Air pollution and the ozone 2 (3)

NAMES OF MEMBERS.
 David Esuron Eyanae  Andrew Kamunda
 Harry Stephen Arunda  Ibrahim Yunis Sheikh
 Cheke Kibandi  Yussuf Kaza Mohammed
 Lucy Wamuhu Kinyanjui  Osman Mohamed
 Matthew Ochieng’ Saisi Hassan
 Tom Ndalo O.  Ezekiel Opiyo Omondi.
 Sayianet Naisho
 Fabian Kimong Otto
 Clement Omongo
Onenga

DEFINITIONS:
 Air: A colorless, odorless, tasteless, gaseous mixture, mainly nitrogen (approx.78
%) and oxygen (approx. 21%) with lesser amounts of argon, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen, neon, helium, and other gases.
 Pollution: Section 2 of EMCA, any direct or indirect alteration of the physical,
thermal, chemical, biological, or radio-active properties of any part of the
environment by discharging, emitting or depositing wastes so as to affect and
beneficial use adversely, to cause a condition which is hazardous or potentially
hazardous to public health, safety or welfare or to animals, birds, wildlife, fish or
aquatic life, or to plants or to cause contravention of any condition, limitation or
restriction which is subject to a license under this Act.
 Air Pollution: Article 1 (a) of the LRTAP Convention defines air pollution.

 Manufacturin
g
 The burning
of fossil fuels.
CAUSES OF POLLUTION:
 Volcanic
eruptions.
 Wildfires.
 Power Lines.
 Pesticides,
insecticides
and
herbicides.
 Radioactive
Fallout.
 Fertilizer
Dust.
 Indoor Air
pollution.
 Mining
Operations.
 Mills and
plants
 Agriculture –
The
Greenhouse
Effect.

EXAMPLES:
 London Smog
 Downwinders.

EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON
HUMAN HEALTH:
 Ozone.
 Tobacco smoke.

 Biological pollutants  Oxides of nitrogen.

 Volatile organic
 Carbon monoxide..
compounds
 Sulphur dioxide
 Formaldehyde.

 Lead.  SPM (suspended
particulate matter).
 Radon

EFFECTS ON THE
ENVIRONMENT:
Haze.

contamination of
the surface of bodies
of water and soil.

Acid Rain

 Animals can
suffer health effects.

EFFECTS ON THE ECONOMY:
 Air pollution can also have a significant impact on our
economy. It can cost a lot to change what we buy, what
we use, and how it is produced in order to prevent air
pollution. Economic costs are also found in fixing the
damage caused by poor air pollution, including health
and environmental problems

INTERNATIONAL POLICIES ON AIR
POLLUTION:
 The 1979 Geneva Convention on Long-range Transboundary
Air Pollution.
 Article2: Established a regional framework to protect man and
the environment against air pollution, and includes a general
obligation on parties to ‘endeavour to limit, gradually reduce and
prevent air pollution including long-range transboundary air
pollution.’
 Article 1 (b): Long-range transboundary air pollution is defined
as: air pollution whose physical origin is situated wholly or in
part within the area under the national jurisdiction of one state
and which has adverse effects in the area under the jurisdiction
of another state at such a distance that it is not generally possible
to distinguish the contribution of individual emission sources or
groups of sources.
 The Trail Smelter Case

The LRTAP Protocols:
 There are several protocols under this convention. They
include;
 1984 Monitoring and Evaluation Protocol
 1985 Sulphur Protocol
 1988 NOₓ Protocol
 1991 Volatile Organic Compounds Protocol
 1994 Sulphur Protocol
 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Heavy Metals
 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants
 1999 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification,
Eutrophication and Ground-Level Ozone

Examples of Regional Policies:
 Air Pollution Control Act - USA
 Clean Air Act –USA
 Lusaka Agreement on Air Pollution
 West and Central Framework Agreement on Air
Pollution Agreement on Air Pollution (Abidjan 2009)
 East Africa Framework Agreement on Air Pollution
Agreement on Air Pollution (2008)
 WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Europe.

International Organizations that
deal with air pollution:
 UNEP
 World Meteorological Organization.
 Office of Air and Radiation – America
 Air Pollution Information Network for Africa.

