SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  7
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC
  UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD.




          M.A ENGLISH LITERATURE & LANGUISTICS

                 4th SEMESTER-SECTION A

                POST COLONIAL LITERATURE

ASSIGNMENT TOPIC:ORIENTALISM (INTRODUCTION & 1ST CHAPTER)

             SUBMITTED TO: DR. SAYIMA ASLAM

               SUBMITTED BY: HUMA HAFEEZ

                      HUMA ASLAM

                     KINZA GHAFOOR

                      SUMAIRA BIBI

                      MARIA SABEEN




                                           Dated: 7TH march, 2013
In the introduction of Edward Said‟s book of Orientalism, Saidtakes the initiative by describing
Orient in order to expose the vital common Western misconception about the East. The term
orient is a western invention. He says that this misconception dwells in the Western mind in such
a way as if it were irrelevant that the Orient itself was actually sociologically affected. Said uses
the phrase “Other” to describe the Western fascination with theOrient” as one can only find an
idea of themselves through a contrast with an “Other.” This is a fitting comparison to Said‟s
topic,considering the emphasis he puts on “the Orient‟s special place in the Westernexperience.”
Said suggests that the Orient does not mean the same to American as it doesto the European
countries, which fits logically into the equation. This makes historical sense,since the Orient was
adjacent to Europe‟s earliest civilizations and the cultural exchangehas always existed.

Said analyses orientalism in terms of academic interprettation. Herefers it to the field of work of
anyone who teaches, writes about, or researches theOrient. This definition is generally too
indistinct as compared to the introductorydesignation. Although it incorporates the multiple
discourses of knowledge, it fails todistinguish the Orient as existing comparatively instead of just
being the subject ofexamination.

The second definition draws attention to this distinction and clarifiesOrientalism, while also
extending its breadth to all that is not considered west; TheMiddle East, India, Russia.
Said then proposes a third definition of Orientalism, using an analysissubstantially more
applicable in the historical context. Orientalism as the corporateinstitution for dealing with the
Orient, as the Western authority has done. He professes tobe motivated here by Foucault‟s notion
of a discourse. Michel Foucault‟s theories thathave come to bear on this discussion are his ideas
of the critical relationship under whichthe ontology of subject and object come to be known and
how these associations maycome to constitute knowledge. According to Foucault, the problem is
not isolating anyempirical conditions that may bring about this subjectivity, but to determine
what thesubject is and to what conditions it is subject. Said‟s application of this theory fits
histhird definition well, and provides a strong platform for the rest of his argument. TheOrient
has, for much of history, been the active object to the European missionary and scientist
positions.

He then lists his findings about the recent history of the Orient‟s relationship withthe West. Said
suggests that the balance of power from Franco-British involvement to alargely American
involvement has not had so great an effect Orientalism as would beexpected. This is because the
Orient is not nearly as sterile as effective Westerndomination would bring about; it is a thriving
entity just like those cultures that havepower over it. Additionally, his observations make sense
in the scope of colonialism,since certain sections of the Orient have been excluded from the
whole at certain times; The Middle East or India.
In his qualifications for interpreting Orientalism, Said includes several points ofinterest and
clarification. He agrees with Disraeli, in saying that the East is more than justan idea with no
corresponding reality. In fact, this is concurrent with the fact that manyWestern scholars have
dedicated their entire lives to studying the Orient.

Secondly, Saidreinforces that it is irresponsible to discount the control that the West exercised
over thesesocieties. The study of Orientalism could not exist had the East not been the victim
ofWestern power and domination.

Said differentiates between the types of society and how cultural influenceis derived. He cites
Antonio Gramsci as distinguishing between civil and political society,and the different
configurations and responsibilities therein. According to Gramsci, apolitical society is one in
which the citizen is directly dominated and imposed on by thestate, who create and maintain the
social institutions. Civil society, however, is made upof citizens voluntarily affiliating
themselves with certain social responsibilities. Onlyunder this type of society does the derivation
of cultural enterprise instantiate itself.Gramsci‟s main argument as that in any form of society
that is not totalitarian, certaintypes of culture will thrive. It is this societal happening that he calls
hegemony, whichSaid explains is the phenomenon that necessitates interest in cultural
„otherness‟ such asOrientalism.

After listing the three aspects of his contemporary reality, Said discusses andattempts to address
three realities that would bring the puzzle of Orientalism closer to asolution.

In differentiating between pure and political knowledge, he mentions thedifficulty of
distrusting political knowledge in the realm of a subject that is sointerconnected with politics and
international awareness. It seems to come through in thewriting that Said is finding it hard to
address a problem that is so deeply involved inimperialism, yet not trustworthy of political
knowledge. This sharp paradoxproblematizes his attempt to understand Orientalism in it‟s
historical situation.

The second step is the proposition of his methodological devices, which are inanswer to the
evident absence of the “problematic” in this study.Said uses these devicesto examine the
authority that is descriptive of the West‟s relationship with the Orient. Thefirst device is
strategic location, which describes an author‟s position in his study withregard to the Orient.
Every person who writes about the Orient must associate themselves with either the Orient or the
West (Their strategic location), therefore adding certainconnotations and themes to their
interpretations.

Strategic formation, the second device,incorporates the study of the Orient and the way in
which different intellectualstandpoints gain acceptance and credibility. Just as everyone must be
either associatedwith the West or the East, anyone who considers the Orient in their thoughts
must createa basis for whatever argument or position they assume. The intellectual basis of
theirposition is composed of referential knowledge that relates to other works (Their
strategicformation). At the end of this section, he reminds the reader that information that
ispopularly disseminated by a culture is only a representation of truth, not reality itself. Heuses
this clarification to elucidate the use of language as being culturally, not universally,expressive.

The final reality that must be addressed to bring a greater understanding ofOrientalism is what
Said calls the personal dimension. He quotes Gramsci as saying “The starting point of critical
elaboration is the consciousness of what one really is, andknowing thyself.” This quote applies
directly to the subject matter at hand, and also toSaid‟sanalysis of it. He mentions his upbringing,
the pertinence of which relates back tothe aforementioned methodological devices considering
his particular background andprevious knowledge of those who are involved in the Orient. Some
elements of hispersonal reflection on Orientalism are the long history of prejudice against people
ofArab and Islamic descent, the struggle between the Arabs and the Israelis, and its effectson
American population. The one-sidedness of this struggle has to do mainly with thelargely liberal
American identification with Zionism and the reinforcement of stereotypesof the Orient in the
electronic and popular media.

Said delves further into the reasoning behind the futility of a positive view of Arab life in the
West. His remaining comments include thathis experiences as a person of Arab descent are what
motivated him to write aboutOrientalism in the first place. For someone who is so directly and
negatively affected byWestern perceptions of the Arab world and the Orient altogether, his
analysis is a fairlyobjective and sophisticated view of Orientalism. Perhaps it is because of his
experienceswith lifelong stereotypes and the apparent dichotomy of Western and Eastern
approachesto the subject. His final comment is somewhat of a plea to the reader in the hopes that
if agreater understanding of the topic is derived from reading, then an unlearning of theprocesses
of cultural domination can conceivably begin.

