant to CE-directives •  Easy expandable in power Picture is example of: •  Solar Hybrid system: –  AC output 180 kW (240 kW peak) –  Optionally: PV input 330 kW (3 MPPT of each 110 kW) –  The bottom two modules are the AC and DC distribution system To Grid Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 40. Typical example of Solar Hybrid system (Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia) •  500 houses, 2000 persons •  Main power station: •  Grid inverter : 240 kVA •  Solar power: 200 kWp •  battery: 600 kWh •  4 generators of each 200 kW •  distribution: 10 kVac + 415 Vac •  two sub power stations of each •  Grid inverter : 60 kVA •  Solar inverter : 60 kVA •  battery: 360 kWh Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 41. Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 42. Two Solar substations of 60 kW each Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 43. SOPRA military applications © www.beeldleveranciers.nl Statement: the Netherlands in Uruzgan => 12 MW diesel = many 1000 houses @ 6 Euro / liter diesel for 5 yr => saving potential SOPRA 400 MEuro . Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 44. Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 45. Objectives SOPRA •  Objectives test site: –  Development and demonstration laboratory of SOPRA and smart grid applications. –  Development and test of power and energy management algorithms –  Demonstrator for customers –  Object to attract and train students •  Specifications test site HAN to opened today: –  Multi source Hybrid inverter (60 kW) + battery bank (EXENDIS) –  30 kWp grid connected PV (PFIXX) –  Wind energy simulator (WES) –  Diesel genset (Bredenoord) –  Loads –  Power and energy management, supervision, remote monitoring with SCADA system (EXENDIS, HAN, TUD, etc) Copyright © 2006 EXENDIS. All rights reserved.
  • 46. 46
  • 47. Intro – Electrification rates % of People without Electricity, 2008 Source: WHO & UNDP 47
  • 48. Intro – People without electricity Millions of People without Electricity, 2008, Source: WHO & UNDP 48
  • 49. Sustainable Hybrid Power System Solar Panels Multi source Hybrid Inverters Batteries Wind turbines Diesel generators Power cables 49
  • 50. Research question Analysis and simulation of a sustainable hybrid power system for rural areas, powered by solar, wind, and diesel energy Determine the cost of 50
  • 51. Presentation outline More installed Renewable Energy Diesel generator 51
  • 52. Renewable energy Positive points • Can be cheaper than conventional energy sources • Does not cause energy dependance on other countries Negative points • Is variable and therefore less reliable • Requires electrical energy storage 52
  • 53. Renewable energy Positive points • Can be cheaper than conventional energy sources • Reduces energy dependance on other countries • Better for the environment Negative points • Is variable and therefore less reliable • Requires electrical energy storage (expensive) • Requires large amounts of space 53
  • 54. Example for a SOPRA location Finding the optimal system configuration for Angola 0% 100% % of people without Electricity Source: WHO & UNDP 54
  • 55. Yearly average available solar energy Data: NASA 55
  • 56. Consequences of a little RE in a system Energy demand Diesel Energy A little Renewable Energy in not a problem (<40%) Solar Energy 56
  • 57. Real available solar energy per month Capacity factor Data: NASA 57
  • 58. Consequences of yearly variations SMALL BIGGER BIGGEST More installed renewable energy LOWEST COST? (1) (2) (3) NO RE LOSSES Avg Supply=Demand NO DIESEL (Storage required) 58
  • 59. Consequences of a bit more RE A bit more Renewable Energy is a small problem (<70%) Energy from Energy storage the battery in a battery 59
  • 60. Costs of energy sources compared Costs of renewable energy (RE) •  Mainly depend on wind speeds and irradiance Cost of diesel energy •  Mainly depend on the diesel price 60
  • 61. Costs of energy sources compared Data for SOPRA installation in the Sunbelt, major assumptions made! 61
  • 62. Costs of RE with storage costs Cost of the battery •  Every kWh through a battery degrades the battery! Cost of lost energy •  Depends on energy cost and storage efficiency 62
  • 63. Consequences of more RE in a system Full battery leads to RE losses A lot of Renewable Energy is a complex problem (>70%) 63
  • 64. Consequences of yearly variations SMALL BIGGER BIGGEST More installed renewable energy (1) (2) (3) NO RE LOSSES Avg Supply=Demand NO DIESEL 64
  • 65. Costs of diesel and RE compared Cost of renewable energy (RE) •  Depends on energy wind speeds and irradiance Cost of diesel energy •  Depends on diesel price 12% Real cost of renewable energy •  Depends on the amount that can be used 65
  • 66. Costs of diesel and RE compared 12% 66
  • 67. Interim Conclusions Renewable Energy can be cheaper until •  too much has to be stored (daily balance) •  too much is lost (yearly balance) Renewable Energy variations should be limited •  Daily mismatch should be limited to prevent storage •  Yearly mismatch should be limited to prevent losses How do we limit the variations •  Combining Renewable energy sources •  Limiting Renewable energy fraction in energy mix 67
  • 68. Real available wind energy per month Data: NASA 68
  • 69. Sizing the SOPRA system (Wind only) SMALL BIGGER BIGGEST NO RE LOSSES LOWEST COST? NO DIESEL 69
  • 70. Yearly variations in RE supply Solar peak Wind peak Combined is better? Limiting the yearly variation means more RE can be used Solar dip Wind dip 70
  • 71. Consequences of RE mix •  WIND ONLY OPTIMUM MIX SOLAR ONLY LOWEST COST? 71
  • 72. Detailed calculations required Simulation for each possible system configuration: 1.  Determination of battery use and charge powers 2.  Determination of optimal diesel generator operation 3.  Determination of conversion and RE losses 4.  Determination of system costs 72
  • 73. 73
  • 74. Detailed simulations • SOPRA system installed in the Netherlands •  Wind speeds power limited because of a 10 min Wind and irradiance for every full battery •  10 year of data from 2001 to 2010, KNMI •  Demand for every 15 min •  1 year of data from from ecofys 74
  • 75. Available RE in Holland (monthly average) 75
  • 76. Real required energy per month (houses) 76
  • 77. Variation of year averages 77
  • 78. Results of simulations for NL Installation costs More installed renewable energy 78
  • 83. Solar panel costs -25% More installed renewable energy 83
  • 84. Diesel cost from 1.5 to 3.0 €/L More installed renewable energy 84
  • 85. Conclusions Break even point is determined per location by •  Available Renewable Energy and fuel cost •  System life and price changes of components Renewable Energy can be cheaper until •  too much has to be stored (daily balance) •  too much is lost (yearly balance) 85
  • 86. Questions ?? Evert Raaijen: e.raaijen@exendis.com or Arne Kaas: a.w.s.kaas@tudelft.nl The SOPRA project is supported by : 86