KENYAN LEGISLATION:
The Constitution:
 Article 42 – Right to a clean and healthy environment.
 Article 42 (a) – Intergenerational Equity.
 Article 69 (1) (d) – The state encourages the public
participation in the management, protection and
conservation of the environment.
 Article 69 (1) (g) – the state encourages the citizens to
eliminate processes and activities that are likely to
endanger the environment.
 Article 70 – Redress for anyone whose right o a clean and
healthy environment has been denied, infringed, violated
or threatened. (Polluter Pays Policy)

Provisions of EMCA 1999:
 Section 2:
 Section 7 establishes the National Environment Management
Authority.
 Section 78: establishes the Standards and enforcement Review
Committee that is to advice NEMA on how to establish criteria
and procedures for measurement of air quality.
 Section 79: the minister can advice NEMA on controlled areas
through a gazette notice.
 Section 80 deals with the licencing of emissions. This is subject
to conditions in Section 81.
 Section 82: emission by motor vehicles and ant other
conveyance that causes air pollution is prohibited.
 Section 84 outlines the reasons that may lead to cancellation of
an emission licence.

Other regulations:
 Air Quality Regulations 2009
 The Solid Waste Regulation 2006 to control the
emission of methane from dumping sites.
 Fossil Fuel Emission Control Regulations 2006.

THE OZONE
LAYER:
There is the Vienna
Convention for the
Protection of the Ozone
Layer,1987: Article 1 (1)
defines the “ozone layer”
as the layer of
atmospheric ozone above
the planetary boundary
layer.
EMCA, section 2 defines
the ozone layer as it is
defined in the
convention.

COMPOSITION OF THE OZONE
LAYER:
 Ozone is formed in the atmosphere when ultraviolet radiation
from the Sun splits one oxygen molecule into two oxygen atoms
(O2). The atomic oxygen then combines with another oxygen
molecule to form ozone (O3). Most ozone found in the Earth’s
atmosphere occurs in one layer in the stratosphere, between
altitudes of around 20 to 50 km.
 Early in the Earth’s history, the gradual build-up of this layer
from oxygen released by marine life allowed life to develop on
land. Today, the ozone layer helps to produce the observed
vertical structure of the atmosphere, and absorbs harmful
ultraviolet radiation that would otherwise damage plant and
animal life (also causing skin cancer) on the Earth’s surface. In
contrast, ozone close to the Earth’s surface is a health hazard, as
it is one of the major constituents of photochemical smog.

Causes of the depletion of the
ozone:
a. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
b. Halons
c. Hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
d. Methyl Bromide.
Used in:
 Refrigeration, air conditioning, fire fighting, metal-
cleaning, soil fumigation

Hole Formation
Based on Two
different
mechanisms:
Meteorological
mechanism
Movement of air
from one place to
another in the upper
stratosphere
Cold temperature in
the upper atmosphere
causes nitric acid to
freeze into crystals
forming wispy pink
clouds
Forms a vortex of
tightly twisted winds
thus forming a hole in
the upper atmosphere

Chemical
Mechanism
Different chemicals
are responsible for the
destruction of the ozone
layer
Topping the list :
chlorofluorocar
bons (CFC’s)
man-made, non-
toxic and inert in
the troposphere
In the
stratosphere are
photolysed,
releasing reactive
chlorine atoms
that catalytically
destroy ozone

Stratospheric Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR)
 Ultra-violet radiation (UVR) high energy electromagnetic wave emitted from the
sun. It is made up of wavelengths ranging from 100nm to 400nm.

 UV radiation includes UV-A, the least dangerous form of UV radiation, with a
wavelength range between 315nm to 400nm, UV-B with a wavelength range
between 280nm to 315nm, and UV-C which is the most dangerous between 100nm
to 280nm. UV-C is unable to reach Earth’s surface due to stratospheric ozone’s
ability to absorb it. (Last, 2006)

Effects of depletion of the Ozone
Layer:
-When the ozone layer is depleted the UV-Rays of the sun can
penetrate to the earth. They have serious effects namely:
 Skin Cancer
 Impairment of the body’s immune system
 Eye Cataract
 Damage of the genetic material (DNA) leading to mutation of
the affected organisms.
 Damage to crops
 Inhibition of photosynthesis or mobility of sea weeds
(phytoplankton) including damage to aquatic fauna.
 Degradation of paints, rubbers, wood and plastics used in
buildings.

Effects of depletion of
the Ozone Layer:
-When the ozone layer is depleted the
UV-Rays of the sun can penetrate to the
earth. They have serious effects namely:
Skin Cancer
Impairment of the body’s immune
system
Eye Cataract
Damage of the genetic material (DNA)
leading to mutation of the affected
organisms.
Damage to crops
Inhibition of photosynthesis or mobility
of sea weeds (phytoplankton) including
damage to aquatic fauna.
Degradation of paints, rubbers, wood
and plastics used in buildings.