Throughout Said is attempting to lay out the foundations of how the concept of Orientalism is
understood through a historical analysis of Britain‟s relationship and experience of colonial rule
over Egypt. He reviews who is called “Oriental” and how we begin to label others. Said reviews
how knowledge and power creates the ability of one group to obtain authority over another group
and thus striping the autonomy away from “the other.” Moreover, Said continues by noting that
this dominance allows for the group with power and knowledge to accept the superiority as the
norm and takes for granted their position of authority. For example, the West will take their
position of dominance and analyze all beliefs and views, which differ from their own, as
abnormal. As Western nations, became more powerful, we automatically begin assuming
positive qualities towards the dominating group and negative qualities towards the “weaker”
group. Thus, all attributes, behaviors, and cultural norms are compared to the “western norm.”
This then allowed all Western thought to be rational and normal and all others thought patterns to
be irrational and strange. Said uses his first chapter to describe how the concept of the western
dominance over the east (Orient) created an ideological framework, which looks at the East as
least superior than West, this is what Said describes as Orientalism.

Said outlines his argument with several limitations as he States that it fails to include Russian
Orientalism and explicitly excludes German Orientalism, which he suggests had “clean “ pasts
and could be promising future studies. Said also suggests that not all academic discourse in the
west has to be orient list in its intent but much of it. He also suggests that all cultures have a view
of other cultures that may be exotic and harmless to some extent, but it is not this view that he
argues against and when this view is taken by a military and economically dominant culture
against another it can lead to disastrous results.

Said starts by analyzing public speeches and writings of two British imperialists of the early 20th
century about the Egypt, making an emphasis on how the stress that since the British imperial
authorities “know better” their country, they have a natural right to rule it:

British knowledge of Egypt is Egypt for Balfour, and the burdens of knowledge make such
questions as inferiority and superiority seem petty ones. Balfour nowhere denies British
superiority and Egyptian inferiority; he takes them for granted as he describes the consequences
of knowledge.

During his involvement in imperial affairs Belfour Serve a monarch who in 1876 had been
declared Empress of India; he had been especially well placed in position of uncommon
influence to follow the Afghan and Zulu wars, the British occupation of Egypt in 1882, the death
of General Gordon in the Sudan, the Russo- Japanese war.

Two great themes dominate his remarks here and in what will follow: Knowledge and Power.
As Balfour justifies the necessity for British occupation of Egypt, Supremacy in his mind is
associated with “our” knowledge of Egypt and not principally with military or economic power.
Knowledge to Balfour means rising above immediacy, beyond self, into Foreign and distant. The
object of such knowledge in inherently Vulnerable to scrutiny; this object is a “fact” which, it
develops, changes or otherwise transforms itself in the way that civilizations frequently do,
nevertheless is fundamentally, even ontologically stable.

Balfour is of the view that; it is a good thing for these great nations and headmires their greatness
that this absolute Government should be exercised by them. He think it is a good thing an
experience shows that they have got under it far better government that in the whole history of
the world they ever had before, and which not only is a benefit to them, but it undoubtedly a
benefit to the whole to the civilized west. Balfour states;“We are Egypt not merely for the sake
of the Egyptians/ though we are these for their sake; we are there also for the sake of Europe at
large”.
Balfour produces no evidence that Egyptians and “the races with whom we deal.” Appreciate or
even understand the good that is being done them by Colonial occupation. It does not occur to
Balfour , however, to let the Egyptian speak for himself , since presumably any Egyptian who
would speak out is more likely to be “ the agitator (Who) wishes to raise difficulties” than the
good native who overlooks the “difficulties” of foreign domination.

England knows that Egypt cannot have self-government; and England confirms that by
occupying Egypt, and now governs; foreign occupation therefore become” the very basic” of
Contemporary Egyptian civilization ; Egypt requires, indeed insist upon, British occupation. But
is the special intimacy, between governor and governed in Egypt in disturbed by parliament‟s
doubts at home, then “the authority of what… is the dominant race and as I think ought to remain
the dominant race – has been undermined.” Not only does English prestige suffer;“ It is vain for
a handful of British officials, endow them how you like, give them all the qualities of character
the genius you can imagine , it is impossible for them to carry out the great task which in Egypt,
not we only, but the civilized world have imposed upon them.”

Balfour was of the view that Cromer made Egypt, as he states; “Everything he has touched he
has succeeded in … during the past quarter of a century have raised Egypt …. Stands among
oriental nation I believe, absolutely alone in its prosperity, financial and moral.”British exports to
Egypt equaled those to the whole of Africa; that century indicated a sort of financial prosperity,
for both; Egypt and England.

Free native institutions, the absence of foreign occupation, self-sustaining nation sovereignty are
the demands rejected by Comer, who asserted; “that the real future of Egypt lies not in the
direction of a narrow nationalism, which will only embrace native Egyptians but rather in that of
an enlarged Cosmopolitanisms”.

Arabs (Orientals) are shown to be “devoid of energy and initiative,” intrigue, cunning, and
unkindness to animals; Orientals are inveterate liars, they are “lethargic and suspicious,” and in
everything oppose the clarity, directness, and nobility of the Anglo-Saxon race.

Balfour and Comer used many terms to explain the relation between the Orientals and
Orient.The Oriental is irrational, depraved (fallen), childlike, “different”; declaring that the
European is rational, virtuous, mature and different. In Cromer‟s and Balfour‟s language the
oriental is depicted as something one judges (as in a Court of law), something one studies depicts
as a discipline as in a school or prison and something one illustrates as in a Zoological manual.

In short, Orientalism is a set of constraints upon and limitations of thought than it is simply as a
positive doctrine. If the essence of Orientalism is the ineradicable distinction between Western
superiority and Oriental inferiority, then we must be prepared to note how in its development and
subsequent history Orientalism deepened and even hardened the distinction.
Orientalist ideas took a number of forms during the nineteenth and twentieth century‟s. As in
Europe there was a vast literature about the Orient inherited from the European past.Orientalism
can also express the strength of the West and the Orient‟s weakness as seen by West. Such
strength and such weakness are intrinsic to Orientalism because they are the view that divides the
world into two.

Kissinger is not value-free and he used words as “prophetic,” “accuracy,” “internal,” “empirical
reality,” and “order” throughout his description, and they characterize either attractive, familiar,
desirable virtues or menacing, peculiar, disorderly defects. Both the traditional Orientalist, as
Kissinger conceive of the difference between cultures, first, as creating a battlefront that
separates them, and second, as inviting the West to control, contain, and otherwise govern
(through superior knowledge and accommodating power) the Other.

Another critic, Glidden states: “It is a notable fact that while the Arab value system demands
absolute solidarity within the group, it at the same time encourages among its members a kind of
rivalry that is destructive of that very solidarity.” The purpose of this learned disquisition is
merely to show how on the western and Oriental scale of values,as the relative position of the
elements is quite different.

The argumentwas that, there are Westerners, and there are Orientals. The former dominate; the
latter must be dominated, which usually means having their land occupied, their internal affairs
rigidly controlled, their blood and treasure put at the disposal of one or another Western power.

Political domination had to be justified, therefore, in the course of the nineteenth century, a
bunch of theories turn up which persisted into the twentieth century and which constructed the
colonial subject as inferior to Europeans; in logic, culture, moral, etc. Many resources were
invented in this vision of Oriental people, as it justified and legitimized domination. The Orient
was viewed as if framed by the classroom, the criminal court, the prison, the illustrated manual.

The reason why this domination emerged was that at that time Britain and France, two leading
colonial powers, divide between them (and other powers) the whole world, but only between
them Middle East. In a way, they cooperated to secure cultural domination over these lands, And
share they (Britain and France) did, in ways that we shall investigate presently. In a sense
Orientalism was a library or archive of information, commonly and, in some of its aspects,
unanimously held.

The crux of it is that the West has created a dichotomy, between the reality of the East and the
romantic notion of the "Orient. The Middle East and Asia are viewed with prejudice and racism.
They are backward and unaware of their own history and culture. To fill this void, the West has
created a culture, history, and future promise for them. On this framework rests not only the
study of the Orient, but also the political imperialism of Europe in the East.

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Conrad’s Pessimistic Approach in the Heart of Darkness
Conrad’s Pessimistic Approach in the Heart of DarknessConrad’s Pessimistic Approach in the Heart of Darkness
Conrad’s Pessimistic Approach in the Heart of DarknessWater Birds (Ali)
 
Postcolonialism12
Postcolonialism12Postcolonialism12
Postcolonialism12jakajmmk
 
Orientalism by edward said ppt sem 3
Orientalism by edward said ppt sem 3Orientalism by edward said ppt sem 3
Orientalism by edward said ppt sem 3Dharaba Gohil
 
Passage to india major characters and themes
Passage to india major characters and themesPassage to india major characters and themes
Passage to india major characters and themesdoaa2015
 
Geeta Ahir TCAS-The Movement Poetry
Geeta Ahir TCAS-The Movement PoetryGeeta Ahir TCAS-The Movement Poetry
Geeta Ahir TCAS-The Movement Poetryveer203
 
A Passage to India by E. M. Forster
A Passage to India by E. M. Forster A Passage to India by E. M. Forster
A Passage to India by E. M. Forster Bibi Halima
 
A far Cry from Africa by Derek Walcott
A far Cry from Africa by Derek WalcottA far Cry from Africa by Derek Walcott
A far Cry from Africa by Derek WalcottVianney joy
 
Plot , as first important part of Tragedy
Plot , as first important  part of Tragedy Plot , as first important  part of Tragedy
Plot , as first important part of Tragedy Komal Shahedadpuri
 
Taufiq Rafat as a poet,writing style ,themes and subjects of his poetry.pptx
Taufiq Rafat as a poet,writing style ,themes and subjects of his poetry.pptxTaufiq Rafat as a poet,writing style ,themes and subjects of his poetry.pptx
Taufiq Rafat as a poet,writing style ,themes and subjects of his poetry.pptxNajma Ejaz
 
Reluctant fundamentalist
Reluctant fundamentalistReluctant fundamentalist
Reluctant fundamentalistMukul Jindal
 
Postcolonialism theory
Postcolonialism theoryPostcolonialism theory
Postcolonialism theoryjakajmmk
 
What is orientalism
What is orientalismWhat is orientalism
What is orientalismankimakwana
 
Gayatri Spivak and Subaltern
Gayatri Spivak and SubalternGayatri Spivak and Subaltern
Gayatri Spivak and SubalternLatta Baraiya
 
The Study of Poetry - Matthew Arnold
The Study of Poetry - Matthew ArnoldThe Study of Poetry - Matthew Arnold
The Study of Poetry - Matthew ArnoldDilip Barad
 
Plato- LITERARY CRITICISM
Plato- LITERARY CRITICISM Plato- LITERARY CRITICISM
Plato- LITERARY CRITICISM christinasusan2
 

Tendances (20)

Concept of Orientalism
Concept of OrientalismConcept of Orientalism
Concept of Orientalism
 
Conrad’s Pessimistic Approach in the Heart of Darkness
Conrad’s Pessimistic Approach in the Heart of DarknessConrad’s Pessimistic Approach in the Heart of Darkness
Conrad’s Pessimistic Approach in the Heart of Darkness
 
Postcolonialism12
Postcolonialism12Postcolonialism12
Postcolonialism12
 
Orientalism by edward said ppt sem 3
Orientalism by edward said ppt sem 3Orientalism by edward said ppt sem 3
Orientalism by edward said ppt sem 3
 
Passage to india major characters and themes
Passage to india major characters and themesPassage to india major characters and themes
Passage to india major characters and themes
 
Geeta Ahir TCAS-The Movement Poetry
Geeta Ahir TCAS-The Movement PoetryGeeta Ahir TCAS-The Movement Poetry
Geeta Ahir TCAS-The Movement Poetry
 
A Passage to India by E. M. Forster
A Passage to India by E. M. Forster A Passage to India by E. M. Forster
A Passage to India by E. M. Forster
 
A far Cry from Africa by Derek Walcott
A far Cry from Africa by Derek WalcottA far Cry from Africa by Derek Walcott
A far Cry from Africa by Derek Walcott
 
Plot , as first important part of Tragedy
Plot , as first important  part of Tragedy Plot , as first important  part of Tragedy
Plot , as first important part of Tragedy
 
Taufiq Rafat as a poet,writing style ,themes and subjects of his poetry.pptx
Taufiq Rafat as a poet,writing style ,themes and subjects of his poetry.pptxTaufiq Rafat as a poet,writing style ,themes and subjects of his poetry.pptx
Taufiq Rafat as a poet,writing style ,themes and subjects of his poetry.pptx
 
Postcolonialism
PostcolonialismPostcolonialism
Postcolonialism
 
Reluctant fundamentalist
Reluctant fundamentalistReluctant fundamentalist
Reluctant fundamentalist
 
Postcolonialism theory
Postcolonialism theoryPostcolonialism theory
Postcolonialism theory
 
Arnold and his criticism
Arnold and his criticism Arnold and his criticism
Arnold and his criticism
 
The empire writes back
The empire writes backThe empire writes back
The empire writes back
 
What is orientalism
What is orientalismWhat is orientalism
What is orientalism
 
Gayatri Spivak and Subaltern
Gayatri Spivak and SubalternGayatri Spivak and Subaltern
Gayatri Spivak and Subaltern
 