THE VIENNA CONVENTION:
 Article 2 outlines the general obligations which are in summary:
a) To take appropriate measures to protect human health and the
environment against adverse effects resulting or likely to result
from human activities which are likely to modify the Ozone
Layer.
b) To promote international cooperation in the legal, scientific
and technical fields.
c) To encourage research, cooperation and the exchange of
information among countries which was the main thrust of
this convention.
d) The Convention also established a mechanism for
international cooperation in research, monitoring, and
exchange of data on the state of the stratospheric ozone layer
and on emissions and concentrations of CFCs and other
relevant chemicals.

THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL:
 It was designed to reduce the production and consumption of ozone depleting
substances in order to reduce their abundance in the atmosphere, and thereby
protect the earth’s fragile ozone Layer.
 The Protocol is designed to regulate the production and consumption of
ozone-depleting substances (ODS). Controlled substances are listed in four
annexes, and their respective phase-out schedules are designed to allow for
progressive tightening over time as scientific evidence for ozone depletion
trend is strengthened and as substitutes for the ODS in question are
developed.
 The parties committed to reduce production and consumption of CFCs by half
by 1998 and to freeze production and consumption of halons by 1992.
 Developing countries were granted a 10-year grace period to meet both
obligations.
 The Montreal Protocol was amended in London on 29/06/1990, Copenhagen
on 25/11/1992, Montreal on 17/09/1997 and Beijing in December 1999.

The Multilateral Fund:
 The Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the
Montreal Protocol (MLF) is the financial mechanism
which was created in 1990 by the London Amendment to
help developing countries meet the agreed incremental
cost of fulfilling the Protocol's control measures
 Article 5 of the Montreal Protocol defines countries
eligible to receive MLF assistance as any party that is a
developing country and whose annual calculated level of
consumption of the controlled substances in Annex A is
less than 0.3 kilograms per capita.
 The World Bank is one of four implementing agencies
with which countries can partner to access MLF
funding. The others are UNDP, UNEP, and UNIDO .

The Global Environmental Facility:
 The GEF is helping countries with economies in
transition (CEITs) that are not eligible for funding
under the Multilateral Fund of the Montreal Protocol,
to implement activities to phase out ozone-depleting
substances (ODS) in a manner consistent with these
countries’ obligations under the Montreal Protocol.
 The GEF has contributed by facilitating a large drop in
consumption and production of chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) in CEITs.

International Organizations that deal
with protection of the Ozone Layer:
 UNEP. The Secretariat which co-ordinates
implementation and meetings under the Montreal
Protocol.
 The Ozone Action which is a UNEP division of
Technology industry and Economics.
 The European Commission e.t.c.

KENYAN LEGISLATION ON THE
OZONE:
 Section 2 of EMCA describes what the ozone layer is.
 Section 56 – It addresses protection of the ozone layer.
Other Regulations:
 Ozone Depleting Substance Regulations 0f 2007
 In May 2007,the Environmental Management and co-
ordination(controlled substances) Regulations under Legal
Notice no. 73 of 2007 was gazetted by the Minister for
Environment and Natural Resources.
 This regulation made it mandatory for industries and other
stakeholders in the ODS trade to obtain licences to import
these substances.
 Imports of CFC was banned with effect from 11/1/2009 by
the government.

Signs of Antartica – Dec. 2005
Recovery???
There have been some
signs of recovery
1997 satellite
showed a decline
of several known
ozone-depleting
gases
Satellite images
show some
slowing down of
ozone loss
However….
Recovery is slow….

Images of Antarctica Taken Indicate A Slow
Recovery

CONCLUSION:
“What's the use of a fine
house if you haven't got a
tolerable planet to put it
on?” – Henry David
Thoreau

There's so much pollution
in the air now that if it
weren't for our lungs
there'd be no place to put it
all. ~Robert Orben

LETS NOT BE
ENVIROMENTALISTS,
LETS BE EARTH
WARRIORS AND RESCUE
IT FROM POLLUTION.

Air pollution and the ozone 2 (3)

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Tendances (20)

Similaire à Air pollution and the ozone 2 (3)

Similaire à Air pollution and the ozone 2 (3) (20)

Air pollution and the ozone 2 (3)