Heart of Darkness
Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness
Heart of Darkness
 
The Study of Poetry - Matthew Arnold
The Study of Poetry - Matthew ArnoldThe Study of Poetry - Matthew Arnold
The Study of Poetry - Matthew Arnold
 
Plato- LITERARY CRITICISM
Plato- LITERARY CRITICISM Plato- LITERARY CRITICISM
Plato- LITERARY CRITICISM
 

En vedette

An Introduction of Orientalism (Post Colonialism Literature)
An Introduction of Orientalism (Post Colonialism Literature)An Introduction of Orientalism (Post Colonialism Literature)
An Introduction of Orientalism (Post Colonialism Literature)bhumivajani88
 
orientalism
orientalismorientalism
orientalismJen W
 
Edward Said - resourse pack
Edward Said - resourse packEdward Said - resourse pack
Edward Said - resourse packEdward.Said
 
Orientalism edward said
Orientalism edward saidOrientalism edward said
Orientalism edward saidReema Kunvrani
 
List two to three characteristics of orientalism
List two to three characteristics of orientalismList two to three characteristics of orientalism
List two to three characteristics of orientalismninja0504
 
Post colonialism
Post colonialismPost colonialism
Post colonialismKin Susansi
 
Orientalism writing tips (2)
Orientalism writing tips (2)Orientalism writing tips (2)
Orientalism writing tips (2)maximovsky
 
The effects of colonialism
The effects of colonialismThe effects of colonialism
The effects of colonialismFrank Brande
 
I.A. richards criticism
I.A. richards criticismI.A. richards criticism
I.A. richards criticismIrshad Husein
 
Postcolonialism
PostcolonialismPostcolonialism
Postcolonialismsusiswo
 
Post Colonialism Intro
Post Colonialism IntroPost Colonialism Intro
Post Colonialism IntroSimon Gummer
 
The Individuals of the King and Duke
The Individuals of the King and DukeThe Individuals of the King and Duke
The Individuals of the King and DukeAdam Livesay
 
One hundred years of solitude
One hundred years of solitudeOne hundred years of solitude
One hundred years of solitudejhampooth
 

En vedette (20)

An Introduction of Orientalism (Post Colonialism Literature)
An Introduction of Orientalism (Post Colonialism Literature)An Introduction of Orientalism (Post Colonialism Literature)
An Introduction of Orientalism (Post Colonialism Literature)
 
Orientalism
OrientalismOrientalism
Orientalism
 
Orientalism
OrientalismOrientalism
Orientalism
 
Orientalism
OrientalismOrientalism
Orientalism
 
orientalism
orientalismorientalism
orientalism
 
Edward Said - resourse pack
Edward Said - resourse packEdward Said - resourse pack
Edward Said - resourse pack
 
Orientalism edward said
Orientalism edward saidOrientalism edward said
Orientalism edward said
 
Orientalism
Orientalism Orientalism
Orientalism
 
Orientalism
Orientalism Orientalism
Orientalism
 
List two to three characteristics of orientalism
List two to three characteristics of orientalismList two to three characteristics of orientalism
List two to three characteristics of orientalism
 
Colonial discourse theories
Colonial discourse theoriesColonial discourse theories
Colonial discourse theories
 
Post colonialism
Post colonialismPost colonialism
Post colonialism
 
Orientalism writing tips (2)
Orientalism writing tips (2)Orientalism writing tips (2)
Orientalism writing tips (2)
 
The effects of colonialism
The effects of colonialismThe effects of colonialism
The effects of colonialism
 
I.A. richards criticism
I.A. richards criticismI.A. richards criticism
I.A. richards criticism
 
Postcolonialism
PostcolonialismPostcolonialism
Postcolonialism
 
Post Colonialism Intro
Post Colonialism IntroPost Colonialism Intro
Post Colonialism Intro
 
New Criticism
New CriticismNew Criticism
New Criticism
 
The Individuals of the King and Duke
The Individuals of the King and DukeThe Individuals of the King and Duke
The Individuals of the King and Duke
 
One hundred years of solitude
One hundred years of solitudeOne hundred years of solitude
One hundred years of solitude
 

Similaire à Edwad said orientalism

Final orientalism huma
Final orientalism humaFinal orientalism huma
Final orientalism humaHameel Khan
 
The Scope Of Orientalism
The Scope Of OrientalismThe Scope Of Orientalism
The Scope Of OrientalismKristin Oliver
 
Essay On Orientalism
Essay On OrientalismEssay On Orientalism
Essay On OrientalismAngie Brown
 
Edward Said, Lecture 1Sociology of Religion Lecture, April 2.docx
Edward Said, Lecture 1Sociology of Religion Lecture, April 2.docxEdward Said, Lecture 1Sociology of Religion Lecture, April 2.docx
Edward Said, Lecture 1Sociology of Religion Lecture, April 2.docxtoltonkendal
 
LitReviewMEGenderOrentialism-Oman
LitReviewMEGenderOrentialism-OmanLitReviewMEGenderOrentialism-Oman
LitReviewMEGenderOrentialism-OmanKathreen Smith
 
10. towards global ir (1).pptx
10. towards global ir (1).pptx10. towards global ir (1).pptx
10. towards global ir (1).pptxDeekshaA7
 
Orientalism ReconsideredAuthor(s) Edward W. SaidReviewed .docx
Orientalism ReconsideredAuthor(s) Edward W. SaidReviewed .docxOrientalism ReconsideredAuthor(s) Edward W. SaidReviewed .docx
Orientalism ReconsideredAuthor(s) Edward W. SaidReviewed .docxvannagoforth
 
Orientalism ReconsideredAuthor(s) Edward W. SaidReviewed .docx
Orientalism ReconsideredAuthor(s) Edward W. SaidReviewed .docxOrientalism ReconsideredAuthor(s) Edward W. SaidReviewed .docx
Orientalism ReconsideredAuthor(s) Edward W. SaidReviewed .docxhoney690131
 
3689 10771-1-pb
3689 10771-1-pb3689 10771-1-pb
3689 10771-1-pbjakajmmk
 
Orientalism on cultural dispute
Orientalism on cultural disputeOrientalism on cultural dispute
Orientalism on cultural disputeAlexander Decker
 
The Roots Of Islamic Revolution In Iran
The Roots Of Islamic Revolution In IranThe Roots Of Islamic Revolution In Iran
The Roots Of Islamic Revolution In IranMichelle Singh
 
Decolonizing methodologies research and indigenous peoples
Decolonizing methodologies   research and indigenous peoplesDecolonizing methodologies   research and indigenous peoples
Decolonizing methodologies research and indigenous peoplesDr Lendy Spires
 
College Politics Pros And Cons
College Politics Pros And ConsCollege Politics Pros And Cons
College Politics Pros And ConsRebecca Buono
 
1-HIST4325_Week I_Palestine(1).pptx
1-HIST4325_Week I_Palestine(1).pptx1-HIST4325_Week I_Palestine(1).pptx
1-HIST4325_Week I_Palestine(1).pptxpxxsa
 
Gender And Sexuality As A Category For Historical Analysis
Gender And Sexuality As A Category For Historical AnalysisGender And Sexuality As A Category For Historical Analysis
Gender And Sexuality As A Category For Historical AnalysisDonna Castro
 
Contending visions ch 6
Contending visions ch 6Contending visions ch 6
Contending visions ch 6sandralogan
 
Public Policy Reflection Paper
Public Policy Reflection PaperPublic Policy Reflection Paper
Public Policy Reflection PaperErin Moore
 

Similaire à Edwad said orientalism (20)

Final orientalism huma
Final orientalism humaFinal orientalism huma
Final orientalism huma
 
The Scope Of Orientalism
The Scope Of OrientalismThe Scope Of Orientalism
The Scope Of Orientalism
 
Essay On Orientalism
Essay On OrientalismEssay On Orientalism
Essay On Orientalism
 
Edward Said, Lecture 1Sociology of Religion Lecture, April 2.docx
Edward Said, Lecture 1Sociology of Religion Lecture, April 2.docxEdward Said, Lecture 1Sociology of Religion Lecture, April 2.docx
Edward Said, Lecture 1Sociology of Religion Lecture, April 2.docx
 
LitReviewMEGenderOrentialism-Oman
LitReviewMEGenderOrentialism-OmanLitReviewMEGenderOrentialism-Oman
LitReviewMEGenderOrentialism-Oman
 
10. towards global ir (1).pptx
10. towards global ir (1).pptx10. towards global ir (1).pptx
10. towards global ir (1).pptx
 
Orientalism ReconsideredAuthor(s) Edward W. SaidReviewed .docx
Orientalism ReconsideredAuthor(s) Edward W. SaidReviewed .docxOrientalism ReconsideredAuthor(s) Edward W. SaidReviewed .docx
Orientalism ReconsideredAuthor(s) Edward W. SaidReviewed .docx
 
Orientalism ReconsideredAuthor(s) Edward W. SaidReviewed .docx
Orientalism ReconsideredAuthor(s) Edward W. SaidReviewed .docxOrientalism ReconsideredAuthor(s) Edward W. SaidReviewed .docx
Orientalism ReconsideredAuthor(s) Edward W. SaidReviewed .docx
 
3689 10771-1-pb
3689 10771-1-pb3689 10771-1-pb
3689 10771-1-pb
 
Orientalism on cultural dispute
Orientalism on cultural disputeOrientalism on cultural dispute
Orientalism on cultural dispute
 
The Roots Of Islamic Revolution In Iran
The Roots Of Islamic Revolution In IranThe Roots Of Islamic Revolution In Iran
The Roots Of Islamic Revolution In Iran
 
Decolonizing methodologies research and indigenous peoples
Decolonizing methodologies   research and indigenous peoplesDecolonizing methodologies   research and indigenous peoples
Decolonizing methodologies research and indigenous peoples
 
College Politics Pros And Cons
College Politics Pros And ConsCollege Politics Pros And Cons
College Politics Pros And Cons
 
1-HIST4325_Week I_Palestine(1).pptx
1-HIST4325_Week I_Palestine(1).pptx1-HIST4325_Week I_Palestine(1).pptx
1-HIST4325_Week I_Palestine(1).pptx
 
Young black athena
Young black athenaYoung black athena
Young black athena
 
Gender And Sexuality As A Category For Historical Analysis
Gender And Sexuality As A Category For Historical AnalysisGender And Sexuality As A Category For Historical Analysis
Gender And Sexuality As A Category For Historical Analysis
 
Www.efluniversity.ac.in ph d english literature entrance test the english and...
Www.efluniversity.ac.in ph d english literature entrance test the english and...Www.efluniversity.ac.in ph d english literature entrance test the english and...
Www.efluniversity.ac.in ph d english literature entrance test the english and...
 
International relations
International relationsInternational relations
International relations
 
Contending visions ch 6
Contending visions ch 6Contending visions ch 6
Contending visions ch 6
 
Public Policy Reflection Paper
Public Policy Reflection PaperPublic Policy Reflection Paper
Public Policy Reflection Paper
 

Plus de Hameel Khan

‘TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF A FAREWELL TO ARMS WRITTEN BY ERNEST HEMINGWAY, TRAN...
‘TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF A FAREWELL TO ARMS WRITTEN BY ERNEST HEMINGWAY, TRAN...‘TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF A FAREWELL TO ARMS WRITTEN BY ERNEST HEMINGWAY, TRAN...
‘TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF A FAREWELL TO ARMS WRITTEN BY ERNEST HEMINGWAY, TRAN...Hameel Khan
 
SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF MOVIE ARGO (RESEARCH PAPER)
SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF MOVIE ARGO (RESEARCH PAPER)SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF MOVIE ARGO (RESEARCH PAPER)
SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF MOVIE ARGO (RESEARCH PAPER)Hameel Khan
 
Esp course design for teachers
Esp course design for teachersEsp course design for teachers
Esp course design for teachersHameel Khan
 
ESP COURSE DESIGN FOR GOVERNMENT TEACHERS
ESP COURSE DESIGN FOR GOVERNMENT TEACHERS ESP COURSE DESIGN FOR GOVERNMENT TEACHERS
ESP COURSE DESIGN FOR GOVERNMENT TEACHERS Hameel Khan
 
Research paper ISLAMOPHOBIA AND MEDIA STUDIES SINCE 9/11
Research paper ISLAMOPHOBIA AND MEDIA STUDIES SINCE 9/11Research paper ISLAMOPHOBIA AND MEDIA STUDIES SINCE 9/11
Research paper ISLAMOPHOBIA AND MEDIA STUDIES SINCE 9/11Hameel Khan
 
AMONG THE BELEIVERS 'INDONESIA'
AMONG THE BELEIVERS 'INDONESIA'AMONG THE BELEIVERS 'INDONESIA'
AMONG THE BELEIVERS 'INDONESIA'Hameel Khan
 
lakoff theory and its application
lakoff theory and its applicationlakoff theory and its application
lakoff theory and its applicationHameel Khan
 
Orientalism maimoona
Orientalism maimoonaOrientalism maimoona
Orientalism maimoonaHameel Khan
 
TEFL LESSON PLAN
TEFL LESSON PLAN TEFL LESSON PLAN
TEFL LESSON PLAN Hameel Khan
 
LEXICAL RELATIONS AND ITS APPLICATION ON "THE KITE"
LEXICAL RELATIONS AND ITS APPLICATION ON "THE KITE"LEXICAL RELATIONS AND ITS APPLICATION ON "THE KITE"
LEXICAL RELATIONS AND ITS APPLICATION ON "THE KITE"Hameel Khan
 
BRAND LAUNCH PLAN
BRAND LAUNCH PLAN BRAND LAUNCH PLAN
BRAND LAUNCH PLAN Hameel Khan
 
lack off theory a dolls house
lack off theory a dolls houselack off theory a dolls house
lack off theory a dolls houseHameel Khan
 
code switching - code mixing
code switching - code mixingcode switching - code mixing
code switching - code mixingHameel Khan
 
APPLICATION OF LEXICAL RELATION
APPLICATION OF LEXICAL RELATION APPLICATION OF LEXICAL RELATION
APPLICATION OF LEXICAL RELATION Hameel Khan
 
WRITING SKILL THROUGH SHORT STORIES
WRITING SKILL THROUGH SHORT STORIESWRITING SKILL THROUGH SHORT STORIES
WRITING SKILL THROUGH SHORT STORIESHameel Khan
 
Post modernism and islam
Post modernism and islamPost modernism and islam
Post modernism and islamHameel Khan
 
RENAISSANCE COMPLETE PRESENTATION
RENAISSANCE COMPLETE PRESENTATIONRENAISSANCE COMPLETE PRESENTATION
RENAISSANCE COMPLETE PRESENTATIONHameel Khan
 
BRAVE NEW WORLD NOVEL (SYMBOLISM)
BRAVE NEW WORLD NOVEL (SYMBOLISM)BRAVE NEW WORLD NOVEL (SYMBOLISM)
BRAVE NEW WORLD NOVEL (SYMBOLISM)Hameel Khan
 

Plus de Hameel Khan (19)

‘TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF A FAREWELL TO ARMS WRITTEN BY ERNEST HEMINGWAY, TRAN...
‘TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF A FAREWELL TO ARMS WRITTEN BY ERNEST HEMINGWAY, TRAN...‘TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF A FAREWELL TO ARMS WRITTEN BY ERNEST HEMINGWAY, TRAN...
‘TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF A FAREWELL TO ARMS WRITTEN BY ERNEST HEMINGWAY, TRAN...
 
SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF MOVIE ARGO (RESEARCH PAPER)
SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF MOVIE ARGO (RESEARCH PAPER)SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF MOVIE ARGO (RESEARCH PAPER)
SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF MOVIE ARGO (RESEARCH PAPER)
 
Esp course design for teachers
Esp course design for teachersEsp course design for teachers
Esp course design for teachers
 
ESP COURSE DESIGN FOR GOVERNMENT TEACHERS
ESP COURSE DESIGN FOR GOVERNMENT TEACHERS ESP COURSE DESIGN FOR GOVERNMENT TEACHERS
ESP COURSE DESIGN FOR GOVERNMENT TEACHERS
 
Research paper ISLAMOPHOBIA AND MEDIA STUDIES SINCE 9/11
Research paper ISLAMOPHOBIA AND MEDIA STUDIES SINCE 9/11Research paper ISLAMOPHOBIA AND MEDIA STUDIES SINCE 9/11
Research paper ISLAMOPHOBIA AND MEDIA STUDIES SINCE 9/11
 
AMONG THE BELEIVERS 'INDONESIA'
AMONG THE BELEIVERS 'INDONESIA'AMONG THE BELEIVERS 'INDONESIA'
AMONG THE BELEIVERS 'INDONESIA'
 
lakoff theory and its application
lakoff theory and its applicationlakoff theory and its application
lakoff theory and its application
 
Orientalism maimoona
Orientalism maimoonaOrientalism maimoona
Orientalism maimoona
 
TEFL LESSON PLAN
TEFL LESSON PLAN TEFL LESSON PLAN
TEFL LESSON PLAN
 
LEXICAL RELATIONS AND ITS APPLICATION ON "THE KITE"
LEXICAL RELATIONS AND ITS APPLICATION ON "THE KITE"LEXICAL RELATIONS AND ITS APPLICATION ON "THE KITE"
LEXICAL RELATIONS AND ITS APPLICATION ON "THE KITE"
 
BRAND LAUNCH PLAN
BRAND LAUNCH PLAN BRAND LAUNCH PLAN
BRAND LAUNCH PLAN
 
lack off theory a dolls house
lack off theory a dolls houselack off theory a dolls house
lack off theory a dolls house
 
code switching - code mixing
code switching - code mixingcode switching - code mixing
code switching - code mixing
 
APPLICATION OF LEXICAL RELATION
APPLICATION OF LEXICAL RELATION APPLICATION OF LEXICAL RELATION
APPLICATION OF LEXICAL RELATION
 
WRITING SKILL THROUGH SHORT STORIES
WRITING SKILL THROUGH SHORT STORIESWRITING SKILL THROUGH SHORT STORIES
WRITING SKILL THROUGH SHORT STORIES
 
Post modernism and islam
Post modernism and islamPost modernism and islam
Post modernism and islam
 
SEMANTICS
SEMANTICS SEMANTICS
SEMANTICS
 
RENAISSANCE COMPLETE PRESENTATION
RENAISSANCE COMPLETE PRESENTATIONRENAISSANCE COMPLETE PRESENTATION
RENAISSANCE COMPLETE PRESENTATION
 
BRAVE NEW WORLD NOVEL (SYMBOLISM)
BRAVE NEW WORLD NOVEL (SYMBOLISM)BRAVE NEW WORLD NOVEL (SYMBOLISM)
BRAVE NEW WORLD NOVEL (SYMBOLISM)
 

Dernier

Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.raviapr7
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesMohammad Hassany
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 

Dernier (20)

Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming ClassesHuman-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
Human-AI Co-Creation of Worked Examples for Programming Classes
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 

Edwad said orientalism

  • 1. INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD. M.A ENGLISH LITERATURE & LANGUISTICS 4th SEMESTER-SECTION A POST COLONIAL LITERATURE ASSIGNMENT TOPIC:ORIENTALISM (INTRODUCTION & 1ST CHAPTER) SUBMITTED TO: DR. SAYIMA ASLAM SUBMITTED BY: HUMA HAFEEZ HUMA ASLAM KINZA GHAFOOR SUMAIRA BIBI MARIA SABEEN Dated: 7TH march, 2013
  • 2. In the introduction of Edward Said‟s book of Orientalism, Saidtakes the initiative by describing Orient in order to expose the vital common Western misconception about the East. The term orient is a western invention. He says that this misconception dwells in the Western mind in such a way as if it were irrelevant that the Orient itself was actually sociologically affected. Said uses the phrase “Other” to describe the Western fascination with theOrient” as one can only find an idea of themselves through a contrast with an “Other.” This is a fitting comparison to Said‟s topic,considering the emphasis he puts on “the Orient‟s special place in the Westernexperience.” Said suggests that the Orient does not mean the same to American as it doesto the European countries, which fits logically into the equation. This makes historical sense,since the Orient was adjacent to Europe‟s earliest civilizations and the cultural exchangehas always existed. Said analyses orientalism in terms of academic interprettation. Herefers it to the field of work of anyone who teaches, writes about, or researches theOrient. This definition is generally too indistinct as compared to the introductorydesignation. Although it incorporates the multiple discourses of knowledge, it fails todistinguish the Orient as existing comparatively instead of just being the subject ofexamination. The second definition draws attention to this distinction and clarifiesOrientalism, while also extending its breadth to all that is not considered west; TheMiddle East, India, Russia. Said then proposes a third definition of Orientalism, using an analysissubstantially more applicable in the historical context. Orientalism as the corporateinstitution for dealing with the Orient, as the Western authority has done. He professes tobe motivated here by Foucault‟s notion of a discourse. Michel Foucault‟s theories thathave come to bear on this discussion are his ideas of the critical relationship under whichthe ontology of subject and object come to be known and how these associations maycome to constitute knowledge. According to Foucault, the problem is not isolating anyempirical conditions that may bring about this subjectivity, but to determine what thesubject is and to what conditions it is subject. Said‟s application of this theory fits histhird definition well, and provides a strong platform for the rest of his argument. TheOrient has, for much of history, been the active object to the European missionary and scientist positions. He then lists his findings about the recent history of the Orient‟s relationship withthe West. Said suggests that the balance of power from Franco-British involvement to alargely American involvement has not had so great an effect Orientalism as would beexpected. This is because the Orient is not nearly as sterile as effective Westerndomination would bring about; it is a thriving entity just like those cultures that havepower over it. Additionally, his observations make sense in the scope of colonialism,since certain sections of the Orient have been excluded from the whole at certain times; The Middle East or India.
  • 3. In his qualifications for interpreting Orientalism, Said includes several points ofinterest and clarification. He agrees with Disraeli, in saying that the East is more than justan idea with no corresponding reality. In fact, this is concurrent with the fact that manyWestern scholars have dedicated their entire lives to studying the Orient. Secondly, Saidreinforces that it is irresponsible to discount the control that the West exercised over thesesocieties. The study of Orientalism could not exist had the East not been the victim ofWestern power and domination. Said differentiates between the types of society and how cultural influenceis derived. He cites Antonio Gramsci as distinguishing between civil and political society,and the different configurations and responsibilities therein. According to Gramsci, apolitical society is one in which the citizen is directly dominated and imposed on by thestate, who create and maintain the social institutions. Civil society, however, is made upof citizens voluntarily affiliating themselves with certain social responsibilities. Onlyunder this type of society does the derivation of cultural enterprise instantiate itself.Gramsci‟s main argument as that in any form of society that is not totalitarian, certaintypes of culture will thrive. It is this societal happening that he calls hegemony, whichSaid explains is the phenomenon that necessitates interest in cultural „otherness‟ such asOrientalism. After listing the three aspects of his contemporary reality, Said discusses andattempts to address three realities that would bring the puzzle of Orientalism closer to asolution. In differentiating between pure and political knowledge, he mentions thedifficulty of distrusting political knowledge in the realm of a subject that is sointerconnected with politics and international awareness. It seems to come through in thewriting that Said is finding it hard to address a problem that is so deeply involved inimperialism, yet not trustworthy of political knowledge. This sharp paradoxproblematizes his attempt to understand Orientalism in it‟s historical situation. The second step is the proposition of his methodological devices, which are inanswer to the evident absence of the “problematic” in this study.Said uses these devicesto examine the authority that is descriptive of the West‟s relationship with the Orient. Thefirst device is strategic location, which describes an author‟s position in his study withregard to the Orient. Every person who writes about the Orient must associate themselves with either the Orient or the West (Their strategic location), therefore adding certainconnotations and themes to their interpretations. Strategic formation, the second device,incorporates the study of the Orient and the way in which different intellectualstandpoints gain acceptance and credibility. Just as everyone must be
  • 4. either associatedwith the West or the East, anyone who considers the Orient in their thoughts must createa basis for whatever argument or position they assume. The intellectual basis of theirposition is composed of referential knowledge that relates to other works (Their strategicformation). At the end of this section, he reminds the reader that information that ispopularly disseminated by a culture is only a representation of truth, not reality itself. Heuses this clarification to elucidate the use of language as being culturally, not universally,expressive. The final reality that must be addressed to bring a greater understanding ofOrientalism is what Said calls the personal dimension. He quotes Gramsci as saying “The starting point of critical elaboration is the consciousness of what one really is, andknowing thyself.” This quote applies directly to the subject matter at hand, and also toSaid‟sanalysis of it. He mentions his upbringing, the pertinence of which relates back tothe aforementioned methodological devices considering his particular background andprevious knowledge of those who are involved in the Orient. Some elements of hispersonal reflection on Orientalism are the long history of prejudice against people ofArab and Islamic descent, the struggle between the Arabs and the Israelis, and its effectson American population. The one-sidedness of this struggle has to do mainly with thelargely liberal American identification with Zionism and the reinforcement of stereotypesof the Orient in the electronic and popular media. Said delves further into the reasoning behind the futility of a positive view of Arab life in the West. His remaining comments include thathis experiences as a person of Arab descent are what motivated him to write aboutOrientalism in the first place. For someone who is so directly and negatively affected byWestern perceptions of the Arab world and the Orient altogether, his analysis is a fairlyobjective and sophisticated view of Orientalism. Perhaps it is because of his experienceswith lifelong stereotypes and the apparent dichotomy of Western and Eastern approachesto the subject. His final comment is somewhat of a plea to the reader in the hopes that if agreater understanding of the topic is derived from reading, then an unlearning of theprocesses of cultural domination can conceivably begin. Throughout Said is attempting to lay out the foundations of how the concept of Orientalism is understood through a historical analysis of Britain‟s relationship and experience of colonial rule over Egypt. He reviews who is called “Oriental” and how we begin to label others. Said reviews how knowledge and power creates the ability of one group to obtain authority over another group and thus striping the autonomy away from “the other.” Moreover, Said continues by noting that this dominance allows for the group with power and knowledge to accept the superiority as the norm and takes for granted their position of authority. For example, the West will take their position of dominance and analyze all beliefs and views, which differ from their own, as abnormal. As Western nations, became more powerful, we automatically begin assuming positive qualities towards the dominating group and negative qualities towards the “weaker” group. Thus, all attributes, behaviors, and cultural norms are compared to the “western norm.”
  • 5. This then allowed all Western thought to be rational and normal and all others thought patterns to be irrational and strange. Said uses his first chapter to describe how the concept of the western dominance over the east (Orient) created an ideological framework, which looks at the East as least superior than West, this is what Said describes as Orientalism. Said outlines his argument with several limitations as he States that it fails to include Russian Orientalism and explicitly excludes German Orientalism, which he suggests had “clean “ pasts and could be promising future studies. Said also suggests that not all academic discourse in the west has to be orient list in its intent but much of it. He also suggests that all cultures have a view of other cultures that may be exotic and harmless to some extent, but it is not this view that he argues against and when this view is taken by a military and economically dominant culture against another it can lead to disastrous results. Said starts by analyzing public speeches and writings of two British imperialists of the early 20th century about the Egypt, making an emphasis on how the stress that since the British imperial authorities “know better” their country, they have a natural right to rule it: British knowledge of Egypt is Egypt for Balfour, and the burdens of knowledge make such questions as inferiority and superiority seem petty ones. Balfour nowhere denies British superiority and Egyptian inferiority; he takes them for granted as he describes the consequences of knowledge. During his involvement in imperial affairs Belfour Serve a monarch who in 1876 had been declared Empress of India; he had been especially well placed in position of uncommon influence to follow the Afghan and Zulu wars, the British occupation of Egypt in 1882, the death of General Gordon in the Sudan, the Russo- Japanese war. Two great themes dominate his remarks here and in what will follow: Knowledge and Power. As Balfour justifies the necessity for British occupation of Egypt, Supremacy in his mind is associated with “our” knowledge of Egypt and not principally with military or economic power. Knowledge to Balfour means rising above immediacy, beyond self, into Foreign and distant. The object of such knowledge in inherently Vulnerable to scrutiny; this object is a “fact” which, it develops, changes or otherwise transforms itself in the way that civilizations frequently do, nevertheless is fundamentally, even ontologically stable. Balfour is of the view that; it is a good thing for these great nations and headmires their greatness that this absolute Government should be exercised by them. He think it is a good thing an experience shows that they have got under it far better government that in the whole history of the world they ever had before, and which not only is a benefit to them, but it undoubtedly a benefit to the whole to the civilized west. Balfour states;“We are Egypt not merely for the sake of the Egyptians/ though we are these for their sake; we are there also for the sake of Europe at large”.
  • 6. Balfour produces no evidence that Egyptians and “the races with whom we deal.” Appreciate or even understand the good that is being done them by Colonial occupation. It does not occur to Balfour , however, to let the Egyptian speak for himself , since presumably any Egyptian who would speak out is more likely to be “ the agitator (Who) wishes to raise difficulties” than the good native who overlooks the “difficulties” of foreign domination. England knows that Egypt cannot have self-government; and England confirms that by occupying Egypt, and now governs; foreign occupation therefore become” the very basic” of Contemporary Egyptian civilization ; Egypt requires, indeed insist upon, British occupation. But is the special intimacy, between governor and governed in Egypt in disturbed by parliament‟s doubts at home, then “the authority of what… is the dominant race and as I think ought to remain the dominant race – has been undermined.” Not only does English prestige suffer;“ It is vain for a handful of British officials, endow them how you like, give them all the qualities of character the genius you can imagine , it is impossible for them to carry out the great task which in Egypt, not we only, but the civilized world have imposed upon them.” Balfour was of the view that Cromer made Egypt, as he states; “Everything he has touched he has succeeded in … during the past quarter of a century have raised Egypt …. Stands among oriental nation I believe, absolutely alone in its prosperity, financial and moral.”British exports to Egypt equaled those to the whole of Africa; that century indicated a sort of financial prosperity, for both; Egypt and England. Free native institutions, the absence of foreign occupation, self-sustaining nation sovereignty are the demands rejected by Comer, who asserted; “that the real future of Egypt lies not in the direction of a narrow nationalism, which will only embrace native Egyptians but rather in that of an enlarged Cosmopolitanisms”. Arabs (Orientals) are shown to be “devoid of energy and initiative,” intrigue, cunning, and unkindness to animals; Orientals are inveterate liars, they are “lethargic and suspicious,” and in everything oppose the clarity, directness, and nobility of the Anglo-Saxon race. Balfour and Comer used many terms to explain the relation between the Orientals and Orient.The Oriental is irrational, depraved (fallen), childlike, “different”; declaring that the European is rational, virtuous, mature and different. In Cromer‟s and Balfour‟s language the oriental is depicted as something one judges (as in a Court of law), something one studies depicts as a discipline as in a school or prison and something one illustrates as in a Zoological manual. In short, Orientalism is a set of constraints upon and limitations of thought than it is simply as a positive doctrine. If the essence of Orientalism is the ineradicable distinction between Western superiority and Oriental inferiority, then we must be prepared to note how in its development and subsequent history Orientalism deepened and even hardened the distinction.
  • 7. Orientalist ideas took a number of forms during the nineteenth and twentieth century‟s. As in Europe there was a vast literature about the Orient inherited from the European past.Orientalism can also express the strength of the West and the Orient‟s weakness as seen by West. Such strength and such weakness are intrinsic to Orientalism because they are the view that divides the world into two. Kissinger is not value-free and he used words as “prophetic,” “accuracy,” “internal,” “empirical reality,” and “order” throughout his description, and they characterize either attractive, familiar, desirable virtues or menacing, peculiar, disorderly defects. Both the traditional Orientalist, as Kissinger conceive of the difference between cultures, first, as creating a battlefront that separates them, and second, as inviting the West to control, contain, and otherwise govern (through superior knowledge and accommodating power) the Other. Another critic, Glidden states: “It is a notable fact that while the Arab value system demands absolute solidarity within the group, it at the same time encourages among its members a kind of rivalry that is destructive of that very solidarity.” The purpose of this learned disquisition is merely to show how on the western and Oriental scale of values,as the relative position of the elements is quite different. The argumentwas that, there are Westerners, and there are Orientals. The former dominate; the latter must be dominated, which usually means having their land occupied, their internal affairs rigidly controlled, their blood and treasure put at the disposal of one or another Western power. Political domination had to be justified, therefore, in the course of the nineteenth century, a bunch of theories turn up which persisted into the twentieth century and which constructed the colonial subject as inferior to Europeans; in logic, culture, moral, etc. Many resources were invented in this vision of Oriental people, as it justified and legitimized domination. The Orient was viewed as if framed by the classroom, the criminal court, the prison, the illustrated manual. The reason why this domination emerged was that at that time Britain and France, two leading colonial powers, divide between them (and other powers) the whole world, but only between them Middle East. In a way, they cooperated to secure cultural domination over these lands, And share they (Britain and France) did, in ways that we shall investigate presently. In a sense Orientalism was a library or archive of information, commonly and, in some of its aspects, unanimously held. The crux of it is that the West has created a dichotomy, between the reality of the East and the romantic notion of the "Orient. The Middle East and Asia are viewed with prejudice and racism. They are backward and unaware of their own history and culture. To fill this void, the West has created a culture, history, and future promise for them. On this framework rests not only the study of the Orient, but also the political imperialism of Europe in the East.